COMD 3500 Exam 4

progressive assimilation, AKA left-to-right or perseverative assimilation

A form of assimilation in which the identity of phoneme is changed as a result of a phoneme preceding it in time. The articulators persevere in their production of a particular phoneme and maintain a particular posture for a later phoneme.

regressive assimilation, AKA right-to-left or anticipatory assimilation

A form of assimilation in which the identity of phoneme is modified due to a phoneme following it. The articulators anticipate the production of a phoneme occurring later in time.

external juncture

A pause that connects two intonational phrases.

diphthongs, vowels, vowels, consonants

As a rule, _______ have a greater duration than ______, and _________ have a greater duration than ________.

lexical stress

Can distinguish words or phrases from each other (ex: BLACK board vs. blackboard, INsert vs. inSERT)

the level of importance of that word in the sentence and the speaker's intent of the message being conveyed

Certain words in a sentence will usually receive emphasis or stress depending on...?

stress, intonation, and timing

Connected discourse is characterized by continuous changes in ___________, __________, and ________ of phonemes, words, and complete sentences.

rhythm

Distribution of stress across syllables

coarticulation, variation in production, speech disorders

Epenthesis can be the result of factors related to __________, _________, or _______.

New info is spoken with more length and a higher fundamental frequency

How do we produce new information differently?

louder, longer, elevation of fundamental frequency

How do we produce stressed utterances? (how do we say it to indicate stress?)

only one

How many tonic accents characterize each intonational phrase?

convey an attitude, change a grammatical meaning

In English, tone can be used to ____________, but not to _____________________.

when the nucleus of the syllable contains either /ə/, /ɚ/, /m̩/, /n̩/, or /l̩/ (or sometimes /ɪ/ and /ʊ/ when produced in a reduced form)

In a multisyllabic word, when is a syllable said to be unstressed?

declines

In terms of pitch, the fundamental frequency _________ across syllables.

open

In which type of syllable (open or closed) do vowels have a longer duration?

phrase final lengthening

Lengthening of the last stressable syllable in a major phrase or clause.

last word

Many sentences an phrases are spoken with the primary emphasis or stress on the ___________.

progressive

Name the type of assimilation: Pronunciation of "dogs" as /dɑgz/ instead of /dɑgs/

progressive

Name the type of assimilation: Pronunciation of "walked" as /wɑkt/ instead of /wɑkd/

regressive

Name the type of assimilation: Pronunciation of the phrase "was she." /wʌz ʃi/ --> /wʌʒ ʃi/

regressive

Name the type of assimilation: Pronunciation of the phrase "would you." /wʊd ju/ --> /wʊdʒə/

elision

Omission of a phoneme during speech production.

tone

Part of the phonemic structure of a language

epenthesis

The addition of a phoneme to the production of a word.

coarticulation

The articulatory process whereby individual phonemes overlap one another due to timing constraints and simplicity of production.

allophonic, phonemic

The book uses the term assimilation torefer to both _________ changes and _______ changes brought about by phonetic environment.

tonic/nuclear accent

The emphasis given to the tonic syllable.

given information

The information previously discussed in a conversation.

function words

The less important words in a sentence.

intonation

The modifcation of voice pitch.

assimilation

The process whereby phonemes take on the phonetic character of neighboring sounds.

assimilation

The realized changes in the identity of phonemes brought about by coarticulation..

tonic/nuclear syllable

The syllable that receives the greatest pitch change in any particular intonational phrase.

metathesis

The transposition of sounds in a word.

contrastive stress

The use of sentence stress to indicate a speaker's particular intent.

juncture

The way in which syllables and words are linked together in connected speech.

falling intonational phrases

These accompany complete statements and commands and are indicative of the finality of an utterance.

rising intonational phrases

These are typical of questions and incomplete thoughts. They usually indicate some uncertainty on the speaker's part.

suprasegmental aspects of speech

These modifications span entire syllables, words, phrases, and sentences.

double bar

This IPA symbol is used to indicate the presence of a longer pause, represented in print by a period, question mark, or semicolon.

single bar

This IPA symbol is used to indicate the presence of a short pause, represented in print as a comma.

intonational phrase

This is made up of all changes in fundamental frequency spanning a length of a meaningful utterance. May consist of an entire sentence, a phrase, or simply one word.

open internal juncture

This means that there is a pause between two syllables.

close internal juncture

This means that there is no pause between two syllables.

vowel reduction

This phenomenon occurs when the full form of a vowel becomes more like the mid-central vowel schwa when spoken in connected speech.

connected speech

This results from joining two or more words together in the creation of an utterance.

tempo

This term describes the durational aspect of connected speech.

double assimilation

This type of assimilation occurs when both the first and second sounds are affected by each other. (ex: the rounded /k/ and devoiced /w/ in the word "queen")

partial assimilation (also called secondary articulation)

This type of assimilation occurs when the basic sound remains with some added features contributed by the sounds In the environment of that sound. A diacritic Is used to show the new lip, tongue, jaw or vocal cord accommodation.

voiceless, voiced

Vowels preceding _________ consonants are shorter in duration than vowels preceding _________ consonants.

rising

We also use _____ intonation when reciting a list of items to alert the listener that more information is forthcoming in the utterance.

single and double bar

What IPA symbols are used to mark external junctures?

direction of pitch change

What are intonational phrases characterized by?

a slight pause in the utterance (indicated in writing with a comma, hyphen, or semicolon)

What are intonational phrases in longer sentences signaled by?

some insert stops following nasal consonants, some do not (chance and chants sound the same), some Southerners insert /i/ before /u/ in words like "Tuesday" and "due" (due is /diu/), some Asian Indian speakers insert a glide before a vowel (okay as "wokay") or add /i/ or /ih/ before a cluster (ex: spot as /ispat/)

What are some examples of epenthesis resulting from variation in production due to individual speaking style or dialectal varaitions?

slip of the tongue, personal speaking style, dialectal variation, speech disorder

What are some factors that may result in metathesis?

taking a breath, hesitations, to indicate the presence of a new thought, to emphasize a point

What are some reasons pauses occur in connected speech?

falling or rising

What are the 2 classifications of intonational phrases?

onset and rhyme (nucleus and coda)

What are the 2 parts of a syllable?

rhythm, pitch, stress

What are the different aspects of paralinguistics?

loudness, pauses, rate

What are the different aspects of prosody?

progressive, regressive, double, partial, or total

What are the different types of assimilation processes?

stress, timing, intonation

What are the suprasegmental aspects of speech?

syllable boundaries become obscured and the quality of vowels changes

What are two additional changes that occur in connected speech?

assimilation and the suprasegmental aspects of speech

What are two major issues associated with the transcription of connected speech?

+

What diacritic is used to symbolize an open internal juncture?

the type of utterance being spoken (statement of fact, question, exclamation, etc.) and the speaker's mood

What does a speaker's intonation pattern cue a listener about?

stressed/unstressed syllables, phonetic context (surrounding phonemes), open/closed syllables, prolonged vowels (featuring lengthening diacritic)

What factors change the inherent length of individual phonemes?

overall rate of speech; duration of individual phonemes; and duration of pauses located between syllables, words, phrases, and sentences

What factors determine the tempo of connected speech?

inserting schwa in the middle of a cosnonant blend (ex: break as "buhreak" or glad as "guhlad")

What is an example of epenthesis resulting from speech disorders? (also common in the speech of some deaf individuals)

inserting the glides /j/ (after a front vowel or diphthong) and /w/ (after a back vowel) between two adjacent vowels, transitional phonemes, in between a nasal consonant and voiceless fricative (adding /t/ in tense, adding /k/ in lengths, adding /p/ in Amsterdam)

What is are some examples of epenthesis resulting from coarticualtion?

(approximately) 5 to 5.5 syllables per second

What is the average speech rate for adults?

in connected speech, the phonetic identity of words often changes; phonemes are eliminated and/or completely altered; it is characterized by continuous changes in the stress, intonation, and timing of phonemes, words, and complete sentences

What makes transcribing connected speech different from transcribing isolated words?

given and new information

What two types of information are provided during a conversation?

new information

What type of information is typically stressed in conversation?

stress-timed; strongweak

What type of rhythm does English have?

glides and liquids

What types of consonants have the greatest duration?

stops

What types of consonants have the shortest duration?

wh-questions: where, what, why, when, which, how

What types of questions occur in falling intonational phrases?

yes-no questions and tag questions

What types of questions occur in rising intonational phrases?

nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs

What types of words (parts of speech) are considered content words?

pronouns, articles, prepositions, conjunctions

What types of words (parts of speech) are considered function words?

citation form

When a word is pronounced carefully as a single item

when the final phoneme of one word is the same as the initial phoneme of the following word (ex: bar room)

When might you use the lengthening diacritic?

on the stressed syllable

Where is the tonic accent located when a speaker uses contrastive stress in an utterance?

at the end of an intonational phrase

Where is the tonic accent most often located?

regressive

Which type of assimilation typically results in a change in the place of articulation of a particular phoneme?

content

Which words tend to receive sentence stress?

content words

Words that contain salient information in a sentence.