COMD Exam #2 (Fan)

Noam Chomsky

"Father of Language"

noun phrase

It can be found that many word(s) can fit into these slots, such as "an old car", "a baby", "a radio", "Cathy". As a result, based on the fact that all these forms fit in the same testframe and appear in the same place of a sentence, we can category them into the same grammatical category.

A

adjective

N

noun

homophones

two or more words with different forms and the same pronunciation (to, two, and too)

homonyms

two words with the same form that are unrelated in meaning (mole-on skin, mole-small animal)

Determiners

used before a noun to introduce it or to provide more information on the noun. (1) articles: a, the (2) demonstratives: these, that (3) possessive determiners: my, your (4) quantifiers: few, many, much (5) numbers: one, thirty (6) ordinals: first, third, last

allomorph

variant pronunciations of a morpheme (a, an or s, es, en, etc)

V

verb

Free morphemes are those morphemes that _________________; by contrast, bound morphemes are those morphemes that _________________.

(1) Free morpheme: morphemes that can stand by themselves as single words (2) Bound morpheme: morphemes that cannot normally stand alone and are typically attached to another form.

Lexical morphemes are the words carry the "content" of the messages we convey. We can keep creating new lexical words and add these lexical morphemes into the existing language system. Accordingly, the lexical morphemes are also called ___________________. By contrast, we almost never add new functional morphemes into the language, so the functional morphemes are also called ___________________.

(1) Lexical morphemes: "open" class of words (2) Functional morphemes: "closed" class of words

Lexical morphemes are the morphemes that __________________. Functional morphemes are the morphemes that __________________. Both of them are individual words and can stand by themselves as single words. Therefore, both the lexical morphemes and functional morphemes are __________________ morphemes.

(1) Lexical morphemes: morphemes that carry the "content" of the message we convey, including nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. (2) Functional morpheme: free morphemes that do not belong to the lexical morphemes, such as articles, conjunctions, prepositions and pronouns. They simply modify the meaning of a word, rather than supplying the root meaning (3) Free morphemes

"Bob used the key to open the door." The semantic role of "Bob" is: ______________________; the semantic role of "the key" is _______________________.

(1) agent (2) instrument

Morphemes can be divided into __________ and __________morphemes. Further, free morphemes fall into two categories: ___________________ and __________________ morphemes. While bound morphemes fall into ________________and __________________morphemes.

(1) free (2) bound (3) lexical (4) functional (5) derivational (6) inflectional

(pt1) Which of these words does not have a bound morpheme? a. return b. receive c. replay d. remarry (pt2) For the rest three words, the bound morpheme is ________________.

(pt1) b. recieve (pt2) re-

descriptive approach

Analysts collected the samples of language and described the structure of it. It focuses on the actual use of language rather than the prescriptive rules.

Relationship btwn surface and deep structure

Every deep structure has multiple surface structure forms

True or False: "Can you give me a glass of water?" is an example of direct speech act

False The actual meaning of the sentence is not to ask whether the person has the ability to give a glass of water. It actually requests someone to give the speaker a glass of water in an indirect way.

Speech acts

The action performed by a speaker with an utterance.

Syntax

The study of the underlying rule system that used to produce or "generate" sentence

How many deictic expressions are there in the following sentence: "Those children came here yesterday, but we didn't get to talk to them."? Please also write them out.

There are 5 deictics: those (children), here, yesterday, we, them

True or False: "Can you ride a bicycle?" is an example of direct speech act.

True The interrogative sentence is to ask information about whether a person has acquired the ability to ride a bike. This is a direct question.

True or False: the sentence "The boy saw the man with the telescope" can be understood in two ways. The sentence is an example of structural ambiguity.

True There are two ways for us to understand the sentence: 1). The boy saw the man and the man was with a telescope. 2). The boy saw the man through a telescope.

Collocation

Words frequently occurring together, such as "salt" and "pepper", "table" and "chair".

Generative Grammar

a finite number of rules, and that helps to generate an infinite number of well-formed structures

prescriptive approach

a framework for the structure of language, an system of ancient grammar rules originating from Latin.

polysemy

a word having two or more related meanings (foot-of a person, bed, mountain)

metonymy

a word used in place of another with which it is closely connected in everyday experience (He drank the whole bottle [meaning the liquid in the bottle])

person

a. including first person (the speaker), second person (the hearer), and third person (any others)

Please match each category of words with the type of the morphemes. ___________ noun (e.g., girl, house)

a. lexical morpheme

adjective (e.g., long, sad)

a. lexical morpheme

adverb (e.g., quickly, never)

a. lexical morpheme

verb (e.g., break, sit)

a. lexical morpheme

"Please bring the jacket."

a. requesting

Adv

adverb

Deep Structure

an abstract level of structural organization in which all the elements determining the interpretation of sentences are represented.

Semantic features (componential analysis)

analyze the basic components of word meanings. This approach involves a view of words in a language as some sort of "containers" that carry meaning components.

Art

article

Which of these options is a free morpheme? a. "ed" b. "dress" c. "ness" d. "s"

b. "dress"

"Give me the football!"

b. commanding

article (e.g., an, the)

b. functional morpheme

conjunction (e.g., and, because)

b. functional morpheme

preposition (e.g., on, under)

b. functional morpheme

pronoun (e.g., it, my)

b. functional morpheme

Which of the following options is about the study of morphology: a. the pronunciation of the word "teachers" is /titʃərz/. Specifically, the letter "t" is pronounced as /t/, the letters "ea" is pronounced as /i/, the "ch" is pronounced as /tʃ/, and the letter(s) of "e", "r" and "s" are pronounced as /ə/, /r/ and /z/, respectively. b. in the word "teachers", there are three components that carry meanings: "teach", "er", and "s". Specifically, the "teach" means "show or explain to (someone) how to do something"; "er" means "A person or thing that does an action", and "s" indicates plural form, meaning "more than one". Therefore, the word "teachers" means "the group of people who show or explain to (someone) how to do something". c. The word "teachers" is a noun word. Syntactically, "teachers" can be the "subject" or "object" of a sentence, Semantically, "teachers" can be the "agent" or "experience" of a sentence.

b. in the word "teachers", there are three components that carry meanings: "teach", "er", and "s". Specifically, the "teach" means "show or explain to (someone) how to do something"; "er" means "A person or thing that does an action", and "s" indicates plural form, meaning "more than one". Therefore, the word "teachers" means "the group of people who show or explain to (someone) how to do something".

Which of the following is mostly relevant to the definition of the study of Morphology: a. the meaning of words b. the structure of words and the meaning of the components or elements in the structure. c. the role that a word plays in a sentence d. the pronunciations of words

b. the structure of words and the meaning of the components or elements in the structure.

Please match the grammatical category with corresponding explanation. number

b. whether the noun is singular ("apple") and plural ("apples")

Through the derivational morpheme "-ment" and the inflectional morpheme "-s", "-er" and " -'s", we notice that both the derivational and inflectional morphemes can NOT be used independently. They MUST be used with a word!. Therefore, both the derivational and inflectional morphemes are _____________________.

bound morphemes

voice

c. including active voice ("Cathy loves her dog") and passive voice ("Cathy is loved by her dog").

"I have a meeting."

c. informing

In the word "teachers", the elements of "teach", "er" and "s" are called a. phones b. phonemes c. morphemes d. semantic features

c. morphemes

"The crocodiles tried to eat the salamander." How many inflectional morphemes are in this sentence? a. none b. one c. two d. three

c. two They are "s" in "crocodiles" and "-ied" in "tried". They do not create new words and do not change the grammatical category of the words "crocodile" and "try". The plural noun "crocodiles" also refers to the noun "crocodile" and the past tense verb "tried" also refers to the verb "try

In chapter 5, we have talked about one way to make new word: derivation, which means add affixes to existing words to create new words. Therefore, derivational morphemes are the morphemes that ____________________.

can be used to make new words or to change the grammatical category of words. For example, "-ment" changes the verb "encourage" into noun "encouragement." "-er" changes the verb "sing" into noun "singer" "un-" changes the meaning of "happy"

Lexical relations

characterize the meaning of words by analyzing the "relationships" with other words

Con

conjunction

"Did you eat the pizza?"

d. questioning

tense

d. whether a verb is in the present tense ("love") or the past tense ("loved")

Det

determiner

gender

e. break up nouns into different types, such as "masculine", "feminine" or "neuter"

Please match these speech with the corresponding speech acts they perform. "I'll be there at six"

e. promising

In contrast, ______________________________ are the morphemes that NOT used to create new words, but used to indicate the grammatical functions of the word. Specifically, inflectional morphemes are used to indicate if a word is singular or plural ("cat" vs "cats"), past tense or not ("enjoy" vs "enjoyed"), and if a comparative ("clear" vs "clearer") or possessive "Jim" vs "Jim's"). The inflectional morphemes do NOT change the grammatical category of the words.

inflectional morphemes

"The key opened the door." The semantic role of "The key" is ____________________.

instrument

Grammar

is about the whole system and structure of a language, including the phonology, morphology, syntax, and semantics aspects.

Semantic roles

look at the "roles" words fulfill within the situation described by a sentence.

In the figure below, the "s" and "es", pronounced as /s/, /z/ and /əz/, are used to mean "more than one". Therefore, they all belong to the "plural" morpheme category. They are called ________________ of the "plural" morpheme. They are the allomorph of each other.

morphs

In creating a three diagram, a sentence can be firstly be divided into two parts: _________________and _________________.

noun phrase (NP) and verb phrase (VP)

Speech can be segment into different parts/grammatical categories:

noun, article, adjective, verb, adverb, preposition, pronoun, conjunction.

Prep

preposition

In the Indonesian language, words or parts of the words are repeated to mark plural forms. For example, in Indonesian, the word "rumah" means "house", and the word "rumahrumah" means "houses". This morphological process is called _____________________.

reduplication

Agreement

refers to the relationship between the phrases within a sentence based on the grammatical category of "number", "person", "tense", "voice" and "gender"

Associative/emotive or speaker meaning

s the feelings or reactions to words by some speakers but not other speakers. This kind of meaning is underlying and subjective meaning.

anaphora

second and subsequent mentions

This is a descriptive approach to analyze the grammar of language:

structural analysis, which investigates the distribution of forms in a language.

pronouns

such as "it", "him", "they" could also appear in the same position as the "noun phrases". We can say that pronouns can occur at the place of a noun phase

Referential/ linguistic meaning

the basic, essential, standard meaning that are conveyed by the literal use of a word.

deictic

the expressions used to point to people (us, them, those idiots), places (here, over there), and times (now, last week)

antecedent

the first mention of people or other things.

Subject

the first noun phrase before the verb.

superordinate

the higher level term in hyponymy (flower-daffodil)

hyponymy

the lexical relation in which the meaning of one word is included in the meaning of another ("daffodil" is a hyponym of "flower")

synonymy

the lexical relation in which two or more words have very closely related meanings ( "conceal" is a synonym of "hide")

antonymy

the lexical relation in which words have opposite meanings ("shallow" is an antonym of "deep") gradable --> words with opposite meanings along a scale (big-small, hot-cold) non-gradable --> words which are direct opposites (alive-dead) reversives --> the meaning of one words id the reverse action of the other (dress-undress)

physical context

the location where we encounter the speech, such as restaurant, bank or park.

prototype

the most characteristic instance of a category ("robin" is the prototype for "bird" rather than "crane")

Object

the noun phrase after the verb.

experiencer

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that has the feeling, perception, or state described by the verb (The boy feels sad)

instrument

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the entity that is used to perform the action of the verb (The boy cut the rope with a razor)

agent

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying the one who performs the action of the verb in an event (The boy kicked the ball)

location

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity is (The boy is sitting in the classroom)

source

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where an entity moves (The boy ran from the house)

goal

the semantic role of the noun phrase identifying where the entity moves to (The boy walked to the window)

theme

the semantic role of the noun phrase used to identify the entity involved in or affected by the action of the verb in an event (The boy kicked the ball)

Semantics

the study of the meaning of words, phrases and sentences.

pragmatics

the study of what speakers mean in a specific context. The study of the "invisible" meaning, or how we recognize what is meant even when it is not actually said or written

linguistic context

the surrounding words, also known as co-text, that helps us understand what is meant

Surface structure

the syntactic form of each individual sentence

True or False: All affixes are bound morphemes.

true

True or False: Words and morphemes can have multiple morphs

true

co-hyponyms

words in hyponymy that share the same superordinate ("daffodil" and "rose" are co-hyponyms of "flower")

Cathy are crying now, and she is very sad.

×: person, gender; it should be "Cathy is crying now, and she is very sad."

The dogs are playing together, but the cat is playing by itself

√; number

We go school together, but he goes to school alone.

√; person, gender

Please judge if the following sentence show agreement between different parts. Please also indicate the grammatical category(s) based on which you make the judgement. Harry is looking for his pen now.

√; person, tense

Jeremiah is followed by 1,000,000 subscribers on YouTube.

√; person, voice

Cathy is loved by her dog.

√; person, voice, gender

We went to church yesterday.

√; tense