Combo with "ch 12 nervous system" and 1 other
Interneurons
Are found mostly in the central nervous system
stapes
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "I" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
eardrum
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "J" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
malleus
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "K" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
ear canal
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "L" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
pinna
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "M" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
Which of the following is true about the movement of ions across excitable living membranes? Ions always move actively across membranes through leakage channels. Ions always move passively across membranes. Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes. Ions always move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Sodium gates in the membrane can open in response to electrical potential changes.
peripheral
The ________ nervous system connects your brain and spinal cord to the rest of your body.
cortex
The outer layer of the brain is called the ________, which allows more complex thoughts to be processed.
stimuli
The senses act as the body's alert system, reacting to ________ and transmitting impulses to the brain.
Which of the following is NOT true of an electrical synapse? Transmission across these synapses is very rapid. Communication through these synapses may be unidirectional or bidirectional. They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters. They are less common than chemical synapses.
They are specialized for release and reception of chemical neurotransmitters.
cerebrum
Thinking takes place in this part of the brain.
retina
When light energy enters your eye the cornea and lens focus it onto the ________.
Malignant hyperthermia (MH) is a rare genetic disease in which the sarcoplasmic reticulum leaks calcium when the patient is put under general anesthesia. Which of the following best describes how anesthesia would affect the skeletal muscles of a patient with MH? The muscles would contract because of calcium binding to troponin. The muscles would contract because of increased action potential generation in the sarcolemma. The muscles would contract because of increased nerve stimulation. The muscles would relax because of calcium being pumped back into the sarcoplasmic reticulum a-d
a
Where are action potentials regenerated as they propagate along an unmyelinated axon? at every segment of the axon at myelin at the nodes at the internodes a-d
a
Which of the following is an excitatory neurotransmitter secreted by motor neurons innervating skeletal muscle? gamma aminobutyric acid norepinephrine cholinesterase acetylcholine
acetylcholine
The part of the peripheral nervous system that carries sensory information to the CNS is designated autonomic. motor. afferent. efferent. somatic.
afferent
The binding of calcium to which molecule causes the myosin binding sites to be exposed? actin troponin tropomyosin a-c
b
What ion is responsible for the depolarization of the neuron during an action potential? K+ (potassium) Cl- (chloride) Na+ (sodium) Ca2+ (calcium) a-d
c
Branches that may occur along an axon are called synapses. hillocks. telodendria. synaptic terminals. collaterals
collaterals
The term saltatory conduction refers to the:
conduction of a nerve impulse along a myelinated axon.
A threshold stimulus is the peak of an action potential. hyperpolarization of an axon. resting potential. depolarization necessary to cause an action potential. electrical current that crosses the synaptic cleft a b c or d
d
Approximately how fast do action potentials propagate in unmyelinated axons in humans? 0.1 meters per second 120 meters per second 12 meters per second 1 meter per second a-d
d
Curare is a drug that prevents ACh from binding to ACh receptors. How would you expect curare to affect events at a cholinergic synapse? Calcium would not diffuse into the presynaptic neuron. Vesicles would not release ACh. Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) would not break down ACh. The postsynaptic cell would not depolarize. a-d
d
The action potential on the muscle cell leads to contraction due to the release of calcium ions. Where are calcium ions stored in the muscle cell? T tubule cytosol sarcolemma terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum a-d
d
The node-to-node "jumping" regeneration of an action potential along a myelinated axon is called __________. local propagation continuous propagation myelinated propagation saltatory propagation a-d
d
What causes repolarization of the membrane potential during the action potential of a neuron? potassium influx (entering the cell) sodium efflux (leaving the cell) sodium influx (entering the cell) potassium efflux (leaving the cell) a-d
d
What ion causes repolarization of the neuron during an action potential? Ca2+ (calcium) Mg2+ (magnesium) Na+ (sodium) K+ (potassium) a-d
d
What type of membrane transport causes the depolarization phase of the action potential in neurons? active transport facilitated diffusion filtration diffusion a-d
d
Which of the following most correctly describes excitation in the context of excitation-contraction coupling in skeletal muscle? the formation of cross-bridges the binding of calcium to troponin the release of calcium by the sarcoplasmic reticulum the generation of an action potential in the sarcolemma a-d
d
What does the central nervous system use to determine the strength of a stimulus? origin of the stimulus type of stimulus receptor size of action potentials frequency of action potentials
frequency of action potentials
When a sensory neuron is excited by some form of energy, the resulting graded potential is called a(n) ________. postsynaptic potential excitatory potential generator potential action potential
generator potential
A stimulus that changes a postsynaptic neuron's membrane from resting potential to -85 mV is: a temporal stimulus an excitatory stimulus a saltatory stimulus an inhibitory stimulus a depolarizing stimulus
inhibitory stimulus
When neurotransmitter molecules bind to receptors in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron, ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open. the receiving neuron becomes more negative inside. vesicles in the synaptic terminal fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron. ion channels in the plasma membrane of the sending neuron open. the receiving neuron becomes more positive inside.
ion channels in the plasma membrane of the receiving neuron open.
If the potassium permeability of a resting neuron increases above the resting permeability, what effect will this have on the transmembrane potential? There will be almost no effect on transmembrane potential. The membrane will depolarize to threshold. The inside of the membrane will become more negative. The inside of the membrane will become more positive. The membrane will become depolarized.
the inside of the membrane will become more negative
What is the value for the resting membrane potential for most neurons? +30 mV -90 mV -70 mV
-70
What is the magnitude (amplitude) of an action potential? 70 mV 30 mV 100 mV
100 mv
synapse
A ________ is a small space across which an impulse travels to move from one neuron to another.
synapse
A ________ is a space between nerve cells.
reflex
A ________ is an involuntary, autonomic response to a stimulus controlled by the spinal cord.
stimulus
A ________ is any change inside or outside your body that brings about a response in a living organism.
space
A synapse is a ________ between nerve cells.
injury
Any ________ to the brain or spinal cord can be serious.
Most integration occurs in the:
CNS (central nervous system)
farsightedness
Does this picture show farsightedness or nearsightedness? https://o.quizlet.com/i/eVS0o7rofw32qUUZu0ON5w_m.jpg
cochlea
In the inner ear, vibrations cause the fluids in the ________ to vibrate, stimulating nerve endings.
olfactory cells
The ________ ________ in the nasal passages detect molecules in the air, transmitting these impulses as odors.
two
The peripheral nervous system has ________ systems.
taste buds
What are the major sensory receptors for taste?
front
When light is focused in ________ of the retina a person is nearsighted.
What is primarily responsible for the brief hyperpolarization near the end of the action potential? the sodium/potassium exchange pump taking some time to restore the normal ion concentrations voltage-gated potassium channels taking some time to close in response to the negative membrane potential voltage-gated potassium channels opening as the membrane potential becomes more negative (repolarized) voltage-gated sodium channels taking some time to recover from inactivation a-d
b
The velocity of the action potential is fastest in which of the following axons? a large unmyelinated axon a small unmyelinated axon a small myelinated axon a b or c
c
A neurotransmitter which functions through direct action:
changes the permeability of the membrane
________ open or close in response to binding specific molecules. Voltage-gated and chemically-gated channels Activated channels Chemically-gated channels Voltage-gated channels Leak channels
chemically gated
The signal which inhibits generation of an action potential is:
hyperpolarization
A postsynaptic potential which involves hyperpolirization;
is inhibitory
The substance released at axon terminals to propagate a nervous impulse is called a(n) ________. cholinesterase ion neurotransmitter biogenic amine
neurotransmitter
The tiny gaps between adjacent Schwann cells are called ________
nodes of ranvier
The cytoplasm that surrounds the nucleus of a neuron is called the neuroplasm. sarcoplasm. nucleoplasm. perikaryon. protoplasm.
perikaryon
Immediately after an action potential has peaked, which cellular gates open? calcium chloride potassium sodium
potassium
The __________ is due to the difference in K+ and Na+ concentrations on either side of the plasma membrane, and the difference in permeability of the membrane to these ions. active potential intermittent membrane potential dendrite potential resting membrane potential
resting membrane potential
The ________ nervous system controls the skeletal muscles. autonomic parasympathetic afferent sympathetic somatic
somatic
An impulse from one nerve cell is communicated to another nerve cell via the ________. receptor cell body effector synapse
synapse
The site of intercellular communication between a neuron and another cell is the collateral. telodendria. synapse. hillock. synaptic terminals.
synapse
When calcium ions enter the synaptic terminal, they cause an action potential in the sending neuron. the inside of the receiving neuron becomes more negative. they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron. neurotransmitter molecules are quickly removed from the synaptic cleft. the inside of the receiving neuron becomes more positive.
they cause vesicles containing neurotransmitter molecules to fuse to the plasma membrane of the sending neuron.
A stimulus traveling toward a synapse appears to open calcium ion channels at the presynaptic end, which in turn promotes fusion of synaptic vesicles to the axonal membrane. True False
true
Most CNS neurons lack centrioles. This observation explains the ability of neurons to produce a resting potential. the ability of neurons to communicate with each other. why CNS neurons grow such long axons. the ability of neurons to generate an action potential. why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue.
why CNS neurons cannot divide to regenerate damaged tissue
Correct Graded potentials originating in the dendrites and cell body are integrated (summated) at the axon hillock (C). Membrane potentials above threshold at the hillock will open voltage gated Na+ channels found in the "trigger zone," producing an action potential that proceeds down the axon.
...
nearsightedness
Does this picture show farsightedness or nearsightedness? https://o.quizlet.com/i/q9gGbfvk4qG8BlIPchWeUw_m.jpg
alcohol
Drugs like ________ and caffeine affect your nervous system.
caffeine
Drugs like alcohol and ________ affect your nervous system.
Efferent neurons transmit impulses from:
CNS to Effectors
speeds
Caffeine ________ up the activity of the central nervous system.
Which selection correctly describes the role of calcium in coupling? Calcium binds to actin, which triggers troponin to fall off and expose myosin-binding sites. Calcium binds to tropomyosin, which moves tropomyosin and exposes the myosin-binding sites on actin. Calcium binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin and exposes the myosin-binding sites on actin. Calcium binds to actin, which triggers it to bind to myosin.
Calcium binds to troponin, which moves tropomyosin and exposes the myosin-binding sites on actin.
What is the role of calcium in synaptic activity? Calcium diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Calcium influx into the synaptic terminal causes vesicle fusion. Calcium degrades neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft. Calcium influx into the axon causes an action potential to propagate into the synaptic terminal.
Calcium influx into the synaptic terminal causes vesicle fusion.
molecules
Food and other objects give off ________ into the air.
internal organs
For your sense of touch sensory receptors are found in ________ ________ and skin.
skin
For your sense of touch sensory receptors are found in internal organs and ________. These sensory receptors can pick up changes in touch, pressure, pain, and temperature.
The Nodes of Ranvier are:
Gaps in Myelin Sheath
hammer
In the middle ear when the eardrum vibrates it will vibrate tiny bones called the ________, anvil, and stirrup.
anvil
In the middle ear when the eardrum vibrates it will vibrate tiny bones called the hammer, ________, and stirrup.
outer ear
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "A" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
middle ear
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "B" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
inner ear
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "C" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
semicircular canals
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "D" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
auditory nerve
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "E" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
cochlea
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "F" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
scelera
In this picture of eye structure what is letter "A" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/YVRn_cysCv7saXlo8Vsxsg_m.jpg
cornea
In this picture of eye structure what is letter "B" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/YVRn_cysCv7saXlo8Vsxsg_m.jpg
pupil
In this picture of eye structure what is letter "C" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/YVRn_cysCv7saXlo8Vsxsg_m.jpg
lens
In this picture of eye structure what is letter "E" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/YVRn_cysCv7saXlo8Vsxsg_m.jpg
scelera
In this picture of eye structure what is letter "F" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/YVRn_cysCv7saXlo8Vsxsg_m.jpg
optic nerve
In this picture of eye structure what is letter "G" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/YVRn_cysCv7saXlo8Vsxsg_m.jpg
retinal vein
In this picture of eye structure what is letter "H" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/YVRn_cysCv7saXlo8Vsxsg_m.jpg
retinal artery
In this picture of eye structure what is letter "I" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/YVRn_cysCv7saXlo8Vsxsg_m.jpg
retina
In this picture of eye structure what is letter "J" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/YVRn_cysCv7saXlo8Vsxsg_m.jpg
paralysis
Injury to the spine can result in loss of muscle movement called ________.
safety gear
It is important to wear ________ ________ when playing sports or riding in a car or on a bicycle.
impulses
Messages carried by nerve cells are called ________.
Which best describes the initial event in contraction? Myosin heads bind to the newly exposed myosin-binding sites on actin to form cross bridges. The myofilaments slide closer together. Tropomyosin binds to myosin heads and actin bridges with tropomyosin. Calcium binds actin to myosin to begin the cross bridge cycle.
Myosin heads bind to the newly exposed myosin-binding sites on actin to form cross bridges
touch
Nerve cells do not ________ each other, yet still pass impulses to each other.
impulses
Nerve cells do not touch each other, yet still pass ________ to each other.
motor
Nerve cells that conduct impulses from the brain to muscles and glands throughout your body are called ________ neurons.
sensory
Nerve cells that receive information and send impulses to the brain or spinal cord are called ________ neurons.
interneurons
Nerve cells that relay impulses from sensory nerve cells to motor nerve cells are called ________.
taste buds
On the tongue ________ ________ can detect five different stimuli: sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and the taste of MSG.
peripheral
The ________ nervous system is made up of all the nerves outside the brain and spinal cord.
central
The ________ nervous system is made up of the brain and spinal cord.
balance
The cristae ampullaris and the maculae in the middle ear control the body's ________.
light rays
The eye detects ________ ________ and transmits impulses to the brain through the optic nerve.
optic nerve
The eye detects light rays and transmits impulses to the brain through the ________ ________.
rods
The light energy that enters your eye stimulates the ________ and cones located in your retina.
cones
The light energy that enters your eye stimulates the rods and ________ located in your retina.
homeostasis
The regulation of steady, life-maintaining conditions inside an organisms is called ________.
optic nerve
The rods and cones send impulses to the ________ ________, which carries them to the visual area of the cortex.
cerebrum
This is the largest part of the brain.
cerebellum
This part of the brain coordinates voluntary muscle movements, maintains muscle tone, and helps maintain balance.
cerebellum
This part of the brain coordinates voluntary muscle movements.
cerebellum
This part of the brain interprets stimuli from the eyes, ears, muscles, and tendons.
cerebellum
This part of the brain is located behind and under the cerebrum.
convex
To correct farsightedness a person needs to wear a ________ lens which is thicker in the middle than at the edges.
concave
To correct nearsightedness a person needs to wear a ________ lens which is thicker at the edges than in the middle.
dendrite
What is the branch part of the neuron that receives messages and sends them to the cell body?
axon
What is the branch part of the neuron that transports messages away from the cell body?
sound waves
When an object vibrates, it produces ________ ________ necessary for hearing sound.
behind
When light is focused ________ the retina a person is farsighted.
olfactory cells
When you smell, molecules from food and other objects stimulate nerve cells called ________ ________ in your nasal passages.
three
You have ________ kinds of nerve cells.
Cholinergic synapses release:
acetylcholine
The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned? glutamate acetylcholine
acetylcholine
The function of the astrocytes in the CNS includes which of the following? guiding neuron development adjusting the composition of the interstitial fluid maintaining the blood-brain barrier repairing damaged neural tissue All of the answers are correct.
all
The neuroglial cells that participate in maintaining the blood-brain barrier are the astrocytes. oligodendrocytes. microglia. ependymal cells. Schwann cells.
astrocytes
The mechanism by which the neurotransmitter is returned to a presynaptic neuron's axon terminal is specific for each neurotransmitter. Which of the following neurotransmitters is broken down by an enzyme before being returned? glutamate acetylcholine a or b
b
the ________ system controls brain and spinal cord
central
Which component has a role in the postsynaptic cell during synaptic activity? calcium channels Vesicles filled with neurotransmitter axon terminal chemically gated channels
chemically gated channels
Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane. chemically gated; presynaptic voltage-gated; presynaptic voltage-gated; postsynaptic chemically gated; postsynaptic
chemically gated; postsynaptic
A shift of the resting transmembrane potential toward 0 mV is called ________
depolarization
What is the role of acetylcholinesterase? act as a transmitting agent amplify or enhance the effect of ACh destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings stimulate the production of acetylcholine
destroy ACh a brief period after its release by the axon endings
Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________. either depolarize or hyperpolarize hyperpolarize depolarize
either depolarize or hyperpolarize
Neurotransmitter is released from presynaptic neurons through what mechanism? exocytosis phagocytosis pinocytosis endocytosis
exocytosis
Damage to ependymal cells would most likely affect the formation of myelin sheaths. formation of cerebrospinal fluid. transport of neurotransmitters within axons. formation of ganglia. repair of axons.
formation of cerebrospinal fluid
The membranes of neurons at rest are very permeable to _____ but only slightly permeable to _____. Na+; K+ Na+; Cl- K+; Na+ K+; Cl
k, na
Ion channels that are always open are called ________ channels. active leak local regulated gated
leak
Extensive damage to oligodendrocytes in the CNS could result in loss of sensation and motor control. loss of the structural framework of the brain. inability to produce scar tissue at the site of an injury. decreased production of cerebrospinal fluid. a breakdown of the blood-brain barrier.
loss of sensation and motor control
After a stroke, what type of glial cell accumulates within the affected brain region? satellite cells oligodendrocytes microglia ependymal cells Schwann cells
microglia
Small, wandering cells that engulf cell debris and pathogens in the CNS are called satellite cells. ependymal cells. oligodendrocytes. microglia. astrocytes
microglia
The most abundant class of neuron in the central nervous system is bipolar. unipolar. multipolar. pseudopolar. anaxonic
multipolar
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell. Na+ and A- (negatively charged proteins) K+ and Cl- K+ and A- (negatively charged proteins) Na+ and Cl-
na and cl
The Na+-K+ pump actively transports both sodium and potassium ions across the membrane to compensate for their constant leakage. In which direction is each ion pumped? Both Na+ and K+ are pumped out of the cell. Both Na+ and K+ are pumped into the cell. K+ is pumped out of the cell and Na+ is pumped into the cell. Na+ is pumped out of the cell and K+ is pumped into the cell
na out k in
In what way does the interior surface of a cell membrane of a resting (nonconducting) neuron differ from the external environment? The interior is ________. positively charged and contains more sodium negatively charged and contains less sodium negatively charged and contains more sodium positively charged and contains less sodium
negatively charged and contains less sodium
cThe myelin sheath that covers many CNS axons is formed by oligodendrocytes. astrocytes. ependymal cells. satellite cells. microglia.
oligodentrocytes
The repolarization phase of an action potential results from __________. the opening of voltage-gated K+ channels the opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels the closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels the closing of voltage-gated K+ channels
opening of voltage gated k channels
Which of the following describes the excitatory postsynaptic potential? moves membrane potential away from threshold opens K+ or Cl- channels short distance hyperpolarization short distance depolarization
short distance depolarization
Hyperpolarization results from __________. slow closing of voltage-gated Na+ channels fast closing of voltage-gated K+ channels slow closing of voltage-gated K+ channels
slow closing of voltage gated k channels
Axons terminate in a series of fine extensions known as dendrites. terminals. synapses. collaterals. telodendria
telodendria
The buildup of depolarization when EPSPs arrive in rapid succession is called ________ summation.
temporal
If a motor neuron in the body were stimulated by an electrode placed about midpoint along the length of the axon ________. the impulse would move to the axon terminal only muscle contraction would occur the impulse would spread bidirectionally the impulse would move to the axon terminal only, and the muscle contraction would occur
the impulse would spread bidirectionally
Saltatory conduction is made possible by ________. diphasic impulses large nerve fibers erratic transmission of nerve impulses the myelin sheath
the myelin sheath
Neurotransmitters ready for release are stored in synaptic telodendria. terminals. mitochondria. neurosomes. vesicles.
vesicles
Events that occur during synaptic activity are listed here, but they are arranged in an incorrect order. Choose the correct order of these events below. (a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open (b) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors (c) Action potential arrives at axon terminal (d) Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft (e) Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft (f) Graded potential generated in postsynaptic cell (c) Action potential arrives at axon terminal (a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open (e) Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft (b) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors (f) Graded potential generated in postsynaptic cell (d) Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft (c) Action potential arrives at axon terminal (a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open (e) Neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft (d) Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft (b) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors (f) Graded potential generated in postsynaptic cell (a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open (e) Neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft (c) Action potential arrives at axon terminal (b) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors (f) Graded potential generated in postsynaptic cell (d) Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft (d) Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft (b) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors (f) Graded potential generated in postsynaptic cell (c) Action potential arrives at axon terminal (a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open (e) Neurotransmitter released into the synaptic cleft
(c) Action potential arrives at axon terminal (a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open (e) Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft (b) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors (f) Graded potential generated in postsynaptic cell (d) Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft
neuron
A ________ is made up of a cell body, dendrite, and axon.
Which of the following is false or incorrect? An inhibitory postsynaptic potential occurs if the inhibitory effect is greater than the excitatory, causing hyperpolarization of the membrane. An excitatory postsynaptic potential occurs if the excitatory effect is greater than the inhibitory effect but less than threshold. A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
A nerve impulse occurs if the excitatory and inhibitory effects are equal.
Which of the following statements best summarizes excitation-contraction coupling? A series of events in which an electrical stimulus is conveyed to a muscle fiber to enact contraction. A series of events in which actin binds myosin to enact contraction. A series of events in which calcium gradients are used to convey a signal to the muscle fiber to enact contraction. A series of events in which an action potential triggers the release of chemical messengers.
A series of events in which an electrical stimulus is conveyed to a muscle fiber to enact contraction.
Which of the following will occur when an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) is being generated on the dendritic membrane? A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium. Sodium gates will open first, then close as potassium gates open. Specific sodium gates will open. Specific potassium gates will open.
A single type of channel will open, permitting simultaneous flow of sodium and potassium.
slows
Alcohol ________ the activities of the central nervous system.
stirrup
In the middle ear when the eardrum vibrates it will vibrate tiny bones called the hammer, anvil, and ________.
eardrum
In the middle ear, sound waves cause the ________ to vibrate.
autonomic
In the peripheral nervous system the ________ system controls involuntary actions.
somatic
In the peripheral nervous system the ________ system controls voluntary actions.
eustachian tube
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "G" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
incus
In this picture of ear structure what is letter "H" ? https://o.quizlet.com/i/TGvbFQ3HfCS2it3D4X3kiQ_m.jpg
dendrite
In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "A" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/w5WbSQoUwu7ikIKfyn6GEg_m.jpg
cell body
In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "B" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/w5WbSQoUwu7ikIKfyn6GEg_m.jpg
nucleus
In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "C" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/w5WbSQoUwu7ikIKfyn6GEg_m.jpg
myelin sheath
In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "D" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/w5WbSQoUwu7ikIKfyn6GEg_m.jpg
axon
In this picture of neuron structure what is letter "E" pointing to? https://o.quizlet.com/i/w5WbSQoUwu7ikIKfyn6GEg_m.jpg
Cells responsible for information processing and transfer are:
Neurons
What is the role of neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse? Neurotransmitter causes vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane and allows ions to diffuse across the membrane. Neurotransmitter causes a graded potential in the postsynaptic cell. Neurotransmitter causes calcium to flood into the presynaptic cell.
Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane and allows ions to diffuse across the membrane.
brain stem
The ________ ________ is the part of the brain the extends from the cerebrum and connects it to the spinal cord.
brain
The ________ coordinates all of your body activities.
A patient is admitted to the hospital with exacerbation of multiple sclerosis (MS). She asks the nurse "Why did this have to happen to me again? I was doing so well." Why are some forms of MS characterized by periods of remission and exacerbation? The axons are damaged, and repair of the axons results in impulse propagation resuming. The axons are not damaged; growing numbers of sodium channels appear spontaneously in the demyelinated fibers, allowing conduction to resume. The axons are damaged, and repair of the myelin sheath results in impulse propagation resuming. The axons are not damaged; growing numbers of potassium channels appear spontaneously in the demyelinated fibers, allowing conduction to resume. The myelin sheaths are damaged, and repair of the myelin sheaths results in impulse propagation resuming.
The axons are not damaged; growing numbers of sodium channels appear spontaneously in the demyelinated fibers, allowing conduction to resume.
sound waves
The ear, along with detecting and transmitting ________ ________, also controls the body's balance by reacting to motion and gravity.
balance
The ear, along with detecting and transmitting sound waves, also controls the body's ________ by reacting to motion and gravity.
molecules
The olfactory cells in the nasal passages detect ________ in the air, transmitting these impulses as odors.
sweet
The taste buds on your tongue can detect the stimuli of ________, sour, bitter, salty, and the taste of MSG.
sour
The taste buds on your tongue can detect the stimuli of sweet, ________, bitter, salty, and the taste of MSG.
bitter
The taste buds on your tongue can detect the stimuli of sweet, sour, ________, salty, and the taste of MSG.
salty
The taste buds on your tongue can detect the stimuli of sweet, sour, bitter, ________, and the taste of MSG.
Which of the following is not true of graded potentials? They can be called postsynaptic potentials. They are short-lived. They can form on receptor endings. They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
They increase amplitude as they move away from the stimulus point.
cerebrum
This is the part of the brain that interprets impulses from the senses, stores memory, and controls movements.
axon
This is the part of the neuron that carries messages away from the cell body.
dendrite
This is the part of the neuron that receives messages and send them to the cell body.
brain stem
What part of the brain is made up of the midbrain, the pons, and the medulla?
medulla oblongata
What part of the brain stem controls involuntary actions such as heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure?
reflex
When a movement causes the spinal cord to interpret an impulse from the brain from sensory receptors this movement is called a ________.
chemical
When an impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases a ________.
dendrite
When an impulse reaches the end of an axon, the axon releases a chemical that flows across the synapse and relays the impulse to the ________ of the next neuron.
farsighted
When light is focused in behind the retina a person is ________.
nearsighted
When light is focused in front of the retina a person is ________.
spinal cord
Which part of the body is made up of bundles of neurons that carry impulses from all parts of the body to the brain and from the brain to all parts of the body?
spinal cord
Which part of the nervous system is made up of bundles of nerve cells that carry impulses to and from the brain?
five
Your body has ________ senses.
neurons
Your nervous system is made up of ________ which are made up of a cell body and branches of dendrites and axons.
pinna
Your outer ear called the ________ captures sound waves and sends them to the ear canal.
taste buds
Your tongue contains ________ ________ that help you to sense tastes.
Around what transmembrane potential does threshold commonly occur? -60 mV -60 V -70 mV +60 mV a-d
a
Binding of the neurotransmitter to its receptor causes the membrane to __________. either depolarize or hyperpolarize depolarize hyperpolarize a b or c
a
During repolarization of a neuron potassium ions move out of the cell. potassium ions move into the cell. sodium ions move out of the cell. sodium ions move into the cell. both sodium and potassium ions move into the cell a b c or d
a
In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________. presynaptic neuron synaptic cleft postsynaptic neuron a b or c
a
The binding of the neurotransmitter to receptors on the motor end plate causes which of the following to occur? Binding of the neurotransmitter causes chemically gated sodium channels to open in the motor end plate. Binding causes potassium voltage-gated channels to open in the motor endplate. Binding causes chemically gated potassium channels to open in the motor end plate. Binding causes voltage-gated sodium channels to open in the motor endplate. a-d
a
What energizes the power stroke? hydrolysis of ATP calcium binding of ATP a-c
a
Why does the action potential only move away from the cell body? The areas that have had the action potential are refractory to a new action potential. The flow of the sodium ions only goes in one direction—away from the cell body a or b
a
What type of channel on the postsynaptic membrane binds neurotransmitter? a mechanically gated channel a leakage channel a voltage-gated channel a chemically gated channel
a chemically gated channel
A postsynaptic cell can be a neuron, a muscle cell, or a secretory cell. What is an example of a presynaptic cell? a muscle cell a Schwann cell a neuron a secretory cell
a neuron
What type of stimulus is required for an action potential to be generated? a suprathreshold stimulus hyperpolarization a threshold level depolarization multiple stimuli
a threshold level depolarization
The period after an initial stimulus when a neuron is not sensitive to another stimulus is the ________. depolarization repolarization absolute refractory period resting period
absolute refractory period
The efferent division of the peripheral nervous system innervates: glandular cells heart muscle cells smooth muscle cells skeletal muscle cells All of the answers are correct.
all
Which of the following correctly describes a graded potential? amplitude of various sizes long distance signaling voltage stimulus to initiate voltage regulated repolarization
amplitude of various sizes
Where in the neuron is an action potential initially generated? anywhere on the axon soma and dendrites axon hillock
axon hillock
vThe axon is connected to the soma at the telodendria. synaptic terminal. axon hillock. synapse. collaterals
axon hillock
A myosin head binds to which molecule to form a cross bridge? troponin actin tropomyosin a-c
b
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease that stops action potential propagation by destroying the myelin around (normally) myelinated axons. Which of the following best describes how MS stops action potential propagation? Without myelin, the internode membrane is depolarized more easily. Without myelin, the internode membrane resistance decreases, preventing local currents from reaching adjacent nodes. Without myelin, the node membrane more easily becomes refractory. Without myelin, the internode membrane resistance increases, preventing local currents from reaching adjacent nodes. a-d
b
Opioids relieve pain by blocking the release of substance X. substance P. substance Q. substance O. None of the answers are correct. a b c d e
b
The acetylcholine receptor is an example of what type of channel? a voltage-gated channel a chemically gated channel a leak channel a mechanically gated channe a-d
b
What is the primary role of acetylcholinesterase (AChE) at a cholinergic synapse? AChE binds to ACh receptors, causing them to open. AChE degrades acetylcholine in the synaptic cleft. AChE releases acetylcholine into the synaptic cleft. AChE depolarizes the postsynaptic cell. a-d
b
What is the typical duration of a nerve action potential? 20 ms 2 ms 200 ms 0.2 ms a-d
b
Which of the following causes the active site on actin to be exposed or uncovered? cross-bridge formation tropomyosin shifting position calcium entering the sarcoplasmic reticulum troponin releasing calcium a-d
b
After acetylcholinesterase acts, the synaptic terminal reabsorbs axoplasm. pinches off and a new terminal grows. reabsorbs the choline. reabsorbs the acetylcholine. reabsorbs the acetate. a b c d or e
c
An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels? chemically gated Ca2+ channels voltage-gated Na+ channels voltage-gated Ca2+ channels voltage-gated K+ channels a b c or d
c
Binding of a neurotransmitter to its receptors opens __________ channels on the __________ membrane. voltage-gated; postsynaptic voltage-gated; presynaptic chemically gated; postsynaptic chemically gated; presynaptic a b c or d
c
During an action potential, after the membrane potential reaches +30 mV, which event(s) primarily affect(s) the membrane potential? Voltage-gated sodium channels begin to inactivate (close). Voltage-gated sodium channels begin to inactivate (close) and the sodium-potassium exchange pump begins removing the excess sodium ions from the inside of the cell. Voltage-gated sodium channels begin to inactivate (close) and voltage-gated potassium channels begin to open. Voltage-gated potassium channels begin to open and the sodium-potassium exchange pump begins removing the excess Na+ ions from the inside of the cell. a-d
c
How do action potential propagation speeds in myelinated and unmyelinated axons compare? Propagation is faster in unmyelinated axons. Propagation speeds are similar in both axon types. Propagation is faster in myelinated axons. Propagation in myelinated axons is faster over short distances, but slower over long distance a-d
c
How is an action potential propagated along an axon? Stimuli from the graded (local) potentials from the soma and dendrites depolarize the entire axon. An efflux of potassium from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area. An influx of sodium ions from the current action potential depolarizes the adjacent area. a b or c
c
In contrast to the internodes of a myelinated axon, the nodes __________. are wrapped in myelin have higher membrane resistance to ion movement have lower membrane resistance to ion movement only occur at the beginning and end of the axon a-d
c
Presynaptic facilitation by serotonin is caused by temporal summation. increased extracellular concentration of potassium ion. calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane remaining open longer. increased extracellular concentration of sodium ion. blockage of calcium channels in the presynaptic membrane. a-e
c
Puffer fish poison blocks voltage-gated sodium channels like a cork. What effect would this neurotoxin have on the function of neurons? Neurons would depolarize more rapidly. None, because the chemically-gated sodium channels would still function. The axon would be unable to generate action potentials. Action potentials would lack a repolarization phase. The absolute refractory period would be shorter than normal. a b c d e
c
The movement of what ion is responsible for the local currents that depolarize other regions of the axon to threshold? voltage-gated sodium (Na+) channels Potassium (K+) sodium (Na+) calcium (Ca2+) a-d
c
To what regulatory protein does calcium bind during the initiation of the contraction cycle in skeletal muscle fibers? actin tropomyosin troponin myosin a-d
c
What causes the myosin head to disconnect from actin? binding of calcium hydrolysis of ATP binding of ATP binding of troponi a=d
c
What causes the release of calcium from the terminal cisternae of the sarcoplasmic reticulum within a muscle cell? ATP calcium ion pump arrival of an action potential troponin a-d
c
When an action potential arrives at the axon terminal of a motor neuron, which ion channels open? voltage-gated sodium channels chemically gated calcium channels voltage-gated calcium channels voltage-gated potassium channels a-d
c
When cholinergic receptors are stimulated, norepinephrine deactivates acetylcholine. chloride ions leave the postsynaptic neuron. sodium ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. chloride ions enter the postsynaptic neuron. sodium ions leave the postsynaptic neuro a b c d e
c
Where are action potentials regenerated as they propagate along a myelinated axon? at every segment of the axon at the internodes at the nodes at myelin a-d
c
Which of the following best describes how ACh causes depolarization of the postsynaptic membrane? ACh activates acetylcholinesterase (AChE). ACh opens voltage-gated calcium channels. ACh opens ACh receptors. ACh causes vesicles to fuse, releasing neurotransmitter into the synaptic cleft. a-d
c
Which of the following best describes the role of calcium in synaptic activity? Calcium diffuses across the synaptic cleft to bind with receptors on the postsynaptic cell. Calcium enters the postsynaptic cell and causes depolarization. Calcium enters the presynaptic cell and causes the release of ACh. Calcium breaks down acetylcholine. a-d
c
Which of the following phrases best describes how excitation is coupled to contraction in skeletal muscle fibers? through T tubules through cross-bridge formation through calcium release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum through electrical impulses travelling along the sarcolemm a-d
c
If acetylcholine (ACh) causes inhibition of a postsynaptic neuron, to what type of membrane channel did the ACh bind? voltage-regulated sodium channel chemically-regulated sodium channel mechanically-regulated channel voltage-regulated calcium channel chemically-regulated potassium channe
chemically regulated potassium channel
Which of the following is NOT one of the chemical classes into which neurotransmitters fall? peptides gases and lipids amino acids chlorides
chlorides
Functions of astrocytes include all of the following, except forming a three-dimensional framework for the CNS. guiding neuron development. responding to neural tissue damage. conducting action potentials. maintaining the blood-brain barrier.
conducting action potentials
During an action potential of a neuron, what directly causes the different channels to open and close? neurotransmitter binding to chemically gated channels calcium ions Sodium and potassium ions the transmembrane potential (voltage) a-d
d
In what part of the neuron does the action potential typically initiate? axon terminals dendrites soma (cell body) initial segment of the axon a-d
d
T tubules and the terminal cisternae are clustered into structures called __________. myofibrils fascicles sarcomeres triade a -d
d
Which of the following best describes the order of events in synaptic activity? Extracellular calcium enters the synaptic knob, triggering exocytosis of ACh. An action potential arrives and depolarizes the synaptic knob. ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes postsynaptic membrane. ACh is removed by AChE. ACh is removed by AChE. ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes postsynaptic membrane. An action potential arrives and depolarizes the synaptic knob. Extracellular calcium enters the synaptic knob, triggering exocytosis of ACh. An action potential arrives and depolarizes the synaptic knob. Extracellular calcium enters the synaptic knob, triggering exocytosis of ACh. ACh is removed by AChE. ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes postsynaptic membrane. An action potential arrives and depolarizes the synaptic knob. Extracellular calcium enters the synaptic knob, triggering exocytosis of ACh. ACh binds to receptors and depolarizes postsynaptic membrane. ACh is removed by AChE.
d
During depolarization, which gradient(s) move(s) Na+ into the cell? Na+ does not move into the cell. Na+ moves out of the cell. only the electrical gradient both the electrical and chemical gradients only the chemical gradient
electrical and chemical gradients
The sum of the electrical and chemical forces acting on an ion is known as its ________.
electrochemical gradient
Many medications introduced into the bloodstream cannot directly affect the neurons of the CNS because the neurolemma is impermeable to most molecules. astrocytes form a capsule around neurons. ependymal cells restrict the flow of interstitial fluid between the capillaries and the neurons. oligodendrocytes form a continuous myelin sheath around the axons. the endothelium of CNS capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier.
endothelium of CNH capillaries forms a blood-brain barrier
Which membrane potential occurs because of the influx of Na+ through chemically gated channels in the receptive region of a neuron? action potential inhibitory action potential excitatory postsynaptic potential inhibitory postsynaptic potential
excitatory postsynaptic potential
An inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) is associated with ________. lowering the threshold for an action potential to occur opening of voltage-regulated channels a change in sodium ion permeability hyperpolarization
hyperpolarization
Voltage-gated channels are present along the perikaryon of neurons. on the surface of dendrites. on the soma of neurons. at the motor end plate. in the membrane that covers axons
in the membrane that covers axons
________ channels open or close in response to physical distortion of the membrane surface. Mechanically-gated Active Voltage-gated Leak Chemically-gated
mechanically gated
________ account for roughly half of the volume of the nervous system. Dendrites Efferent fibers Axons Synapses Neuroglia
neuroglia
The basic functional unit of the nervous system is the ________.
neuron
A molecule that carries information across a synaptic cleft is a synaptic cleft. sending neuron. neurotransmitter. receiving neuron. synapse.
neurotransmitter.
Clusters of RER and free ribosomes in neurons are called perikaryon. neurofilaments. microglia. neurofibrils. Nissl bodies
nissl bodies
Which of the following is NOT a type of circuit? pre-discharge circuits reverberating circuits diverging circuits converging circuits
pre-discharge circuits
In a synapse, neurotransmitters are stored in vesicles located in the __________. postsynaptic neuron synaptic cleft presynaptic neuron
presynaptic neuron
In addition to diffusion, what are two other mechanisms that terminate neurotransmitter activity? reuptake and degradation exocytosis and degradation excitation and degradation reuptake and inhibition
reuptake and degradation
Which of the following circuit types is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle, breathing, and certain motor activities (such as arm swinging when walking)? diverging circuits parallel after-discharge circuits reverberating circuits converging circuits
reverberating circuits
Glial cells that surround the neurons in ganglia are ependymal cells. satellite cells. astrocytes. oligodendrocytes. microgli
satellite cells
Which of the following is a type of glial cell found in the peripheral nervous system? astrocytes ependymal cells microglia oligodendrocytes satellite cells
satellite cells
The neurilemma of axons in the peripheral nervous system is formed by oligodendrocytes. astrocytes. microglia. Schwann cells. satellite cells.
schwann cells
Which pattern of neural processing works in a predictable, all-or-nothing manner, where reflexes are rapid and automatic responses to stimuli in which a particular stimulus always causes the same response? oscillative processing reflexive processing serial processing parallel processing
serial processing
The small space between the sending neuron and the receiving neuron is the synaptic cleft. synaptic terminal. calcium channel. neurotransmitter. vesicle.
synaptic cleft.
A second nerve impulse cannot be generated until ________. the Na ions have been pumped back into the cell all sodium gates are closed proteins have been resynthesized the membrane potential has been reestablished
the membrane potential has been reestablished
If a signal from a sending neuron makes the receiving neuron more negative inside, the receiving neuron immediately generates an action potential. the sending neuron becomes more positive inside. the sending neuron becomes more negative inside. the receiving neuron is more likely to generate an action potential. the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential
the receiving neuron is less likely to generate an action potential.
Select the correct statement regarding synapses. Neurotransmitter receptors are located on the axons terminals of cells. The release of neurotransmitter molecules gives cells the property of being electrically coupled. Cells with gap junctions use chemical synapases. The synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
the synaptic cleft prevents an impulse from being transmitted directly from one neuron to another.
Axon diameter and degree of myelination determine nerve impulse conduction velocity. True False
true
In myelinated axons the voltage-regulated sodium channels are concentrated at the nodes of Ranvier. True False
true
Some neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory depending upon the receptor. True False
true
The action potential is caused by permeability changes in the plasma membrane. True False
true
The depolarization phase of an action potential results from the opening of which channels? chemically gated Na+ channels chemically gated K+ channels voltage-gated K+ channels voltage-gated Na+ channels
voltage gated na channels
An action potential releases neurotransmitter from a neuron by opening which of the following channels? voltage-gated Ca2+ channels chemically gated Ca2+ channels voltage-gated Na+ channels voltage-gated K+ channels
voltage-gated Ca2+ channels
Which ion channel opens in response to a change in membrane potential and participates in the generation and conduction of action potentials? leakage channel mechanically gated channel ligand-gated channel voltage-gated channel
voltage-gated channel
Regions of the CNS with an abundance of myelinated axons constitute the ________ matter.
white
