Combo with "Chap 8" and 1 other

Shays's Rebellion of 1786-1787 was the result of

the oppressive taxation of farmers in Massachusetts.

The major legacy of Shays's Rebellion was 1. a series of similar revolts by farmers in other states. 2. the idea that civil disobedience was an American liberty. 3. action by state legislatures to curb the powers of Congress. 4. the realization that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was needed.

the realization that the Articles of Confederation were inadequate and thus a reworking of national government was needed.

As the eighteenth century progressed, tobacco, rice, and indigo made the southern colonies

the richest in North America

Most of the new states spelled out their citizens' rights and liberties in written contracts because 1. they wanted to be able to amend their bills of rights annually. 2. they hoped to become separate nations in the future and wanted to be able to attract new settlers. 3. the unwritten nature of British political traditions led to Americans being denied liberties they had assumed they possessed. 4. Americans did not trust the federal government to uphold their freedoms.

the unwritten nature of British political traditions led to Americans being denied liberties they had assumed they possessed.

. Antifederalists were united mainly by 1. religious backgrounds. 2. location. 3. their desire to block the Constitution. 4. levels of wealth.

their desire to block the Constitution

Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because 1. women might believe they were equal to men and want the vote. 2. they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves. 3. children as young as twelve might believe they could vote. 4. it could spark slave rebellions in the North.

they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves

Some states were reluctant to include "equality language" in their bills of rights and constitutions because

they were afraid the words could be construed to apply to slaves.

tobacco.

turned Virginia into a stable colony

Which colony attracted dissenters because of its embrace of the ideal of liberty of conscience?

Rhode Island

At the Philadelphia convention, which of the following was the compromise reached on the issue of who counted as population for the purpose of deciding representation? 1. Slaves were counted under the three-fifths clause. 2. Indians were only to be counted if they were assimilated. 3. No state could reclaim a slave who had taken refuge in a free state. 4. Slaves were not to be counted as persons.

Slaves were counted under the three-fifths clause

From 1700 to 1770, the black population in the South increased almost three times faster than the white population of the region; by 1770, blacks made up

40 percent of the southern population

Washington chose which of the following men to be his secretary of the treasury?

Alexander Hamilton

The slave labor system that was introduced to the colony of Carolina was "exported" from

Barbados.

Pro-Constitution forces called themselves 1. Pro-Constitutionalists. 2. the Constitutional Party. 3. Antifederalists. 4. Federalists.

Federalists.

What was President Washington's first reaction to the war between England and France that began in 1793?

He issued a Neutrality Proclamation.

Which of the following statements best characterizes the Boston Massacre of March 5, 1770?

It was over in minutes, and the British regiments were then moved to an island in the harbor for their protection

The two men who were instrumental in calling for a meeting in Philadelphia in May 1787 to discuss revising the Articles of Confederation were

Madison and Hamilton.

Why were there so few slaves in New England during the eighteenth century?

New England's family farming was not suited for slave labor

Which state allowed free blacks and women to vote in the early years of the republic? 1. New York 2. Rhode Island 3. Massachusetts 4. New Jersey

New Jersey

the first nation to associate plantation labor with enslaved Africans was

Portugal

Prince Henry the Navigator

The most influential advocate of Portuguese exploration

Columbian exchange

The transatlantic trade of goods, people, and ideas between the New World and Europe

At the Constitutional Convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state's population, was known as the 1. New Jersey Plan. 2. Virginia Plan. 3. Connecticut Plan. 4. Three-Fifths Plan.

Virginia Plan

At the constitutional convention, the proposal to create a two-chamber legislature, with representation in both houses based on each state's population, was known as the

Virginia Plan.

Puritan communities in the first half of the seventeenth century were characterized by

a high degree of conformity in community members' views on morality, order, and propriety

encomienda

a way to reward conquistadors who had conquered territory in the New World.

King Henry VIII saw in the Protestant Reformation the opportunity to

make himself the head of the church in England.

The commercial economy of New England was dominated by

merchants

Partible inheritance means that lands were subdivided

about equally among all the sons in a family

Although the three regions of British North America became more distinct in the latter part of the eighteenth century, they still shared several unifying experiences, such as

agricultural roots, a lessening reliance on religion, and a realization of their British colonial identity

Witch trials in seventeenth-century New England signaled

an enduring belief in the supernatural origins of evil and gnawing doubt about the strength of Puritan New Englanders' faith.

Under the Articles of Confederation, the confederation government lacked

an executive and judicial branch as well as the power to levy taxes

At the time of the war with Britain, white women

began to participate in politics through discussion and fundraising

Burgoyne's defeat at the battle of Saratoga was a decisive moment in the Revolutionary War because it

brought France into the war on the side of the patriots.

American opposition to the Stamp Act took the form of

burning an effigy of a stamp collector, breaking windows, and ransacking an official's home

Before the Constitution could go into effect, it had to be ratified

by ratifying conventions in nine of the thirteen states.

Portugal's early interest in exploration and expansion stemmed from its desire to

expel Muslims from the Iberian Peninsula and gain access to African trading posts.

The New Jersey Plan proposed at the Constitutional Convention 1. called for a one-chamber legislature in which each state would have one vote. 2. called for severely limiting the powers of the congress. 3. featured a two-chamber legislature elected by voters. 4. reserved control over taxation, revenue, and commerce to individual states.

called for a one-chamber legislature in which each state would have one vote

The author of the radical pamphlet Common Sense

called for independence and a republican government

The Articles of Confederation were finally approved in 1781 when all the states agreed to surrender their 1. claims to western lands. 2. power to declare war. 3. power to regulate trade. 4. right to levy their own taxes.

claims to western lands

The most serious obstacle to settlement in the Northwest Territory was 1. heavy taxation imposed by the government on industrial development. 2. the lack of government policy on slavery in the area, which hindered farmers and caused the eruption of violent protests. 3. heavy tree growth that prevented easy farming. 4. clashes with the Indian tribes that occupied the land.

clashes with the Indian tribes that occupied the land

Roger Williams's position on the Bible was that it

could be legitimately interpreted in a variety of ways

The Stono rebellion proved that eighteenth-century slaves

could neither overturn slavery nor win a fight for freedom.

The New Jersey Plan departed from the Articles of Confederation by 1. changing the legislature to a two-house congress. 2. creating a plural presidency to be shared by three men elected by the congress from among its membership. 3. endowing the presidency with the power to declare war. 4. giving the states total control over taxation and regulating trade.

creating a plural presidency to be shared by three men elected by the congress from among its membership

The Continental army enjoyed its first victory over the British on Christmas night in 1776, when the Americans

crossed the Delaware River to surprise the Hessians at Trenton.

During the Revolution, the Continental Congress and various states issued paper money, which resulted in

devaluation of the money and escalating prices

Masters in the Chesapeake were so hungry for labor that they

did not hesitate to devise legal ways to extend the time their servants owed them.

The Seven Years' War taught colonists that

discipline within the British military was far more harsh than they had expected.

As chancellor of the exchequer in 1767, Charles Townshend

favored imposing taxes that would help pay off England's war debt and make the colonists pay the cost of maintaining British troops in America.

Property qualifications for voters and candidates in the new states 1. were replaced by a minimum-age requirement of twenty-two. 2. ensured that free blacks in the North would be able to vote. 3. were so liberal that essentially all adult white males could vote. 4. disfranchised 25 to 50 percent of all adult white males.

disfranchised 25 to 50 percent of all adult white males

Property qualifications for voters and candidates in the new states

disfranchised 25 to 50 percent of all adult white males.

The 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas between Spain and Portugal

drew an imaginary line down the Atlantic Ocean, with territory west of the line belonging to Spain and territory east of the line belonging to Portugal.

Under the Articles of Confederation, 1. five states had to approve war-making decisions. 2. all thirteen states had to approve routine decisions. 3. each state had a single vote in Congress. 4. three-quarters of the states had to vote to approve or amend the articles.

each state had a single vote in Congress

The English monarchs James I and Charles I

enforced conformity to the Church of England.

Cortes defeated the Mexicans in 1521 by

enlisting the help of tens of thousands of Indian allies who favored the destruction of Mexico.

Bacon's Rebellion

erupted in 1676 as a dispute over Indian policy and ended as a conflict between the planter elite and small farmers.

. The core of Antifederalists' opposition to the Constitution centered on 1. the power it gave to the common man. 2. the doctrine of separation of powers. 3. fear that distant power might infringe on people's liberties. 4. the creation of a stronger chief executive.

fear that distant power might infringe on people's liberties

The core of Antifederalists' opposition to the Constitution centered on

fear that distant power might infringe on people's liberties.

In response to promises that had been made in order to obtain ratification of the Constitution, James Madison drew up the

first ten amendments to the Constitution, commonly called the Bill of Rights.

Dissenting colonists believed that the real goal of the Tea Act of 1773 was to

generate increased revenue to pay the salaries of royal governors and judges—a reminder of Parliament's taxation and legislative powers

The majority of the early settlers who came to Jamestown and the Virginia colony were

gentlemen and their servants.

According to John Winthrop's sermon aboard the Arbella, the Puritans had "entered into a covenant" with God, meaning that they

had been uniquely chosen to do God's special work of building a holy community as an example to others

The Puritans who founded the Massachusetts Bay colony

had not broken completely with the Church of England and did not identify with the Separatist beliefs of some of their fellow Englishmen who earlier had founded the Plymouth colony

The story of Pocahontas "saving" Captain John Smith from her father's death sentence illustrates

how inadequately Englishmen understood Indian rituals.

Criticism of Catholic church centered on

how salvation could be gained

. The fundamental issue raised at the Constitutional Convention was 1. whether or not slavery should be abolished. 2. how to balance the conflicting interests of large and small states. 3. whether the new national government should be more powerful or less powerful than the confederation government. 4. whether or not presidential powers should be increased.

how to balance the conflicting interests of large and small states

By the 1680s, New England's religious consensus had weakened to the point that

in some towns, only 15 percent of the adult males were church members

Shays's Rebellion of 1786 was the result of 1. Samuel Adams inciting farmers in Massachusetts. 2. debt-strapped farmers in Pennsylvania. 3. commercial and western creditors' harsh payment terms. 4. increased taxes on farmers in Massachusetts.

increased taxes on farmers in Massachusetts

Alexander Hamilton publicly claimed that rolling the old certificates of debt into new government bonds would

infuse money into the economy and inspire citizens' confidence in the government.

. In the quarter century after 1775, legislatures provided for the immediate or gradual abolition of slavery in 1. Maryland, Virginia, and most northern states. 2. Maryland and most northern states. 3. all of the original thirteen colonies. 4. most northern states.

most northern states

The Albany Plan of Union, as proposed by Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Hutchinson, was

not approved by the colonies or by England

When the Constitution was drafted, slavery was 1. explicitly named as being a landowner's liberty. 2. not named, but its existence was recognized and guaranteed. 3. the most hotly debated issue. 4. euphemistically outlawed.

not named, but its existence was recognized and guaranteed

The British lost the Revolutionary War partly because

of America's alliance with France, which provided artillery and ammunition, fresh troops, and naval support.

As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed

on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state

As a part of the Great Compromise, delegates at the Philadelphia convention agreed 1. that voters would directly elect the members of the upper house, the Senate. 2. on a procedure for direct election of a chief executive. 3. on the Supreme Court and a system of lower national courts. 4. on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state.

on a lower house whose seats would be apportioned on the basis of population, and an upper house—the Senate—that would have two senators per state

The Proclamation of 1763 was meant to

prevent colonists from settling west of the Appalachian Mountains.

The Northwest Ordinance of 1787 1. required compulsory elementary education in each new township. 2. provided for the eventual creation of eight to ten new states. 3. funded an exploratory party to locate the Northwest Passage. 4. prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory.

prohibited slavery in the Northwest Territory

Following the battles of Lexington and Concord, Lord Dunmore, the royal governor of Virginia, issued a proclamation

promising freedom to defecting able-bodied slaves who would fight for the British.

Richard Hakluyt, a strong proponent of colonization, argued that English colonies would

provide a market for English goods and a place for the unemployed to find work.

Malinali (14 year old native girl)

provided invaluable assistance to Cortés by serving as an interpreter and a cultural broker.

The initial goal of the Second Continental Congress was toraise and supply an army and negotiate a reconciliation with England.

raise and supply an army and negotiate a reconciliation with England.

. In devising their new constitutions, most states 1. gave veto power to the governor, who had a four-year term. 2. reduced the powers of the governor. 3. abolished the lower house. 4. gave veto power to the governor and kept an appointed upper house.

reduced the powers of the governor

Writers of the new state constitutions believed that voting requirements should 1. open up the political process to a wider group. 2. be tied to literacy. 3. be widely debated so that all citizens could have a voice. 4. reflect colonial property qualifications to prevent women and very poor people from demanding the vote.

reflect colonial property qualifications to prevent women and very poor people from demanding the vote

While Robert Morris's tax proposal didn't take effect and the Bank of North America did not resuscitate the economy in the 1780s, the confederation still had the potential to obtain wealth through 1. borrowing from France and Germany. 2. retiring the war debt. 3. stabilization of the economy with gold and silver. 4. sale of the huge territory ceded by Virginia, which in 1784 became the national domain.

sale of the huge territory ceded by Virginia, which in 1784 became the national domain

the most important economic activity in New Spain after 1540

silver mining

The defining feature of the southern colonies in the eighteenth century was

slavery.

The seventeenth-century New England economy mainly consisted of

subsistence farming mixed with fishing and timber harvesting for markets in Europe and the West Indies

studying the economy and slave labor system of the Caribbean sugar islands helps us to better understand

that the West Indies had a direct influence on the development of slavery and plantations in the mainland British colonies

The most decisive factor in ending the Revolutionary War at Yorktown was

the French forces taking control of the Chesapeake Bay, thus commanding the coast of Virginia.

A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was

the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed

A shared feature of all the state constitutions drawn up during the American Revolution was 1. a call for a strong centralized government. 2. two houses: upper and lower. 3. the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed. 4. a governor with strong powers.

the conviction that government rests on the consent of the governed

The colonial economy in the eighteenth century was unique because

the free population enjoyed a relatively high standard of living.

George Grenville claimed that the colonists had "virtual representation" because

the members of the House of Commons represented all British subjects, wherever they were

The battle of Bunker Hill

was a costly victory for the British.

The Whiskey Rebellion

was a protest by grain farmers against the excise tax on whiskey

rice

was the profitable export crop that depended on the expertise of slaves brought from West Africa to Carolina

Indentured women

were not permitted to marry until their servitude was complete

In colonial America, deists

were usually educated and followed the ideas of European Enlightenment thinkers

The turning point of the Seven Years' War was most likely William Pitt's

willingness to commit massive resources to the war.

In 1775, most of the delegates to the Second Continental Congress remained reluctant to break with Britain because they

worried about the loss of Britain's military support, the effect on their economies, and political stability