Combo with "Mod 17 The Nonvisual Senses" and 5 others

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Phi Phenomenon

an illusion of movement created when two or more adjacent lights blink on and off in quick succession

Placebo

an inert or inactive condition or substance

pitch

a tones experienced highness or lowness; depends on frequency.

Marcus has been diagnosed with dissociative personality disorder (formally called multiple personality disorder). Dr. Romero is treating Marcus and decides to research Marcus's history, interview his friends, family, and examine his social, medical, and academic past. His hope is to eventually publish a paper on Marcus's situation and make a presentation to colleagues in the American Psychological Association. Dr. Romero hopes his research will shed light on the cause of this disorder. Which of the following research methods is Dr. Romero utilizing? a. case study b. experiment c. replication d. survey

a. case study

Your sister's fiance has an identical twin brother who has been divorced three times. What research information would be most applicable to her situation? a. Research has shown that divorce risks are about 50 percent attributable to genetic factors. b. There is no difference between identical and fraternal twins in terms of divorce. c. Research suggests that identical twins have shorter attention spans than do fraternal twins. d. There is no evidence that divorce has anything to do with genetic factors.

a. Research has shown that divorce risks are about 50 percent attributable to genetic factors.

If speed were of the essence, which of the following information processing systems would you choose to make simple decisions for you? a. a computer b. a chimpanzee brain c. a human brain d. a Skinner box

a. a computer

Participants in a new depression study will be assigned according to a randomization schedule that is unknown to the participants and the study site. The site will give participants drug kits in order of their trial participation start date. The first participant will receive the first kit, the second participant receives the second, and so on. The kits are numbered with 001, 002, etc., and these numbers correspond to an active drug or placebo on the randomization schedule. This random _____ ensures that each participant has an equal chance of getting study medication and that the study site is not biased. a. assignment b. condition c. order d. effect

a. assignment

A study of an individual may mislead researchers if the individual is _____. This is a limitation of the case study method of descriptive research. a. atypical b. typical c. brain damaged d. a child

a. atypical

An axon transmits messages _____ the cell body and a dendrite transmits messages _____ the cell body. a. away from; toward b. toward; away from c. toward; toward d. away from; away from

a. away from; toward

In addition to controlling other endocrine glands, the pituitary also has primary responsibility for regulating: a. growth. b. the level of calcium in the blood. c. the level of sugar in the blood. d. the "fight or flight" response.

a. growth

The earliest technique for examining the living human brain involved the study of: a. glucose production. b. head injuries. c. electrical activity. d. soft tissue.

b. head injuries

To assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to watching a comedy skit. In this research, the independent variable consisted of: a. reactions to the comedy skit. b. level of sexual stimulation. c. marital status. d. sense of humor.

b. level of sexual stimulation

Depressed mood states are linked to _____ levels of serotonin and _____ levels of norepinephrine. a. high; high b. low; high c. low; low d. high; low

b. low low

If a researcher electrically stimulates the _____ in an animal, the animal will immediately wake up and be alert. a. amygdala b. reticular formation c. hypothalamus d. hippocampus

b. reticular formation

Your wife wakes you from your peaceful slumber to tell you she heard a noise. As you slowly get up to investigate, your heart begins to race, your mouth is dry, and you begin to sweat. Clearly your _____ has been activated. a. adrenal system b. sympathetic nervous system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. central nervous system

b. sympathetic nervous system

In 1870, Gustav Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig discovered that applying a mild electrical current to a dog's cortex caused which of the following behavioral responses? a. The dog began salivating. b. The dog began moving. c. The dog fell into a deep coma. d. The dog flew into a rage.

b. the dog began moving

Occipital Lobe

back of the brain, where all visual information is processed

perceiving loudness

based on number of hair cells activated, hair cell damage is responsible for most hearing loss

_____ is pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base.

basic research

Using the principles of natural selection, evolutionary psychology studies how _____ and the mind have evolved.

behavior

Dr. Sands studies how the relative influence of heredity and environment influence the age at which people learn to read. Her research belongs to the field of _____.

behavior genetics

Information Processing

consolidate memories during sleep

Which of the following BEST describes the complex relationship between nature and nurture in the influence of human behavior? a. synchronized swimming b. positive and negative c. night and day d. two hands clapping

d. two hands clapping

overt behavior

directly observable behavior

Patrice is left-handed. This means that she processes speech primarily in her _____ hemisphere.

left

Alzheimer's disease leads to the deterioration and breakdown of the connections known as _____.

neural networks

Much like a battery, _____ generate electricity from chemical events.

neurons

smell

olfaction: intense memories

audition

sense or act of hearing. highly adaptive

Dendrites

sensorts, accept incoming information

which of the following is NOT an altered state of consciousness that is physiologically induced?

sensory deprivation

Parietal Lobe

sensory input for touch and body position

nociceptors

sensory receptors that detect hurtful temperatures, pressure or chemicals

Control Group

serves as a comparison to allow for evaluation of treatment

In order to assess whether sexual stimulation affects sense of humor, researchers exposed married couples to either sexually stimulating or non-sexually stimulating movie scenes. The couples then watched a comedy skit and the researchers measured how much they laughed. In this research, the independent variable was _____.

sexual stimulation

severed spinal cord

Although Naeem has no genital sensations, he is capable of an erection if his genitals are stimulated. Naeem's experience is most indicative of a:

the spinal cord.

An automatic reflex such as a knee jerk or withdrawing a hand from a flame involves:

A local school board is setting up a program to prepare children to become scientists. To carry out this program, teachers should encourage curiosity, _____, and humility in their students.

skepticism

As one of the three main components of the scientific attitude, _____ means doubting claims and subjecting them to empirical testing.

skepticism

According to his wife, Chuck has always been a chronic snorer. For the last three months, he has been waking up in the middle of the night gasping for air. He most likely suffers from:

sleep apnea

Chronic sleep deprivation is most likely to contribute to:

suppression of the immune system

Psychodynamic

A focus on the extent to which behaviors and personality spring from drives and conflicts outside one's own awareness is most relevant to the ____________ perspective

Psychodynamic

A focus on the extent to which behaviors and personality spring from drives and conflicts outside one's own awareness is most relevant to the ____________ perspective.

sex, food, and aggression

A friend has asked you to explain how hormones influence our interest in certain behaviors. Which of the following topics could you address?

theory

A large pharmaceutical company has a new medication that targets specific neurotransmitters known to be involved in anxiety. They believe that this new medication may be useful for treating anxiety. This belief is a(n):

Which of the following scenarios would be based on research involving cognitive neuroscience?

A researcher can tell that Julie is looking at a telephone based on cortical activation patterns.

44. Neuroscientists who surgically remove, destroy, or eliminate the brain tissue of laboratory animals are using which of the following techniques for studying the brain? A. Electroencephalogram (EEG) B. Positron emission tomography (PET) C. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. Brain lesioning

5. You are listening to a lecture. Then the bell rings in the hallway. In order to hear this stimulus, ______ neurons must carry electrochemical messages from your ears to your brain. A. indigent B. afferent C. efferent D. indifferent

50. _____ depth vision cues depend on the combination of the images in the left and right eyes. A. Monocular B. Binocular C. Gradient D. Parallel

51. In depth perception, familiar size, height in field of view, and shading are examples of _____. A. binocular cues B. monocular cues C. stereograms D. feature detectors

32. When you can tell the difference between candy apple red and fire engine red, it is partly because the light stimuli differ in their _____. A. visual acuity B. cone density C. X rays D. wavelengths

35. You try to note the incredibly fine details of a computer microchip through a magnifying glass. On which area of the retina should you be focusing this image? A. Optic chiasm B. Rods C. Periphery D. Fovea

42. The simultaneous distribution of sensory information across different neural pathways is called _____. A. binding B. bottom-up processing C. top-down processing D. parallel processing

Developmental

Dr. Hillburton has received approval for his research grant to study the effects of divorce on children aged 5-12 in terms of maturational milestones. Dr. Hillburton is most likely a _________________ psychologist

gate control theory

Melzack and Wall. Neurological "gate" Gate opens: small neural fibers cause pain, Gate closed: large neural fibers preventing pain- endorphin, distractions, placebo

Plato

Professor Schroeder argues that children's innate concept of justice enables them to make distinctions between fair and unfair rules. This argument is most consistent with the views of:

Which of the following is one area that generally does not do basic research?

Psychiatrists

precognition

Psychics are unable to make millions of dollars betting on horse races. This undermines their claims to possess the power of _____.

Which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness that is psychologically induced?

Tanisha has just entered a state of hypnosis with the help of a psychologist.

Functionalism

William James, focus on the function or purpose of conciousness

If a two-year-old boy's pituitary gland is not functioning correctly, what might be the consequences? A. His physical growth might be affected. B. His serotonin levels might drop. C. His neural networks might slow down. D. Neural transmission in his brain might slow down considerably.

a. his physical growth might be affected

ganglion cell

activated by bipolar cells, their axons twine together to form the optic nerve

bipolar cell

activated by light hitting rods and cones, they cantivate ganglion cells

Acetylcholine

activates motor neurons controlling skeletal muscles, contributes to regulation of attention, arousal ,and memory

Activation-Sythnesis

activating pathways during REM sleep

cochlear implant

a device for converting sounds into electrical signals and stimulating the auditory nerve through electrodes threaded into the cochlea

after image effect

after staring at something you see a residual image, usually in different colors than the original image.

basic research

aimed at increasing the scientific knowledge base

applied research

aims to solve practical problems in the field

Hypnosis, daydreaming, and meditation are examples of _____ states of consciousness.

altered

Hypnosis, daydreaming, and meditation are examples of:

altered states of consciousness

visual cliff

a laboratory device for testing depth perception in animals and children

frequency theory

the rate of nerve impulses traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch.

fovea

the retinas area of central focus where the cluster of cones is found. provides clearest image when put at center of object being viewed

vestibular sense

the sense of your heads ( and thus your bodys) movement and position, including balance. Receptors: hairlike receptors in the semicircular canals and vestibular sacs

Young-Helmholtz trichromatic (three color) theory

the theory that the retina contains three different color receptors- red, green, blue- when stimulated in combination, we can create any color.

The peripheral nervous system consists of sensory and _____ neurons.

motor

Shelton was born with one kidney. This variation in an inherited trait is caused by a(n) _____.

mutation

You are home visiting your family during a school break. You share a room with your younger brother. While you are reading in bed you hear your brother talking and laughing. You ask him if he is okay and he says he is fine. You realize he has been asleep for about 30 minutes. You ask him the next morning if he remembers you asking him the question. He says he has no memory of you talking to him or what he was laughing about. You remember from your psychology class that your brother was probably in the _____ stage of sleep.

n-rem 3

Ants that become less sensitive to the repellants that are sprayed on them and are able to multiply are an example of _____.

natural selection

Delaney sat in her local fast food restaurant and recorded what people ordered. She used the _____ descriptive method.

naturalistic observation

Is sexual orientation biologically determined or culturally influenced? This question is most relevant to the issue of ____.

nature versus nurture

proximity

near by figures are grouped together. Ex: grouping letters together as words

Double Blind

neither the participant nor researcher knows which condition the participant is in

feature detectors

nerve cells in the brain (in the occipital lobes visual cortex) that respond to specific features of stimulus, such as shape angle or movement. receive info from glanglion cells, Info is passed to other parts of the brain where supercell clusters respond to patterns.

A neuropsychologist is interested in studying how the approximately 400 trillion synapses of an adult brain are organized into an information-processing system. His research will focus on _____.

neural networks

Survey

process of examining a phenomenon, both interviews and questionnaires

Temporal Lobe

processes auditory information, language

In order to control for experimenter bias, researchers assign subjects to groups by _____ assignment.

random

Plato

ration processes provide knowledge, sensory info alone provides opinion, first to introduce conflict model

Social Cultural

A focus on the different marriage rituals practiced by members of different ethnic groups is of most relevance to the ______________ perspective

Circadian Rhythm

24hr cycle of sleep and wakefulness, based on light

It is at the end of NREM-_____ sleep that children may wet the bed or begin walking in their sleep.

10. Michael, a famous musician, is designing a new apartment that will serve as both his residence and his recording studio. Since the music studio shares a wall with his bedroom, Michael wants to be sure that the recording studio is soundproof. This means that Michael wants to be sure that sound from the studio is well under his _____ while he is in his bedroom. A. absolute threshold B. difference threshold C. papillae D. minimum threshold

10. _____ nerves carry information to the brain and spinal cord. ______ nerves carry information from the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. A. Afferent / Efferent B. Efferent / Afferent C. Glial cells / Afferent D. Efferent / Glial cells

12. ______ refers to the detection of sensory information that occurs below the level of conscious awareness. A. Subliminal perception B. Perceptual set C. Top-down processing D. Bottom-up processing

15. The minimal change in stimulation that is required to detect whether one stimulus differs from another is the _______. A. difference threshold B. absolute threshold C. perceptual constant D. vestibular sense

21. Corticosteroids are _____. A. stress hormones B. sex hormones C. neurotransmitters that regulate mood D. neurotransmitters that regulate memory

23. Axons are ____. A. the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending or carrying information away from the cell body toward other cells B. the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving information from other neurons C. located inside the cell body D. the layer of fat cells that encase and insulate the neuron

25. Regarding light, wavelength corresponds with the ______ and amplitude corresponds with the ______. A. hue; brightness B. brightness; hue C. hue; saturation D. brightness; saturation

27. Rods and cones are located in the _____. A. retina B. lens C. cornea D. occipital lobe

3. As you walk barefoot in the park, your nose conveys to your brain the smell of the freshly cut grass, your skin sends information about the feel of the gentle breeze, and your ears transmit the sound of children laughing on the playground to your auditory cortex. This process of acquiring "raw data" about the stimuli in the environment is called _____. A. sensation B. selective attention C. sensory adaptation D. cognition

30. The major purpose of the sclera is to _____. A. help maintain the shape of the eye and protect it from injury B. control the size of the pupil C. focus light on the retina D. record what we see and convert it to neural impulses for processing in the brain

32. ____ are chemical substances that carry information across the synaptic gap to the next neuron. A. Neurotransmitters B. Axons C. Synapses D. Dendrites

34. Jane is having trouble sleeping. As she sits in bed looking around the darkened room, she notices that her peripheral vision seems to be better than her central vision. This is because vision in low light conditions _____. A. depends on the rods B. depends on the cones C. doesn't require the use of the pupil D. doesn't require the retina

35. Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter that plays an important role in ______. A. motor function, learning, and memory B. sexual function C. mood regulation D. All of these

39. Which of the following neurotransmitters plays an important role in the experience of love and social bonding? A. Oxytocin B. Acetycholine C. GABA D. Norepinephrine

4. The process of ______ involves organizing and interpreting incoming sensory information. A. perception B. sensation C. transduction D. inhibition

41. An ____ is a drug that mimics or increases a neurotransmitter's effects. An ____ is a drug that blocks a neurotransmitter's effect. A. agonist / antagonist B. antagonist / agonist C. axon / endorphin D. endorphin / axon

42. The antidepressant drug Prozac works by increasing brain levels of serotonin. This means that Prozac is considered _____. A. an agonist B. an antagonist C. a hormone stimulant D. All of these

43. The purpose of parallel processing is to _____. A. allow sensory information to travel rapidly through the brain B. allow rods and cones to function simultaneously C. prevent the misinterpretation of colors D. use binocular cues to perceive depth

46. Electrical activity in the brain can be captured by placing multiple electrodes on the scalp and then measuring the underlying electrical activity. This method of studying the brain's activity is called a(n)_____. A. electroencephalogram (EEG) B. positron emission tomography (PET) C. magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) D. functional MRI (fMRI)

49. Depth perception involves ______. A. perceiving three dimensions B. seeing in three colors C. the pinna D. the papillae

52. The medulla, cerebellum, and pons are parts of the _____. A. hindbrain B. midbrain C. forebrain D. corpus callosum

54. Looking at a quarter in your hand casts a different image on your retina compared to looking at a quarter across the room, yet we know that the quarter is the same and retains the same dimensions. This phenomenon is known as ______. A. constancy B. figure-ground C. the Ponzo illusion D. Gestalt closure

56. If we see a German shepherd standing thirty feet from us, we perceive that it is just as big as it was when it was much closer to us. This is primarily due to _____. A. size constancy B. shape constancy C. proximity D. figure-ground

56. The _____ is a small forebrain structure that monitors pleasurable activities (e.g. eating, drinking, and sex), emotion, stress, and reward. A. hypothalamus B. neocortex C. corpus callosum D. medulla

57. One of the pleasure centers of the brain is found in the _____. A. hypothalamus B. corpus callosum C. hippocampus D. thalamus

59. The pitch of a sound is a function of the sound wave's _____, whereas the loudness of a sound is a function of the sound wave's _____. A. frequency / amplitude B. amplitude /frequency C. decibel level / melodic waveform D. melodic waveform / decibel level

60. Sonal had a stroke. Doctors told her she sustained substantial damage to the occipital lobes. What type of deficiencies will Sonal likely experience as a result of this brain damage? A. She may be blind or unable to see clearly. B. She will probably be unable to comprehend language. C. She will probably have difficulties with memory function. D. She will probably suffer from impaired cognitive functioning (planning, reasoning, and self-control will be negatively impacted).

63. The _____ is the part of the cerebral cortex that controls voluntary muscle movement. A. motor cortex B. sensory cortex C. limbic system D. temporal lobe

63. When sound waves enter the ear canal, they first cause _____. A. the eardrum to vibrate B. the oval window to move C. the cochlea to vibrate D. the hammer to vibrate

67. The corpus callosum _____. A. is the large bundle of axons that connects the brain's two hemispheres and relays information between the two sides B. is the region of the brain that is primarily responsible for managing our emotions C. is the region of the brain that is primarily responsible for managing our thinking, reasoning, and logic skills D. plays an important role in the production of speech

68. Tina loves listening to her favorite music on her iPod. Most of the time she plays her iPod at 90 percent volume. According to research on "safe sound," what should Tina do to increase the odds that her love of loud music does not cause hearing damage? A. She should limit her exposure to loud music. In fact, she shouldn't listen to music that loud for more than 90 minutes. B. She should stop listening to heavy metal music and switch to classical music instead. Loud Mozart songs are not as damaging as loud Metallica songs. C. She should use headphones instead of earbuds, because earbuds are more dangerous to hearing. D. She should always keep the volume low on her iPod and instead pump up the volume of her music when she's listening to her home stereo.

71. ______ best explains the perception of low-frequency sounds (below 1,000 times per second), whereas _____ best explains those high-frequency sounds (above 1,000 times per second). A. Frequency theory / a combination of frequency and place theory B. Place theory / a combination of frequency and place theory C. Frequency theory / decibel theory D. Place theory / decibel theory

72. The left hemisphere of the brain plays an important role in managing or regulating _____. A. speech and grammar B. spatial perception C. visual recognition D. movement in the left side of the body

76. You touch your baby's forehead and realize that he feels warm and must have a fever. What type of sensory receptors relayed information about your baby's temperature to your brain? A. Thermoreceptors B. Endorphins C. Rods D. Cones

77. When something warm touches your skin, you feel warmth. When something cold touches your skin, you feel coldness. If things both warm and cold touch your skin, stimulating adjacent thermoreceptors for warmth and cold, you will feel _____. A. hotness B. coldness C. both hotness and coldness D. neither hotness nor coldness

79. ______ are secreted by the adrenal glands. A. Epinephrine and norepinephrine B. Estrogen and testosterone C. Estrogen and epinephrine D. Acetylcholine and testosterone

81. Endorphins are _____. A. neurotransmitters that function as natural opiates in producing pleasure and pain B. believed to be released mainly in the synapses of the fast pathway C. hormones that are involved the kinesthetic sense D. hormones that are involved in the vestibular sense

81. When the axons of healthy neurons adjacent to damaged cells grow new branches, _____ has occurred. A. collateral sprouting B. substitution of function C. neurogenesis D. synaptic pruning

84. Taste buds, the sensory receptors for taste, are located in the _____. A. papillae B. pinna C. salivary glands D. olfactory epithelium

84. The human brain shows the most plasticity during which developmental lifespan period? A. Early childhood B. Early adulthood C. Middle adulthood D. Late adulthood

87. The Human Genome Project studies genetics and behavior through the use of _____. A. molecular genetics B. selective breeding C. behavior genetics D. twin studies

88. The _____ senses provide information about movement, posture, and orientation, whereas the _____ senses provide information about balance and movement. A. kinesthetic; vestibular B. vestibular; kinesthetic C. limbic; thalamic D. thalamic; limbic

9. You are studying in your dorm room, but your neighbor is blasting the television in the adjacent room. When you gently request that your neighbor turn the volume down until you cannot hear it, you are asking your neighbor to make the volume less than your _____. A. absolute threshold B. difference threshold C. minimum transduction level D. basilar level

90. Molly's natural hair color is brown but she has had it dyed blonde. Molly changed her _________. A. phenotype B. genotype C. chromosomes D. genetic heritage

Wavelengths

A physical characteristic of light. the distance from the peak of one light or sound wave to the peak of the next. electromagnetic wavelengths vary from the short blips of gamma rays to the long pulses of radio transmission.

Hindsight Bias

After physicians are given case information and an autopsy report, they are very likely to presume that they could have figured out the cause of death with the case information alone. This tendency to believe that one would have foreseen something, after learning of an outcome, is called:

1. A single cubic centimeter of the human brain consists of well over _____ nerve cells. A. 10 million B. 50 million C. 1 billion D. 100 billion

11. The ______ nervous system connects the brain and spinal cord to the rest of the body. A. central B. peripheral C. somatic D. autonomic

13. The sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system are components of the _____. A. central nervous system B. autonomic nervous system C. somatic nervous system D. endocrine system

16. Linda is studying while listening to her iPod. She notices that when she raises the volume 5 decibels when the volume is initially low, the change is very noticeable. However, when the volume is initially high, increasing the volume by 5 decibels doesn't result in as noticeable of a change in sound. This phenomenon is best explained by ______. A. the volley principle B. Weber's law C. perceptual constancy D. selective attention

16. You are walking to school when you encounter a strange barking dog. You tense up and contemplate whether you should run away. Which nervous system is responsible for this "fight or flight" reaction? A. Somatic B. Sympathetic C. Parasympathetic D. Efferent

17. Emily is selecting a new paint color for her bedroom. She detects a difference between sky blue and midnight blue. Emily's ability to distinguish these two colors from one another can best be explained by the concept of _____. A. sensory adaptation B. a difference threshold C. selective attention D. top-down processing

2. The brain's ability to coordinate information from all five senses best reflects which of the following characteristics of the nervous system? A. Complexity B. Integration C. Adaptability D. Electrochemical transmission

2. _____ is the process by which the brain actively organizes and interprets sensory information. A. Consciousness B. Perception C. Sensation D. Reception

22. Dendrites are ____. A. the part of the neuron that is responsible for sending information away from the cell body toward other cells B. the branch-like part of the neuron that is responsible for receiving information from other neurons C. located inside the cell body D. the layer of fat cells that encase and insulate the neuron

22. Jennifer is a chain smoker. When her friend Irene, a non-smoker, gets in the car with Jennifer she is overwhelmed by the smell of smoke. One day she mentioned this fact to Jennifer who was surprised by the comment. Jennifer claims that when she sniffs her hair and clothing she can't sense the smoky scent. Jennifer's inability to detect the smoky scent is an example of _____. A. perceptual redundancy B. sensory adaptation C. the cocktail party phenomenon D. closure

24. The existence of extrasensory perception (ESP) _____. A. is strongly supported by the results of scientific research B. is not supported by the results of scientific research C. has never been studied in scientific research D. is supported by the results of experimental MRI studies but not by other experimental studies.

25. The cell body contains the ______, which directs the manufacture of substances that a neuron needs for growth and maintenance. A. glial cells B. nucleus C. axon D. dendrite

26. ____ is a layer of fat cells that insulates most axons and speeds up the transmission of nerve impulses. A. A dendrite B. The myelin sheath C. Plasticity D. Acetylcholine

28. When a neuron is at its resting state, what is the status of the charges on each side of the cell membrane? A. There is a negative charge on the outside of the cell membrane, and a positive charge on the inside. B. There is a negative charge on the inside of the cell membrane and a positive charge on the outside. C. There is a negative charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane. D. There is a positive charge on both the outside and the inside of the cell membrane.

29. Cones ______. A. are receptors in the retina that are sensitive to light B. are specialized receptor cells that enable us to see color C. function best at night or under low illumination conditions D. are concentrated in the blind spot

3. The term plasticity refers to the ____. A. flexibility of the endocrine system B. brain's special capacity for modification and change C. natural tendency to engage in a fight or flight response D. ability of people to change habits over time

31. Another term that describes the "firing" of neurons is _____. A. resting potential B. action potential C. graded potential D. polarized potential

31. The iris is the _____. A. clear membrane just in front of the cornea through which light first passes B. colored part of the eye that contains muscles that control the size of the pupil C. white outer part of the eye that helps to maintain the shape of the eye and to protect it from injury D. light-sensitive surface at the back of the eye that records what we see and converts it to neural impulses for processing in the brain

33. The _____ is filled with a gelatinous material that helps focus light. A. retina B. lens C. optic nerve D. fovea

37. Depression is associated with low levels of what neurotransmitter? A. Acetylcholine B. Serotonin C. Dopamine D. Oxytocin

37. The _____, which consists of the axons of the ganglion cells, carries visual information to the brain for further processing. A. fovea B. optic nerve C. retina D. iris

38. Toward the center of the retina, there is an area that contains only cones. This area is called the _____. A. cornea B. fovea C. chiasm D. optic nerve

38. _____ are natural opiates that shield the body from pain and elevate feelings of pleasure. A. Horomones B. Endorphins C. Acetylcholine D. Chromosomes

39. The _____ is the area near the center of the retina where there are no rods and no cones. A. cornea B. blind spot C. fovea D. lens

40. Which of the following neurotransmitters play in important role in the regulation of sleep, mood, attention, and learning? A. GABA and oxytocin B. Dopamine and serotonin C. Acetycholine and GABA D. Acetycholine and oxytocin

41. __________ is a process that involves coupling of the activity of various cells and pathways and helps integrate information about an object. A. Parallel processing B. Binding C. Depth perception D. Perceptual integration

43. Michael has schizophrenia. His psychiatrist prescribed a new drug that blocks or interferes with the activity of dopamine. Michael's doctor is using ______ to treat his disorder. A. an agonist B. an antagonist C. brain lesioning D. a lobotomy

44. If a child asks you why we can see colors, and you want to answer according to the trichromatic theory of color vision, you might tell him it is because there are ______ different types of cones in the retina. A. 2 B. 3 C. 4 D. 5

45. Dr. Becker is interested in identifying the pathways of connectivity in the brain and nervous system. Which of the following techniques will Dr. Becker most likely use in his research? A. Brain lesioning B. Staining C. Positron emission tomography (PET) D. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

45. Which of the following theories of vision can best explain the occurrence of afterimages (i.e., sensations that remain after a stimulus is removed)? A. Trichromatic theory B. Opponent-process theory C. Frequency theory D. Place theory

48. In order to get a good idea of an object's depth, we rely on a number of binocular and monocular cues. Which of the following would be an example of a binocular cue? A. Texture gradient B. Convergence C. Height in field of view D. Shading

5. Melanie is learning how to read Spanish by sounding out each word one letter at a time. Melanie is engaging in _____. A. top-down processing B. bottom-up processing C. sensory adaptation D. subliminal perception

53. The reticular formation is primarily responsible for _____. A. controlling breathing and regulating reflexes to maintain an upright posture B. stereotyped patterns such as walking, sleeping, or turning to attend to a sudden noise C. control and coordination of balance, hearing, and parasympathetic function D. motor coordination and the integration of complex muscle movements

55. The tendency for perceptions of objects to remain relatively unchanged in spite of changes in size, shape, and/or color is called _____. A. monocular constancy B. perceptual constancy C. linear perspective D. the figure-ground principle

59. The most complex mental functions, such as thinking and planning, take place in the _____. A. corpus callosum B. cerebral cortex C. cerebellum D. amygdala

6. The lecture you were listening to is over. The bell that rang in the hall signaled the end of class. You get up out of your seat, pick up your things, and walk out the classroom door. Which kind of nerves sent the signals from your brain to your muscles to initiate your physical movements? A. Afferent B. Efferent C. Hormones D. Indifferent

6. ______ are specialized cells that detect stimulus information and transmit it to afferent nerves and the brain. A. Perceptual sets B. Sensory receptors C. Binocular cues D. Monocular cues

61. The ____ are involved in personality, intelligence, and the control of voluntary muscles. A. temporal lobes B. frontal lobes C. occipital lobes D. parietal lobes

61. The primary function of the _____ is to collect sounds and channel them into the inner ear. A. cochlea B. pinnae C. cilia D. basilar membrane

64. The somatosensory cortex processes information about _____. A. planning and decision making B. bodily sensations C. facial expressions D. voluntary body movement

64. When you hear any sound, your eardrum vibrates. These vibrations are then transferred to the inner ear by the hammer, anvil, and stirrup. These three bones are all located in the _____. A. outer ear B. middle ear C. inner ear D. marginal ear

65. The cochlea is part of the ______. A. pinnae B. inner ear C. middle ear D. outer ear

67. The major function of the _____ is to amplify vibrations and pass them on to the inner ear. A. pinnae B. hammer, anvil, and stirrup C. papillae D. olfactory epithelium

68. _____ plays an important role in the production of speech, whereas _____ plays an important role in the comprehension of language. A. Wernicke's area / Broca's area B. Broca's area / Wernicke's area C. The occipital lobe / the hippocampus D. The hippocampus / the occipital lobe

69. Katy was in a car accident and sustained serious brain damage. Since the accident Katy can speak only one word. This is an example of _____. A. amnesia B. aphasia C. multiple sclerosis D. epilepsy

7. Information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles is sent through __________, thus enabling the body to move. A. afferent nerves B. efferent nerves C. hormones D. interpathway nerves

70. One criticism of place theory is that it _____. A. adequately explains low-frequency sounds but not high-frequency sounds. B. adequately explains high-frequency sounds but not low-frequency sounds. C. doesn't explain findings from split-brain research. D. can't explain the different functions of rods and cones.

73. The process of facial recognition is governed primarily by ______. A. the left hemisphere of the brain B. the right hemisphere of the brain C. the peripheral nervous system D. the endocrine system

73. Which of the following statements about cochlear implants is FALSE? A. A cochlear implant is a small electronic device that is surgically implanted in the ear and head. B. Cochlear implants, like hearing aids, work by amplifying sound. C. Cochlear implants stimulate whatever working auditory nerves the recipient has in his or her cochlea with electronic impulses. D. Cochlear implants work best if they are inserted shortly after hearing loss.

75. The chemical messengers produced by the endocrine glands are known as _____. A. neurotransmitters B. hormones C. myelin sheath D. stem cells

78. _____ glands help regulate mood, energy, and the ability to cope with stress. A. Pituitary B. Adrenal C. Pancreas D. Gonad

8. Which of the following classes of sensory receptors provide information about sight and the detection of light? A. Chemoreception B. Photoreception C. Mechanoreception D. Synaesthesia

8. Your brain has instructed your body muscles to move so that you avoid burning your hand on a hot stove. Which type of nerves carried the information from your brain to your muscles so that you could avoid getting burned? A. Afferent nerves B. Efferent nerves C. Glial nerves D. Parasympathetic nerves

80. Different neural pathways transmit pain messages to the brain. In the _____ neurons connect directly to the thalamus and then to the motor and sensory areas. This pathway transmits information about sharp, localized pain. A. slow pathway B. fast pathway C. kinesthetic sense D. vestibular sense

82. When Charlie was three years old, he fell off the slide at the playground and damaged the left hemisphere of his brain. Despite this injury, as Charlie grew older he still retained some of his language abilities because the right hemisphere of his brain took control over the language function. Which of the following mechanisms of brain damage repair is apparent in this example? A. Collateral sprouting B. Substitution of function C. Neurogenesis D. Lobotomy

85. _____ is a term used to describe the influences of multiple genes on behavior. A. The all or none principle B. Polygenic inheritance C. Phenotype D. Genotype

40. Visual information is processed primarily in the visual cortex, which is located in the _____. A. parietal lobes B. temporal lobes C. occipital lobes D. hippocampus

86. Smell can elicit more vivid memories than the other senses. What is the reason for this? A. Because smells are often stronger than sights, sounds, and other stimuli. B. Because the sense of smell takes a more direct neural pathway to emotion, and memory centers in the brain than do other senses. C. Because smells are more often associated with stronger emotions, particularly those associated with threat or harm. D. Because the sense of smell is closely related to finding food to eat for survival, it is directly connected to the areas in the brain responsible for primary survival behaviors.

9. The brain and spinal cord make up the _____. A. peripheral nervous system B. central nervous system C. autonomic nervous system D. somatic nervous system

A researcher who focuses on links between the brain and the mind is a _____ psychologist.

Biological

1. The process through which the senses detect environmental stimuli and transmit them to the brain is called ____. A. consciousness B. perception C. sensation D. reception

11. The _____ marks the point where we can just barely perceive a stimulus. A. just noticeable difference B. difference threshold C. absolute threshold D. just noticeable threshold

14. The ______ nervous system mobilizes the body's resources and prepares it for action (i.e., the fight or flight response). A. central B. somatic C. sympathetic D. parasympathetic

14. The smallest intensity of a stimulus that you can detect 50 percent of the time is _____. A. Weber's law B. the sensory threshold C. the difference threshold D. the absolute threshold

15. The parasympathetic nervous system is part of the _____ nervous system. A. central B. somatic C. autonomic D. sympathetic

17. Which division of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for producing physiological symptoms (such as increased heart rate and butterflies in the stomach) under conditions of stress? A. Somatic B. Parasympathetic C. Sympathetic D. Efferent

18. After finishing a psychology test, you try to relax by engaging in some meditation techniques. Doing these exercises should increase the response of the ________ nervous system, which results in a slower heart and respiration rate and less muscular tension. A. somatic B. central C. parasympathetic D. sympathetic

18. What theory of perception proposes that detection of stimuli depends on a variety of factors including, but not limited to, physical intensity of the stimulus, fatigue of the observer, and expectancy? A. Opponent-process theory B. Multiple perceptual context theory C. Signal detection theory D. Weber's theory

19. You are playing a new X-Box game in which you are pretending to train as a police officer. Your task is to correctly identify and shoot the criminals you encounter and to protect the lives of innocent civilians. You begin walking down the street when various individuals come out from behind buildings and around corners. In your first encounter you erroneously shoot an innocent civilian. According to signal detection theory, your response to the stimulus would be classified as a _____. A. hit B. miss C. false alarm D. correct rejection

21. You arrive at your friend's apartment for a big party at the end of the semester. When you first arrive, the music is so loud that it almost hurts your ears. After a couple of hours, even though the music is still at the same volume, it no longer bothers you or seems that loud. This change in your sensations describes the process of _____. A. auditory adjustment B. transduction C. sensory adaptation D. sensory deprivation

23. When Carlos first jumped into the pool, he thought the water was very cold. Although the actual temperature of the pool remained constant, after a few minutes Carlos no longer complained about feeling cold. This change is his reaction to the temperature of the water is an example of _______. A. sensory deprivation B. a perceptual set C. sensory adaptation D. top-down processing

24. The nucleus of a neuron is located in the ____. A. axon hillock B. terminal stub C. cell body D. synapse

27. _____ allows neurons to speed up the transmission of nerve impulses. A. Resting potential B. Having more than one cell body C. The myelin sheath D. Acetylcholine

30. According to the all-or-nothing principle, _____. A. if all the neurons in a network are not integrated, the "message" carried by the neurons will be lost B. the amount of time a neuron must "rest" in between firing episodes is stable C. once the electrical impulse reaches a certain level of intensity (its threshold), it fires and moves all the way down the axon without losing any intensity D. as a person ages, his or her neurological system slows down and the intensity of neural impulses decreases significantly

33. A _____ is a tiny space between the axon of one neuron and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron. A. glial cell B. reticular formation C. synapse D. basal ganglia

34. Your relative is experiencing memory loss related to Alzheimer disease. Research suggests that there may be insufficient production of the neurotransmitter _______ in this individual's brain. A. serotonin B. gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) C. acetylcholine D. dopamine

36. As light enters the eye, eventually it reaches the light-sensitive ____ at the back of the eye. A. blind spot B. lens C. retina D. cornea

36. _____ inhibits the firing of neurons in the central nervous system, but it excites the heart muscle, intestines, and urogenital tract. A. Serotonin B. Dopamine C. Norepinephrine D. GABA

4. Plasticity best reflects which of the following characteristics of the nervous system? A. Complexity B. Integration C. Adaptability D. Electrochemical transmission

46. Which of the following statements about research on color blindness is true? A. Most individuals who are color-blind literally see the world in black and white. They are unable to perceive any colors other than black or white. B. Color blindness is more common among women than among men. C. The nature of color blindness depends on which of the three kinds of cones (green, red, and blue) is inoperative. D. Research on color blindness does not support the trichromatic theory of vision.

47. Dr. Stern is a neuroscientist who is collecting data for a new research study. He uses techniques for monitoring the amount of glucose in various areas of the brain. Which of the following methods is Dr. Stern using in this study? A. Brain lesioning B. Staining C. Positron emission tomography (PET) D. Electroencephalogram (EEG)

47. Gestalt psychologists emphasize that _____. A. perception is the same as sensation B. we learn to perceive the world through experience C. the whole is more than the sum of its parts D. perception is a neurological process

51. Which part of the nervous system regulates breathing? A. The hypothalamus B. Wernicke's area C. The medulla D. The forebrain

55. Steven was in a serious automobile accident that caused a severe injury to his hippocampus. What type of deficiency will Steven likely experience as a result of this brain damage? A. He will probably be unable to speak. B. He will probably be unable to comprehend language. C. He will probably have difficulties with memory formation. D. He will probably be paralyzed.

57. A door is still perceived as a rectangle even after we view it from different angles. This is due to _____. A. depth cues B. retinal disparity C. shape constancy D. linear constancy

58. Body temperature, emotional states, and coping with stress are functions controlled by the _____. A. corpus callosum B. hippocampus C. hypothalamus D. amygdala

58. _____ is the perceptual interpretation of the frequency of a sound. A. Amplitude B. Loudness C. Pitch D. Sound wave

65. Which of the following regions of the brain is involved in spatial skills, attention, and motor control? A. The hypothalamus B. The hippocampus C. The parietal lobes D. The amygdala

66. The eardrum is located in the ______. A. auditory cortex B. inner ear C. middle ear D. outer ear

7. Which of the following classes of sensory receptors play an important role in detecting pressure, vibration, movement, touch, and hearing? A. Chemoreception B. Photoreception C. Mechanoreception D. Endorphins

70. Roberto has a sever case of epilepsy. His doctor surgically severed his corpus callosum. Roberto's condition is referred to as _____. A. Alzheimer disease B. aphasia C. a split brain D. multiple sclerosis

74. The endocrine system _____. A. consists of the brain and the spinal cord B. connects the brain and the spinal cord to the rest of the body C. consists of glands that regulate the activities of certain organs by releasing hormones into the bloodstream D. communicates through the release of neurotransmitters

75. Newborns can ______ better than they can ______. A. see / feel touch, hear, or taste B. hear / feel touch, see, or taste C. feel touch / see, hear, or taste D. taste / see, hear, or feel touch

76. The _____ is sometimes referred to as the "master gland" because it controls growth and it releases the hormones that regulate other glands in the endocrine system. A. pineal gland B. adrenal gland C. pituitary gland D. thymus gland

77. Ellie has recently experienced irregular mood swings. Her energy level has decreased and she seems to have greater difficulty coping with stress. Based on her symptoms, it seems as though Ellie may have problems with her ______ glands. A. pituitary B. pineal C. adrenal D. thymus

83. George is very afraid of needles but needs to have blood drawn for a medical procedure. When he is about to get the shot he tries to not watch or think about the needle but instead tries to focus and read the poster on the wall. Which of the following pain management techniques did George use? A. Counterstimulation B. Focused breathing C. Distraction D. Electrical stimulation

83. The term ______ refers to a process by which new neurons are generated. A. collateral sprouting B. substitution of function C. neurogenesis D. lobotomy

85. The lining of the nasal cavity that contains a sheet of receptor cells for smell is known as the _____. A. semicircular canal B. papillae C. olfactory epithelium D. cochlea

88. Dr. Cardinale is interested in the effects of heredity and environment on intelligence. She compares the similarity of IQ scores of identical twins to the similarity of IQ scores of fraternal twins. Dr. Cardinale is conducting a ______ study. A. human genome B. molecular genetics C. behavior genetics D. selective breeding

89. Sensory receptors for the kinesthetic sense are located in what part of the body? A. Spinal cord B. Thalamus C. Muscle fibers and joints D. Small bones in the inner ear

The importance of inherited behavioral traits was most clearly highlighted by:

Charles Darwin

Thinking

Compared with the structuralists, early behaviorists were much LESS likely to focus on the study of:

12. The somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system are components of the ____. A. somatosensory area B. central nervous system C. limbic system D. peripheral nervous system

13. Subliminally presented stimuli _____. A. can sometimes be consciously perceived B. have no significant effects on our preferences or behaviors C. increase our absolute thresholds for visual images D. can influence our thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

19. Essential body functions such as heart rate, breathing, and digestion are under the control of the _____. A. somatic nervous system B. cerebral cortex C. interneuron system D. autonomic nervous system

20. Just before you went on a job interview your heart was pounding like crazy. You experienced a shortness of breath and felt sick to your stomach. These symptoms were most likely produced by your ________ nervous system. A. central B. somatic C. parasympathetic D. sympathetic

20. You are playing a new X-Box game in which you are pretending to train as a police officer. Your task is to correctly identify and shoot the criminals you encounter and to protect the lives of innocent civilians. You begin walking down the street when various individuals come out from behind buildings and around corners. In your first encounter you fail to shoot and the person turns out to be a civilian. According to signal detection theory, your response to the stimuli would be classified as a _____. A. hit B. miss C. false alarm D. correct rejection

26. The _____ is the colored part of the eye. A. lens B. pupil C. cornea D. iris

28. The crossover point where the right visual field information goes to the left hemisphere is called the ______. A. fovea B. optic nerve C. retina D. optic chiasm

29. Resting potential is the ______. A. amount of time a signal travels through the central nervous system B. amount of time a neuron must "rest" in between firing episodes C. stable, positive charge of an inactive neuron D. stable, negative charge of an inactive neuron

48. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a technique that _____. A. measures the rate at which brain cells use glucose B. constructs a three-dimensional image from X rays C. examines the effects of lesions in brain tissue D. involves creating a magnetic field around a person's body and using radio waves to construct images of a person's tissues and biochemical activities

49. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a technique that _____. A. allows scientists to see what is happening in the brain while it is working B. relies on monitoring changes in blood oxygen that occur in association with brain activity C. generates very clear pictures of the brain's interior D. All of these

50. If a person's cerebellum were damaged in an accident, you would expect the person to have a problem with _____. A. breathing and heart rate B. seeing and hearing C. talking and understanding D. balance and muscle coordination

52. Perceptual constancy refers to our ability to _____. A. switch back and forth between the figure and the ground in a figure-ground problem. B. have all of our sensory systems working on overload in a highly stressful situation. C. adjust to the amount of light in the room even if that requires light or dark adaptation. D. see an object as the same size even though we move closer to it or farther from it.

53. Which depth cue accounts for why parallel lines appear to grow closer together the farther away they are? A. Texture gradient B. Superposition C. Vertical position D. Linear perspective

54. Discrimination of objects that are necessary for survival (such as appropriate food) as well as emotional awareness and expression involves the _____. A. hippocampus B. occipital lobe C. medulla D. amygdala

60. Which of the following is the unit of measurement for assessing loudness? A. Pitch B. Saturation C. Hue D. Decibel

62. The three-foot-spike that damaged Phineas Gage's frontal lobe resulted in _____. A. hearing loss B. reduced ability to interpret visual information C. reduction in immunity to common diseases D. changes in personality

62. Your ability to distinguish a trumpet and a trombone or your mother's voice from your sister's voice is due to the _____ of these stimuli. A. saturation B. amplitude C. decibels D. timbre

66. The association cortex _____. A. integrates sensory input and motor output B. makes up 75 percent of the cerebral cortex C. is the region of the brain where the highest intellectual functions such as thinking and problem solving occur D. All of these

69. Place theory states that _____. A. in vision, depth perception occurs because of a combination of binocular and monocular cues B. in vision, color perception occurs because of different types of cones C. in hearing, a cluster of neurons "volley" neural impulses in rapid succession. D. in hearing, each frequency produces vibrations at a particular spot on the basilar membrane.

71. Neurosurgeons can reduce the unbearable seizures some epileptics experience by severing the _____. A. hypothalamus B. cerebellum C. amygdala D. corpus callosum

72. You and a group of friends are hiking in the woods when you suddenly become separated from the rest of the group. You know you aren't far from one another so you call out your friends' names and they call out back to you. According to research on hearing, what kind of information will you and your friends need to localize sound and find one another? A. The timing of the sound B. The intensity of the sound C. The intensity of the sound in the right ear compared to that in the left ear D. All of these

74. The cutaneous senses consist of sensory receptors that provide information about _____. A. touch B. temperature C. pain D. All of these

78. Pain receptors ______. A. are dispersed widely throughout the body B. have a much higher threshold for firing than receptors for temperature and touch C. are all anatomically similar, although they differ in the type of physical stimuli to which they most readily respond D. All of these

79. The perception of pain is influenced by _____. A. the presence of endorphins B. cultural context C. motivation and expectation D. All of these

80. Which of the following glands plays an important role in insulin production, metabolism, and body weight? A. The testes and ovaries B. The adrenal glands C. The pituitary gland D. The pancreas

82. Your sister and brother-in-law are expecting their first child. They have chosen to attend Lamaze classes to prepare for the labor and birth. The Lamaze method of childbirth is based on which of the following approaches to pain management? A. Acupuncture B. Counterstimulation C. Distraction D. Focused breathing

86. Which of the following methods do researchers use to study genetics? A. Molecular genetics B. Selective breeding C. Behavior genetics D. All of these

87. Why does olfactory information, unlike other sensory information, have a direct route to emotion and memory? A. Smell plays an important evolutionary role in human mating. B. A keen sense of smell is important for distinguishing rotten or unsafe food from fresh food. C. Olfactory information can allow an organism to track threat and danger. D. All of these

89. Phenotypes are _____. A. reflected in a person's observable characteristics (e.g., hair color or eye color) B. influenced by genotypes C. influenced by environmental factors D. All of these

90. The purpose of semicircular canals in the inner ear is to _____. A. protect the ear from damage B. detect high-frequency sounds C. detect low-frequency sounds D. detect the motion of your head

corpus callosum

Dr. Hauser is a neurosurgeon working with patients who have major epileptic seizures. What part of the brain might Dr. Hauser sever to help reduce his patients' seizures?

ted

Dr. Render is a neuropsychologist who works with post-surgical patients who have had surgery to sever their corpus callosums (to reduce severe seizures). When she presents the word "SAL-TED" to one patient, "SAL" transmits to his left visual field and "TED" to his right visual field. She then asks him to tell her what he saw. What does this patient say?

selective attention.

Drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This best illustrates the impact of:

To monitor the electrical activity in the brain that is triggered by hearing one's own name, researchers would make use of a(n) _____.

EEG

Structuralism

Edward Titchener, used introspection to explore the structure of the mind

complain of insomnia.

Every night, after a late dinner, Sasha has a strong cup of coffee before working out at the gym. On her way home, she likes to stop for a double-chocolate frozen yogurt. Finally, she watches the late news and drinks two glasses of red wine, because she has heard that red wine is good for you. Based on this routine, sleep experts might predict that Sasha would be likely to:

Wish Fulfillment

Freud, dreaming is your unconscious desires

opponent-process theory

Hering's theory that opposing retinal processes (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black) enable color vision. Ex: some cells are stimulated by green and inhibited by red.

place theory

Hermann von Helmholtz. the theory that links the pitch we hear with the place where the cochleas membrane is stimulated

Social-Cultural Influences

If a clinician focuses primarily on the presence of others and peer and other group influences, they are focusing on:

control

In a study of whether alcohol consumption might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test. Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage participated in the _____________ condition.

Wilhelm Wundt

In an experiment conducted by Professor Costa, the participants' first task is to press any button if they see a red light blink. For the second task, they press the rightmost button if they see a red light blink and the leftmost button if they see a green light blink. Professor Costa is studying the difference in the average lag times of these two tasks. This is similar to experiments conducted by which of the following early psychologists?

Ach

Milton has been having considerable trouble with his short-term memory. His family has noticed a number of mistakes Milton has been making (e.g., leaving doors unlocked, getting lost in the neighborhood, forgetting family member's names). It appears that the _____________ producing neurons are deteriorating.

Emilio is a research assistant in the hospital sleep lab. As he monitored the EEG recording of a sleeping subject in the lab, he noted the presence of sleep spindles. Emilio concluded that the subject was experiencing:

NREM 2 sleep

A Biosychosocial Approach

One way to develop a complete picture of any given behavior or mental process is to incorporate an integrated viewpoint that examines biological, psychological, and social-cultural factors. This is also known as:

William James

Psychologists who today focus on the adaptive function of behaviors and emotions (that is, those who study behaviors and emotions that appear to have allowed our ancestors to survive) would likely consider __________________ an early representative of their approach to psychology

left cerebral hemisphere

Research with split-brain patients led Michael Gazzaniga to conclude that the _____________ typically constructs the theories people offer to explain their own behaviors.

introspection; Titchner

Researchers today can use technology such as CAT scans and fMRI scans to measure brain activity. Some researchers ask their subjects to describe elements of their experiences (e.g., sensations, images, feelings) while undergoing the scans. This ___________ technique is similar to the methodology of ___________

They will be more confident than they will be correct in their predictions.

Several groups of American stockbrokers have been asked to predict the future of stock markets in Japan. Which of the following is the most likely scenario in terms of their predictions?

the majority rules.

The "decision" as to whether a neuron fires or not can be described as most similar to:

a biological rhythm.

The 90-minute sleep cycle provides an example of:

medulla

The ____________ is responsible for heartbeat and breathing.

The company's studies should be rejected because their findings could not be replicated.

dendrites, the cell body, axon, terminal branches of the axon.

The correct order of the structures of the motor neuron is:

Structuralism

The early school of psychology that employed the method of introspection was known as:

Basic; Applied

The field of psychology is a collection of diverse subfields. Psychologists who conduct ____________ research contribute by expanding the knowledge base of psychology, whereas others who conduct ____________ research explore practical problems

Humanistic Psychology

The leader of a self-help group has asked you to recommend an approach to psychology that emphasizes personal growth and people's need for love and acceptance. Which of the following branches of psychology would you recommend for this group?

amygdala

The limbic system structure that influences aggression is called the:

raises; raises

The release of epinephrine and norepinephrine __________ blood pressure and __________ blood sugar levels.

90; 100

The sleep cycle repeats itself about every ___ minutes. By morning, about ___ minutes have been in REM sleep.

placebo effect

This may occur when subjects get more benefit from the human contact of a research study than from the actual treatment under clinical investigation.

Researchers today can use technology such as fMRI scans to measure brain activity. Some researchers use the introspection technique with their subjects while obtaining the scans, which is similar to the methodology used by the early psychologist _____.

Titchener

synesthesia

Today, a man on television described his experience of _____, a condition in which the senses become joined. He explained that, when certain types of music are played, he often sees patterns of colors.

Which of the following is NOT an example of basic research? Studying the relationship between emotions and specific areas of the brain. Research into how we explain the behavior of others. Experiments designed to measure how we perceive visual stimuli and store the information into memory. Use of the principles of classical conditioning to create effective behavioral therapy techniques for the treatment of phobias.

Use of the principles of classical conditioning to create effective behavioral therapy techniques for the treatment of phobias.

Electromagnetic spectrum

We see a small amount of the wide spectrum of electromagnetic energy. We see blueviolet (short waves) through red (long waves)

frontal

Which lobe of the cerebral cortex is most directly involved in speaking?

Neuroscience

Which perspective is most relevant to understanding links between hormone levels and sexual motivation?

parallel processing

Without fail, when you are talking to your best friend about something important, she continues to check her PDA and watch for people she knows. Nevertheless, she seems able to listen attentively and respond appropriately to what you are saying. This type of behavior is evidence of:

are engaging in critical thinking.

You and your best friend are discussing fossil fuel usage, and your friend says that carbon emissions are up 15%. You ask where he pulled that number from as you:

The hand-withdrawal reflex involves only the spinal cord, so it takes time before the information about pain reaches the brain.

You are babysitting your two-year-old nephew for the first time. While your back is turned, he touches his index finger to the pan you just took out of the oven. He pulls his finger away quickly, and a few seconds later begins to scream. Why is his screaming delayed in comparison to pulling away his finger?

Behaviorism

Your professor directs a child and adolescent clinic that specializes in shaping behavior through rewards and consequences. Which of the following branches of psychology does this clinic support?

retinal disparity

a binocular cue for perceiving depth. by comparing images from the retinas in the two eyes, the brain computes distance- the greater disparity (difference) between the two images, the closer the object.

Convergence

a binocular cue for perceiving depth; the extent to which the eyes converge inward when looking at an object. The greater the inward strain, the closer the object.

Your boss tells you some news that disturbs you, but a phone call from your spouse distracts you. After you get off the phone, you have a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but you cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely you are reacting to the continued effect of: a. hormones. b. serotonin. c. neurotransmitters. d. action potentials.

a. hormones

Mayanna predicts that she will be able to correctly guess heads or tails at least 95 times out of 100 coin flips. Because this is a testable prediction, it is a(n): a. hypothesis. b. case study. c. survey. d. experiment.

a. hypothesis

Jane took a hard fall backwards and banged her head while walking in the dark next to her house. She would be most likely to have problems associated with bodily functions controlled by the _____ lobe of the cerebral cortex. a. occipital b. parietal c. temporal d. frontal

a. occipital

Psychological studies conducted in laboratory settings: a. reveal general principles that help explain many behaviors. b. attempt to re-create the behaviors of everyday life. c. are subject to inaccuracy compared to naturalistic studies. d. cannot generalize to what happens in everyday life.

a. reveal general principles that help explain many behaviors

Which is most strongly influenced by genetics? a. temperament b. parenting style c. religion d. culture

a. temperament

A pharmaceutical company has developed a new medication to treat depression. The company's studies indicate that the medication significantly reduces symptoms of depression in 90 percent of people diagnosed with depression. However, numerous well-constructed replications of these studies fail to obtain the same results; rather, the replication studies indicate that the new medication is no more effective than a placebo in reducing the symptoms of depression. Which statement is likely to reflect the thinking of psychiatrists who have read and understood all the studies and who believe in the scientific method? a. The company's studies and the replication studies cannot be compared because they use different operational definitions of depression. b. The company's studies should be rejected because their findings could not be replicated. c. If the new medication becomes available, I will prescribe it for my depressed patients because it might work for them. d. I would want to conduct a replication study myself, before deciding whether the new medication is likely to be effective.

a. the company's studies and the replication studies cannot be compared because they use different operational definitions of depression

OCD and Depression

abnormal levels of seratonin

gestalt

an organized whole. emphasize our tendency to integrate pieces of information into meaningful wholes.

Cognitive Development

as we develop, we learn more

Critical Thinking

assessing claims and making judgements on the bases of well supported events

Random Assignment

assignment to condition by chance event

Reticular Formation

attached to the spine

Conscious Level

aware of what is going on

A positron emission tomography (PET) scan depicts brain activity by: detecting electrical impulses. detecting where radioactive forms of glucose are located during a given task. detecting levels of serotonin in neural pathways. detecting levels of norepinephrine in neural pathways during a given task.

In his research on the limbic system, Dr. Harrington electrically stimulates the _____ of cats and then measures their rage and fear reactions. a. thalamus b. amygdala c. reticular formation d. medulla

b. amygdala

Milton has been having considerable trouble with his short-term memory. His family has noticed a number of mistakes Milton has been making, such as leaving doors unlocked, getting lost in the neighborhood, and forgetting family member's names. It appears that the _____-producing neurons are deteriorating. a. MSG b. ACh c. serotonin d. GABA

b. ACh

Amanda is fascinated by an eccentric neighbor, who is well-known for having taken in numerous stray animals. Amanda is also interested in studying how to get more people to adopt pets from the animal shelter. Which is the BEST approach for studying this type of altruistic behavior? a. Conduct an experiment, using the neighbor as the sole participant, in which he is the subject of PET and MRI scans to determine if there is a biological component to his altruism. b. Conduct a case study by interviewing the neighbor over the course of a year, but remember that anything learned about his altruistic behaviors might not be relevant to the rest of the population. c. Conduct an experiment on altruism using the neighbor as a subject. d. Conduct a correlational study, using the neighbor as the sole participant; administer several questionnaires on altruistic behavior.

b. Conduct a case study by interviewing the neighbor over the course of a year, but remember that anything learned about his altruistic behaviors might not be relevant to the rest of the population.

Which of the following statements is an important advantage of surveys? a. Surveys can be developed by people with no scientific training. b. Researchers are able to gather information about a very large group of people based on a representative sample of that group. c. The independent variable is more easily manipulated than in formal experiments. d. If there are more than 3000 participants, the results are likely to be valid no matter how the participants were chosen.

b. Researchers are able to gather information about a very large group of people based on a representative sample of that group.

You are visiting the research lab of Professor Sanchez who has been studying the effects of different levels of oxytocin on attachment behaviors in male and female rhesus monkeys. You assume that Professor Sanchez is most likely a _____ psychologist.

biological

Biophysical Approach

biological perspective, psychological, social-cultural

Stage 2

body temperature drops, sleep spindles appear

Nucleus

brain of the cell

Psychological Function

brain stays active to repair neuro pathways

Sleep Apnea

breathing stops during sleep, tend not to get into deep sleep

Dr. Hauser is a neurosurgeon working with patients who have major epileptic seizures. What part of the brain might Dr. Hauser sever to help reduce his patients' seizures? a. reticular formation b. medulla c. corpus callosum d. angular gyrus

c. corpus callosum

After seeing case information and an autopsy report, physicians may claim that they could have used the case information alone to predict the accurate cause of death. This illustrates an error in thinking known as: a. overconfidence. b. critical thinking. c. hindsight bias. d. intuition.

c. hindsight bias

Marlee has just been diagnosed with multiple sclerosis (MS). As the disease progresses, communication to some of her muscles may slow down and she could lose some muscle control as a result of the degeneration of the: a. axonal sheath. b. neuronal sheath. c. myelin sheath. d. dendritic sheath.

c. myelin sheath

If ACh transmission is blocked, we are: a. aroused. b. depressed. c. paralyzed. d. confused.

c. paralyzed

After being startled awake in the middle of the night, it turns out that the noise a woman heard was the closet rod breaking from the weight of her winter coats. Knowing that, she begins to calm down and her heart stops racing. Clearly her _____ has now been activated. a. sympathetic nervous system b. adrenal system c. parasympathetic nervous system d. central nervous system

c. parasympathetic nervous system

Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators to: a. avoid the use of animals in experimental research. b. minimize the use of the double-blind procedure with human research participants. c. treat information about individual research participants confidentially. d. avoid the use of financial incentives in any kind of research

c. treat information about individual research participants confidentially

Which of the following best illustrates the relationship between genes and experience? a. two opponents in a boxing match b. a referee and a player c. two people dancing together d. a teacher and a student

c. two people dancing together

Diego has been diagnosed with dissociative personality disorder (formally called multiple personality disorder). Dr. Sanchez is treating Diego and decides to research Diego's history, interview his friends, family, and examine his social, medical, and academic past. His hope is to eventually publish a paper on Diego's situation and make a presentation to colleagues in the American Psychological Association. Dr. Sanchez hopes his research will shed light on the cause of this disorder. Dr. Sanchez is using the _____ method.

case study

You are a clinical psychologist and you have a 14-year-old female client who you believe has bulimia nervosa (binging and purging food), but your client will not admit the problem and you have very little evidence to support your assumptions. You decide you need to collect information from family, friends, and teachers. You hope to interview these people about your client and to ask them to report any behavior that may reflect your diagnosis. You also want to record her eating habits and weight over the next two weeks. You hope the information you collect will help you become better with this type of diagnosis with future patients. This intensive investigation of your client is called a _____.

case study

One thinking error that is made by many people is to assume that a strong correlation proves _____. However, this is not true, regardless of how strong a relationship there is between two variables.

causation

Soma

cell body

Neurons

cells that communicate with each other within the brain

Selective attention is BEST illustrated by:

change blindness

You enter the psychology lab at which you signed up to participate in an experiment. A lab assistant, standing on the other side of a counter, explains the informed consent and asks you to sign the form. As the lab assistant reaches for the form he drops it behind the counter. The lab assistant drops down behind the counter to pick up the form and unbeknownst to you another person stands up holding the form. After you sign the form you are asked if you noticed the change. You did not. This phenomenon is known specifically as:

change blindness

taste

chemical molecules in the mouth. Sweet, sour, salty, bitter umami(savory meaty)

taying up especially late on weekends is likely to have an influence on one's _____.

circadian rhythm

At a faculty party, Dr. Washington is attentively listening to Dr. Martinez talk about her latest research on facial recognition. Dr. Washington suddenly becomes aware of someone else mentioning his name on the other side of the room. This phenomenon is known as the _____.

cocktail party effect

Disagreement exists within the field of _____ as to whether conscious experiences are based in specific areas of the brain or the result of the brain working as a whole.

cognitive neuroscience

Your introductory psychology professor explains that his current research involves studying changes in brain activity in the visual areas of the brain when one is shown pictures of people making a variety of facial expressions. You conclude that your professor's research is an example of _____.

cognitive neuroscience

hich subfield of study is interdisciplinary in nature?

cognitive neuroscience

cochlea

coiled bony, fluid filled tube in the inner ear. sound waves traveling through trigger nerve impulses. motion in basilar membrane bends hair cells, triggering nerves to auditory nerve

iris

colored muscle in eye, controls the size of the pupil by dilating and constricting due to light available and emotions.. FBI can scan this instead of finger prints

Chemical

communication between neurons is...

Electrical

communication within neurons is...

One's awareness of oneself and one's environment is referred to as:

conciousness

Pons

connects the medulla to the brain, coordinates body movement

while you are reading your text, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and physical location. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as _____.

conscious awareness

While you are reading your text, you are aware of your thoughts, sensations, memories, and physical location. Collectively, this awareness is referred to as _____.

consciousness

_____ is one's awareness of oneself and one's environment.

consciousness

Endorphins

contributes to pain relief and some pleasurable emotions

Norepinephrine

contributes to the modulation of mood, arousal, and alertness

Medula

controls the unconscious but vital functions

Dopamine

controls voluntary movement and pleasurable emotions

Cerebellum

coordinates all movement and balance, first area impacted by alcohol

A researcher involved in cognitive neuroscience can tell that a person is looking at an object based on _____ activity.

cortical

John is a writer working on a novel. In order to meet his deadline, he has been staying up very late, but has found his work has suffered. John might be better off writing less and getting more sleep because sleep has been proven to feed _____ thinking.

creative thinking

During the local evening news program, viewers were asked to send text messages indicating whether they supported or opposed an increase in property taxes. Later in the broadcast, the results were posted: 48 percent of the messages opposed an increase. The news anchor then said, "Forty-eight percent of our viewers think a property tax increase is a bad idea." Quinn accepted this conclusion and did not wonder whether it was justified by the evidence. For example, he failed to think about the fact that 2000 text messages had been received, but the program probably had tens of thousands of viewers. Quinn was NOT demonstrating _____ thinking.

critical/smart

Identical twins who have separate placentas are somewhat less similar than identical twins who share a placenta. This best illustrates the influence of _____ on development. a. gender schemas b. natural selection c. genetic predispositions d. prenatal environments

d. prenatal enviornments

Which scenario illustrates hindsight bias? a. You meet someone and feel an instant attraction. Later, you tell a friend that this is the person you will marry. b. You predict you will watch 80 percent of the political debates on television, but you actually watch 40 percent. c. You believe that, on average, people with disabilities will report lower levels of personal happiness than people without disabilities, but after reading psychological studies of this question you understand that the two groups report about equal levels of happiness. d. Your high school's homecoming queen married the captain of the football team right after graduation, and you have just found out that they are splitting up. Thinking back to your high school days, you have the feeling that you would have predicted this, but you fail to remember that you actually said to your best friend at the time that you could not imagine the couple ever parting.

d. Your high school's homecoming queen married the captain of the football team right after graduation, and you have just found out that they are splitting up. Thinking back to your high school days, you have the feeling that you would have predicted this, but you fail to remember that you actually said to your best friend at the time that you could not imagine the couple ever parting.

Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether caffeine consumption causes increased athletic performance? a. a survey b. naturalistic observation c. a case study d. an experiment

d. an experiment

When two people grow up in very similar environments, _____ becomes more important when looking for the source of their differences. a. IQ b. adoption c. temperament d. heredity

d. heredity

Neurotransmitter is to _____ as neural receptor site is to _____. a. doorway; hall b. dog; cat c. telephone; telegraph d. key; lock

d. key; lock

Hemispheric specialization is known as: a. plasticity. b. neurogenesis. c. constraint induced therapy. d. lateralization.

d. lateralization

Ants that become less sensitive to the repellants that are sprayed on them and are able to multiply are an example of: a. heritability. b. collectivism. c. mutations. d. natural selection.

d. natural selection

Sandra's instructor has asked her to create a study to examine the behavior of coyotes in a nearby preserve. If she is only interested in observing and recording behavior, and does not care about exploring cause and effect, which method should she choose? a. the experimental method b. the correlational method c. the survey method d. naturalistic observation

d. naturalistic observation

At the beginning of the school year, groups of college students were asked to predict a variety of their own behaviors such as how often they would call their parents and whether they would vote in an election, and to say how accurate they thought their predictions would turn out to be. Their actual behaviors showed that their predictions were not as accurate as they had thought. This illustrates a phenomenon known as: a. the "I-knew-it-all-along" phenomenon. b. scientific inquiry. c. hindsight bias. d. overconfidence.

d. overconfidence

Jamie, a smart but lazy student in Dr. Biek's introductory psychology course, was sure she would get an A on the midterm, because Dr. Biek was known for asking questions that required only common sense to answer, not knowledge of specific facts. She was right about the questions, but they were trickier than she expected, and she only earned a C. This scenario illustrates the error in thinking known as: a.humility. b. hindsight bias. c. critical thinking. d. overconfidence.

d. overconfidence

A person who is having difficulty feeling touches and sensations most likely has a problem with his or her _____ lobes. a. occipital b. frontal c. temporal d. parietal

d. parietal

Sasha participated in a psychology research project that involved solving a number of difficult logic tasks. During the experiment, she was informed that her solutions were incorrect. After the experiment was completed, a research assistant explained the purpose of the experiment. He told Sasha that she had actually solved the logic tasks correctly, and then explained why the experiment required that she be told that her answers were wrong. This stage of the research represents the _____.

debriefing

Parkinsons

decreased levels of dopamine

Stage 4

deep sleep

Stage 3

delta waves (brain waves reducing)

monocular depth cues

depth cues available to each eye separately. Info on different types on page 226 relative size, relative motion, relative height, interposition(over lap), light and shadow, linear perspective

binocular cues

depth cues, such as retinal disparity, that depend on the use of two eyes

Professor Bernstein conducts basic research on the progressive changes in infants' perceptual skills during the first year of life. Professor Bernstein is most likely a _____ psychologist.

developmental

parallel processing

doing many things at once. In vision: A visual scene is broken down into color, motion, form, depth, etc and works on them all at the same time., and then integrates them into the same image.

When Maria goes into the bedroom to check on the child she is babysitting, she observes that his eyes are rapidly moving back and forth rapidly under his eyelids. The baby is also lying very still. It is likely that he is experiencing _____.

dreamingq

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is known as _____ processing.

dual

The simultaneous processing of information on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is known as _____ processing.

dual

A car driver's ability to navigate a familiar route while carrying on an animated conversation with passengers illustrates the importance of:

dual processing

The principle that information is often simultaneously processed on separate conscious and unconscious tracks is known as _____.

dual processing

Without fail, whenever Amanda is talking to her best friend Gail about something important, Gail continues to check her cell phone. Nevertheless, Gail seems able to listen attentively and respond appropriately to what Amanda says. Gail's behavior is evidence of:

dual processing

without fail, whenever Amanda is talking to her best friend Gail about something important, Gail continues to check her cell phone. Nevertheless, Gail seems able to listen attentively and respond appropriately to what Amanda says. Gail's behavior is evidence of:

dual processing

Terminal Branches

end of the axon, sends to the next cell

The production and transmission of hormones in the _____ system is similar to typing a text message that your friend then shows to a third party who reacts to it.

endocrine

When comparing the endocrine system and the nervous system in terms of speed, it is clear that the _____ system is the tortoise and the nervous system is the hare.

endocrine

Consciousness is one's awareness of oneself and one's _____.

environemnt

Consciousness is one's awareness of oneself and one's _____.

environment

Understanding why a fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the _____ perspective

evolutionary

Your brother has an independent study proposal due next week, and he has asked you for help deciding on a topic. He is interested in studying what makes humans so similar to each other. The field of psychology you should suggest for him to study is _____ psychology.

evolutionary

Your professor suggests that the increasing problem of obesity in the United States might be attributable to our inherited predisposition to love the taste of sweets and fats. Although these foods were difficult for our ancestors to find, they helped them to survive famines. Now, these foods are easily available and Americans are eating too much of them. Your professor is most likely a(n) _____ psychologist.

evolutionary

In an experiment, participants are often assigned to one of two groups. The _____ condition refers to the group that receives the treatment.

experimental

Wilhelm Wundt

father of psychology, 1st lab, philosophy of mental processes to the science of mental processes

Mary Calkins

first female APA president

Washburn

first woman to earn PhD in psychology

Selective Attention

focusing our conscious awareness on something particular

Francis Bacon

founder of modern science

Jeanette has lost her ability to speak after she was in a serious car accident eight months ago. She has suffered an injury to the _____ lobes of the cerebral cortex.

frontal

Synaptic Gap

gap in between neurons, electrical signals release neurotransmitters to communicate

Seratonin

helps to regulate sleep, wakefulness, eating, aggression, and mood

Frontal Lobe

higher level mental processing, control of movement

Opiates

highly addictive drugs similar to endorphins

After being struck by a car, Nancy was in a coma. Her doctors predicted that she would never wake up, but 33 days after the accident, Nancy awakened and was on the road to recovery. Nancy's Uncle Arthur claimed, "I knew all along that she would make it." This illustrates an error in thinking called _____.

hindsight bias

Corpus Callosum

how two sides of the brain send information back and forth

Many people all over the world react similarly when they are reunited with loved ones. For example, if you watch people greeting each other at family reunions, they tend to have the same joyful expressions on their faces, no matter what country they come from. An evolutionary psychologist would attribute this similarity to our shared _____.

human genome

Watson is to behaviorism as Rogers is to _____ psychology.

humanistic

Marshall goes to bed at his regular time, and as he begins to drift slowly off to sleep, he feels as if he is falling down the stairs. His legs jerk. This is best explained by:

hypnogogic sensation

Sleeping by herself because her husband was out of town, Mariana was gently drifting off to sleep when she was jolted awake by the vivid sensation of a door slamming shut and a feeling that someone had just touched her arm. After sitting up and reassuring herself that no one was in the room, she lay back down and tried to put the experience out of her mind. Mariana had experienced a(n) _____, which is most likely to occur as a person is first falling asleep.

hypogogic hallucination

People who claim to have been abducted by space aliens shortly after going to bed commonly recall being floated off their beds. It is most likely that they have incorporated _____ into their memories.

hypogogic sensations

Renee believes she has extrasensory perception (ESP). She predicts that she will be able to correctly guess heads or tails at least 75 times out of 100 coin flips. This prediction is a(n) _____.

hypothesis

Behaviorism

if psychology is science, cannot 'study the mind', instead identify the environmental influences on behavior

Phrenology

if theres a big bump in your head, theres a function to that bump

While intently watching a live tennis match, Nicole did not realize that a bird had landed on the adjacent empty seat. Her not noticing the bird can be explained by _____.

in -attentional blindness

While intently watching a live basketball game, Josie did not realize that a bird had landed on the empty seat next to her. Her not noticing the bird can be explained by:

in attentional blindness

Selective Inattention

in attentional blindness, blind to the rest of the environment because your not paying attention

auditory cortex

in the temporal lobe

Driving home from work, Laura stopped at an intersection. She looked to her left and right for oncoming cars and then made a left turn, pulling out right in front of a bicycle. Even though she looked in that direction, she failed to see the bicycle, likely because she was looking only for cars. Her inability to see the bicycle is a phenomenon known as:

in-attentional blindness

In a now classic study by Simons and Chabris (1999), participants watched two teams pass a basketball to their teammates. One team was wearing white shirts and the other team was wearing black shirts. Participants were told to count how many times the team wearing the white shirts passed the basketball, thereby directing participants' attention to the white shirts and causing them to ignore the black shirts. Interestingly, more than half of the participants failed to notice when a man wearing a black gorilla suit walked right past the two teams. This phenomenon is known as:

inattentional blindness

Schizophrenia

increased levels of dopamine

Dual Processing

information is typically processes at both a conscious and subconscious level

Dr. Williams is researching the function of dreams in memory retention. He believes that dreams help people to sort out the day's events and consolidate their memories. Dr. Williams is probably a proponent of the _____ theory of dreams.

information processing

Preconscious Level

information that could be conscious readily but isn't currently

Subconscious Level

information that isn't readily accessible

Myelin Sheath

insulation of the brain

Edward Titchener used the research method known as _____.

introspection

Structuralists introduced a research method called _____ to identify basic elements of the human mind.

introspection

Researchers today can use technology such as fMRI scans to measure brain activity. Some researchers ask their subjects to describe elements of their experiences (e.g., sensations, images, feelings) while undergoing the scans. This _____ technique is similar to the methodology of _____.

introspection; Titchener

Psychological studies conducted in _____ settings reveal general principles that help explain human behaviors in everyday life.

labratory

Stage 1

light sleep, hypnic jerks

Amygdala

linked to major emotions like fear or rage

Aristotle

logic is important, important of studying sensory information

Correlational

looking at relations, both positive and negative

Hindsight Bias

looking back at an experience and knowing it was going to happen

sensorineural hearing loss

loss caused by damage to the cochleas receptor cells or auditory nerves, also called nerve deafness.

conduction hearing loss

loss caused by damage to the mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea

Depressed mood states are linked to low levels of serotonin and _____ levels of norepinephrine.

low

Noel suffers from depression. He most likely has _____ levels of serotonin and low levels of norepinephrine.

low

middle ear

made of three tiny bones. hammer, anvil, stirrup. picks up vibrations and transmits them to the cochlea

John was injured in a car accident and lost consciousness for 10 minutes. He sustained numerous lacerations, a right femoral contusion, and most importantly had a large open wound on his head. When he arrived at the emergency room, the attending physician immediately ordered a(n) _____ to rule out any soft tissue damage to the brain.

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

Limbic System

major role in emotion and motivating behavior, designed to reward behavior that keeps you alive and remember it

Experimental Research

manipulates one or more independent variable and looks for changes in one or more dependent variables

psychokinesis

manipulating objects with mind power

As it grows dark, the human body increases its production of _____, which affects sleep patterns.

melatonin

Brainstem

most primitive part of the brain, controls anything outside of conscious awareness

volley principle

most relevant to how we understand pitch

Dr. Jenkins is interested in how stress affects the brain when one is trying to read facial expressions. She examines fMRI scans of individuals before and after stressful situations while looking at pictures of people displaying various facial expressions. Dr. Jenkins's approach is part of the _____ perspective.

neuroscience

Jane babysits 1-year-old Tommy most Saturday nights. The last couple of Saturdays, after Tommy has been sleeping for over a couple of hours, he sits up crying very loudly and breathing very heavily. Jane rushes into the bedroom and pats Tommy on the back; soon he is back to sleep. When she reports this to his parents they are likely to tell Jane that Tommy is experiencing _____.

night terrors

This sleep disorder is characterized by high arousal and a feeling of great fear.

night terrors

Naturalistic Observation

observing and recording behavior in the natural environment without attempting to control it

Fabian is experiencing vision problems after getting hit very hard in the back of the head during a soccer game. He likely has an injury to the _____ lobes of his cerebral cortex.

occipital

Case Study

one subject studies in depth to learn or discover some universal principles

A(n) _____ is a statement of the procedure used to define a research variable in a study.

operational definition

Dr. Regatta is conducting a study to see whether there is a relationship between birth order and shyness. To assess participants' shyness, Dr. Regatta uses a questionnaire. A score of 0-5 on the questionnaire indicates extreme shyness; 6-10, moderate shyness; 11-15, normal shyness; 16-20, moderate lack of shyness; and 21-25, extreme lack of shyness. This use of the questionnaire establishes a(n) _____ of shyness.

operational definition

hormones

our boss tells you some news that disturbs you, but a phone call from your spouse distracts you. After you get off the phone, you have a lingering feeling that something is not quite right, but you cannot pinpoint what it is. It is likely you are reacting to the continued effect of:

Being more confident than correct in one's predictions illustrates an error in thinking known as _____.

overconfidence

EEG (electroencephalography)

record electrical activity on your scalp, completely safe and fast recording

Larissa, a smart but lazy student in Professor Mozart's introductory psychology course, did not study for the midterm. Professor Mozart was known for asking questions that required only common sense to answer, not knowledge of specific facts, so Larissa was not worried. However, she failed the exam because Larissa made the error in thinking known as _____.

overconfidence

Above Average Effect

overconfidence, people overestimate how much they know

Those who complain of insomnia typically _____ how long it actually takes them to fall asleep and _____ how long they actually slept.

overestimate, underestimate

The _____ lobes are located on the top and rear of the brain.

parietal

color constancy

perceiving familiar objects as as having consistent color, even if changing illumination alters wavelengths reflected by the object. color depends on context!

Narcolepsy

periodic, overwhelming sleepiness, some sort of trigger

Insomnia

persistent problems with falling or staying asleep

If a 2-year-old boy's _____ gland is not functioning correctly, his physical growth might be affected.

pituitary

our friend, Amy, is a new mom. She is worried about her child growing properly. She talks about giving her baby proper nutrition, but you remind her that sleep is also important because during deep sleep the _____ gland releases growth hormones that facilitate muscle development.

pituitary

Hippocampus

plays a huge role in memory formation

Hypothalamus

plays a huge role on rewarding behavior, regulates basic biological drives

As Veronica scans the huge crowd of happy concert-goers, she clearly sees a man who is sobbing. She notices him because of the _____ phenomenon.

pop out

Socrates

power of reason and logic, through rational processes we can discern objective truths

Thalamus

relations information around the brain

The recurring sleep stage during which vivid dreams occur is called _____ sleep.

rem

A pharmaceutical company has developed a new medication to treat obsessive compulsive disorder. The company's studies indicate that the medication significantly reduces symptoms in 70 percent of people diagnosed with obsessive compulsive disorder. However, _____ of these studies is required before these findings can be accepted.

replication

cones

retinal receptors that are concentrated near the center of the retina and that function in day light or in well lit conditions . color. found in fovea. 6 million (vs 12 million rods)

rods

retinal receptors that detect black, white and gray; necessary for peripheral and twilight vision, when cones don't respond. found in periphery of retina. 12 million (vs 6 million cones)

REM Sleep (rapid eye movement)

rise in heart rate, rapid creating eyes dart, when you dream

vision flowchart

scene --> retinal processing (receptor rods and cones> bipolar cells> ganglion cells)> feature detection> parallel processing>recognition(interpretation based on information from stored images)

Psychology

science seeks to understand behavior and mental processes and apply it to the real world

Curiosity, skepticism, and humility are essential in developing evidence for claims. Then it is important to examine any assumptions behind the claims, discern hidden values, and evaluate the evidence. This demonstrates how critical thinking relates to the _____ attitude.

scientific

Change blindness, inattentional blindness, and the cocktail party effect all illustrate _____

selective attention

Drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone. This illustrates the impact of:

selective attention

The fact that drivers detect traffic signals more slowly if they are also conversing on a cell phone illustrates the impact of _____.

selective attention

Attention

selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things

chan, your new roommate, is an overweight 20-year-old college student. He tells you that he is a chronic snorer but that he prevents the loud snoring by wearing a mask-like device with an air pump that pushes oxygen into his airway. Chan likely has_____.

sleep apnea

continuity

smooth continuous patterns

A focus on the different marriage rituals practiced by members of different ethnic groups is most relevant to the _____ perspective.

soci-cultural

Introspection

sound, quality, intensity, clarity

Although a man has no genital sensations, he is capable of an erection if his genitals are stimulated. The man's experience is most indicative of a damaged _____.

spinal cord

If you gently awaken someone whose eyes are closed but darting around, there is an 80 percent likelihood that she will:

state that she was in the midst of an interesting dream.

Titchener is to _____ as Freud is to psychoanalysis.

structuralism

CT (computerized tomography)

takes a series of X rays at all different points in your head, see structural changes in your brain

The _____ is to sensory input as an old-fashioned switchboard was to telephone calls.

thalamus

perceptual adaptation

the ability to adjust to an artificially displaced or inverted field. George Stratton, inverted his vision for 8 days and adapted to it

depth perception

the ability to see objects in three dimensions although the images that strike the retina are 2 dimensional. This allows us to judge distance.

intensity

the amount of energy in a light or sound wave, which we perceive as brightness or loudness, as determined by the waves amplitude.

Consciousness

the awareness of ourselves and the environment

the cocktail party effect

You are at a large party with lots of music and conversations going on simultaneously. While talking to a friend of yours about their latest romantic break-up, you hear your name spoken from the other side of the room. You immediately look in the direction of the voice to see the person who spoke your name while conversing with another person. Your ability to detect your name being spoken in this situation is an example of:

the cocktail party effect

hue

the dimension of color that is determined by the wavelength of light. Ex: blue, green, red etc

embodied condition

the influence of bodily sensations, gestures, and other states on cognitive preferences and judgments. Ex: after some one has held a warm drink rather than a cold one, they rate others as warmer, and feel closer and act more generously

retina

the light sensitive inner surface of the eye containing the receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information.

optic nerve

the nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain, formed by ganglion cells. Info goes to the thalamus

frequency

the number of complete wave lengths that pass a point in a given time. also known as amplitude, creates loudness

figure ground

the organization of the visual field into objects(the figures) that stand out from their surroundings(the ground)

grouping

the perceptual tendency to organize stimuli into coherent groups

blind spot

the point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye creating a blind spot because there are no receptor cells located there

As Caridad scans the crowd of happy concert-goers, she clearly sees a man who is very upset and is crying. She notices him because of:

the pop out phenomenon

Professor Dominquez teaches an introductory psychology class attended by 400 students. One day just before she is ready to start her lecture she immediately notices one of her students wearing a clown suit. Professor Dominquez's immediate detection of this student is called _____.

the pop out phenomenon

s Caridad scans the crowd of happy concert-goers, she clearly sees a man who is very upset and is crying. She notices him because of:

the pop out phenomenon

sensory interaction

the principle that one sense may interact with another. Ex taste + smell + texture= flavor

accommodation

the process by which the eyes lens changes shape to focus near or far objects on the retina

covert behavior

thinking, dreaming, remembering

which of the following is an example of an altered state of consciousness that occurs spontaneously?

tonya is day dreaming about her upcoming trip to europe.

perceptual constancy

top down process. perceiving objects as unchanging, even as illumination and retinal images change.

Axon

transmission

Neurotransmitters

transmit information from one neuron to another specific receptor site, controls anything

_____ processing of information is most closely associated with parallel processing.

unconscious

Humanisitic Psychology

unique qualities of humans, optimistic view on nature

PET (positron emission tomography)

uses glucose molecules to observe brain activity

fMRI (functional magnetic resonance imaging)

uses magnetic field to produce an image of the structure of the brain, measuring the oxygen use

outer ear

visible outer ear channels the waves through the auditory canal, to the eardrum(a tight membrane), causing it to vibrate

In 1961, _____ were able to reduce seizure activity in epileptic patients by severing the corpus callosum.

vogel and bogen

closure

we fill in gaps to create a complete object

Independent Variable

what is being manipulated

Dependent Variable

what is being measured, depends on the manipulation

cataracts

when 30 yr old had them removed, he could not recognize object he knew by touch

Vision

when our eyes receive and transduce (transform) light energy into neural messages that our brain then processes into what we consciously see.

McGurk effect

when we hear and see speech happening in a discontinuous way we perceive stimuli differently. Ex: see (mouth movement) some one say BA, hear the sound MA, we perceive DA

_____ might be considered an early representative of psychologists who today focus on the adaptive functions of behaviors and emotions (that is, those who study how behaviors and emotions appear to have helped our ancestors to survive).

william james

kinesthesis

your sense of the position and movement of your body parts

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