(HD) Chapter 12

HIV is most often spread through a. heterosexual contact, especially from male to female. b. homosexual contact, especially from male to male. c. drug use and sharing of needles. d. oral sex, especially from female to female.

a. heterosexual contact, especially from male to female.

At age 13, Mya is likely dating for: a. popularity with peers. b. an escape from parents. c. intimacy and support. d. the purposes of finding a long-term partner

a. popularity with peers.

Adolescent friendships are characterized by intimacy, self-disclosure, and ______. a. trust b. jealousy c. familism d. relational aggression

a. trust

Which of the following statements reflects a typical adolescent's self-esteem? a. "I am really bad at school, and I'm not into team sports." b. "I am pretty good at math and English, but I have trouble understanding science." c. "I can't think of anything that I'm really good at." d. "I'm good at everything—school, sports, and being popular."

b. "I am pretty good at math and English, but I have trouble understanding science."

Peer pressure peaks at about age ____. a. 11 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18

b. 14

According to research on suicide rates, which adolescent is at lowest risk for a suicide attempt? a. Nina, who is a lesbian b. Max, who is White c. Den, who is Native American d. Claude, who is Canadian Aboriginal

b. Max, who is White

Nineteen-year-old Ethan is gay. If Ethan is like most youths who identify as gay, lesbian, and bisexual, he likely began feeling different from his heterosexual peers in ____. a. infancy b. childhood c. early adolescence d. high school

b. childhood

Overall, romantic relationships in adolescence are _____ romantic experiences in adulthood. a. unrelated to b. continuous with c. inversely related to d. poor predictors of

b. continuous with

Most American teenagers have sexual intercourse for the first time at about age ___. a. 13 b. 15 c. 17 d. 19

c. 17

Fifteen- to 24-year-olds account for ____ of all STI diagnoses each year. a. 10% b. 25% c. 50% d. 80%

c. 50%

Which of the following child outcomes is associated with adolescent pregnancy? a. Autism b. Reduced risk of substance abuse c. Poor school achievement d. Warmer relationships with siblings and peers

c. Poor school achievement

Which of the following statements about the influence of peers and parents in adolescence is true? a. Most youths report pressure to deviate from parental values and expectations. b. Parents are less influential in their teenagers' delinquent activities, such as risky sexual behavior and drug use, than are peers. c. Parents and peers are equally influential on day-to-day activities and personal choices, such as choice of clothes and appearance. d. Parents tend to have more influence on long-term plans, values, and educational plans than do peers.

d. Parents tend to have more influence on long-term plans, values, and educational plans than do peers.

Which of the following countries has the highest teen birth rates? a. Austria b. Canada c. Germany d. The United States

d. The United States

Adolescents' self-descriptions are often: a. concrete and egocentric. b. overly negative or overly positive. c. broad, primarily focusing on personal characteristics. d. abstract and contradictory.

d. abstract and contradictory.

Global self-esteem tends to decline at about ___ years of age. a. 11 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18

a. 11

Which of the following statements about gender and ethnic differences in adolescent arrest rates is true? a. Differences in arrest rates may be influenced by the tendency for police to arrest and charge low-SES ethnic minority youths. b. Gender and ethnic differences in arrests accurately reflect rates of delinquent activity. c. White adolescent boys and girls actually engage in much higher rates of criminal activity than their ethnic minority peers. d. Overall, white youths are five times more likely than ethnic minority youths to commit crimes, get arrested, and face serious legal repercussions.

a. Differences in arrest rates may be influenced by the tendency for police to arrest and charge low-SES ethnic minority youths.

____ adolescents engage in at least one delinquent, or illegal, act, such as stealing, without coming into police contact. a. Nearly all b. About half of c. Fewer than one third of d. Approximately 10% of

a. Nearly all

Mr. Horowitz is a high school social worker. Because he sees so many depressed teenagers, he has concluded that depression is just a normal aspect of adolescence. Is Mr. Horowitz correct? a. No. Adults who buy into the stereotype that depression is normative in adolescence often ignore real problems. b. Yes. The majority of adolescents report feelings of persistent depression, and most "outgrow" the storm and stress of the teenage years. c. No. Research shows that over 80% of depressed teenagers have at least one suicide attempt before high school graduation d. Yes. Most teenagers who report depressive symptoms are merely looking for attention from adults and peers.

a. No. Adults who buy into the stereotype that depression is normative in adolescence often ignore real problems.

_______ encompasses feelings about oneself, appraisals of the self, and attitudes and behaviors. a. Sexuality b. Gender identity c. Global self-esteem d. The ideal self

a. Sexuality

The most common developmental problem of adolescence is _____. a. depression b. substance abuse c. anxiety d. identity confusion

a. depression

Perceived gay-straight alliance (GSA) support predicts: a. greater well-being in racial and ethnic minority students, regardless of sexual orientation. b. greater well-being in LGBT adolescents but lower well-being in heterosexual adolescents. c. higher rates of students who identity as LGBT. d. better outcomes in smaller schools than in larger schools.

a. greater well-being in racial and ethnic minority students, regardless of sexual orientation.

Conflict-filled parent-adolescent relationships and chronic escalating conflict occurs in ____% of families. a. less than 10 b. approximately 25 c. nearly 50 d. more than 70

a. less than 10

Adolescent parenthood is associated with: a. long-term economic disadvantage. b. earlier age at first marriage. c. lower rates of pregnancy and birth complications. d. favorable attitudes toward child rearing.

a. long-term economic disadvantage.

Seventeen-year-old Janell has not yet committed to an identity but she is exploring her alternatives. Janell is excited about her future, is open to experience, and is an active problem solver. Janell demonstrates characteristics of identity _____. a. moratorium b. achievement c. foreclosure d. diffusion

a. moratorium

Adolescents tend to turn to _____ when making decisions with long-term future consequences, such as those relating to education. a. parents b. siblings c. teachers d. peers

a. parents

The most easily recognizable influence on adolescents is the _______. a. peer group b. immediate family c. Internet d. school environment

a. peer group

Telling another's secrets or teasing about sensitive topics is called ______ aggression. a. relational b. overt c. reverse d. volatile

a. relational

Renee became pregnant several months after her first menarche. Renee is at high risk for: a. spontaneous miscarriage. b. having a child with autism. c. excessive weight gain during the first trimester. d. having a child with Down syndrome.

a. spontaneous miscarriage.

In a study of mother-adolescent communication in Latino families, researchers found that Latina mothers were most likely to discuss: a. the consequences of sexual activity. b. sexual intercourse. c. birth control. d. abstinence.

a. the consequences of sexual activity.

Suicide is among the top ____ leading causes of death in the United States and Canada. a. three b. five c. seven d. ten

a. three

Which of the following self-descriptions is typical of an adolescent? a. "I am a girl, I like to play basketball, and I'm not very good at social studies." b. "I am really serious and shy at school, but I'm the funny and crazy one with my friends." c. "I have three brothers, my parents both work, and I love video games." d. "I love scary movies, and I really like fishing with my parents."

b. "I am really serious and shy at school, but I'm the funny and crazy one with my friends."

About ___% of violent offenses in the United States, including murder, rape, robbery, and aggravated assault, are conducted by adolescents a. 10 b. 25 c. 50 d. 75

b. 25

If Erin is a typical adolescent, she will have ___ to ___ close friends. a. 1; 2 b. 4; 6 c. 7; 9 d. 11; 13

b. 4; 6

In a longitudinal study, researchers found that 17 years after giving birth as adolescents: a. fewer than 20% graduated high school. b. 70% graduated high school. c. nearly 50% received a postsecondary degree. d. fewer than 30% achieved income security.

b. 70% graduated high school.

Which of the following is an example of genetic contributions to depression? a. Nearly 90% of depressed teenagers also have depressed siblings. b. Depressed individuals often have disruptions in the overall balance and production of neurotransmitters. c. There are unique alleles that trigger depression despite environmental circumstances. d. Virtually all depressed adolescents have significant abnormalities in brain structures and functions.

b. Depressed individuals often have disruptions in the overall balance and production of neurotransmitters.

Kamilla and Andrea are both first-time mothers. Kamilla is 17 and Andrea is 28. Which of the following statements about Kamilla and Andrea is true? a. Both mothers are likely to have low educational attainment. b. Kamilla is more likely than Andrea to have unrealistic expectations for her baby. c. Andrea is more likely than Kamilla to perceive her baby as difficult. d. Kamilla is more likely than Andrea to be supportive during play.

b. Kamilla is more likely than Andrea to have unrealistic expectations for her baby.

Which of the following school characteristics may foster a safer climate for LGBT youth? a. Private school b. Large student body c. Small student body d. Rural location

b. Large student body

Which of the following factors have contributed to the decline in adolescent pregnancy rates in the U.S.? a. Increased abortion rates b. Later initiation of sexual activity and increased contraceptive use c. Mandatory sex education programs in both public and private schools d. An increase in abstinence programs in public schools

b. Later initiation of sexual activity and increased contraceptive use

Wanda is the mother of 16-year-old Shawna, who recently gave birth to her first child. Both Shawna and the baby live with Wanda. How can Wanda help support her daughter and baby grandson? a. Take over caregiving responsibilities so Shawna can focus on schoolwork. b. Share caregiving responsibilities, while also supporting Shawna's need for autonomy. c. Use firm, strict discipline with Shawna and insist that she take full responsibility for the baby's care. d. Require Shawna to work part-time, pay for half of the bills, and take the baby along on any social outings.

b. Share caregiving responsibilities, while also supporting Shawna's need for autonomy

Gabby, age 17, recently told her friends and her parents that she is a lesbian. Research indicates that Gabby is especially likely to experience conflict with her: a. mother. b. father. c. younger siblings. d. best friend.

b. father.

Boys are about ___ times more likely than girls to be arrested for delinquent behavior. a. two b. four c. eight d. twelve

b. four

Males are ___ times more likely than females to commit suicide. a. two b. four c. six d. eight

b. four

DeAnn, age 16, just gave birth to her first child. DeAnn: a. will probably marry the baby's father. b. is at risk for not finishing high school. c. will likely finish high school and at least some college. d. is likely to have more energy and patience for her baby than older mothers.

b. is at risk for not finishing high school.

Antisocial behavior tends to increase in: a. early childhood. b. puberty. c. late adolescence. d. emerging and late adulthood.

b. puberty.

About one in ____ U.S. adolescents experience a STI each year. a. three b. six c. nine d. 12

b. six

According to research on ethnic differences in adolescent arrest rates, which of the following individuals is most likely to be arrested? a. David, who is White b. Kia, who is Latina c. Chad, who is African American d. Marie, who is Asian American

c. Chad, who is African American

Which of the following statements about depression is true? a. Boys are more likely to have a single depressive episode, while girls are more likely to experience persistent depression. b. Rates of depression rise in late adolescence, for both boys and girls. c. Girls report depression twice as often as boys. d. Boys and girls report similar rates of depression.

c. Girls report depression twice as often as boys

Mario and his parents experience frequent, intense conflict with one another. Mario is: a. a typical adolescent. b. likely the cause of the conflict. c. at-risk for delinquency and poor school achievement. d. an early-maturing adolescent.

c. at-risk for delinquency and poor school

Across ethnic and socioeconomic groups and in countries around the world, ________ foster(s) autonomy, self-reliance, self-esteem, a positive view of the value of work, and academic competence in adolescents. a. dating relationships b. authoritarian parenting c. authoritative parenting d. sibling rivalry

c. authoritative parenting

Among Latino adolescents in the United States, high self-esteem is predicted by authoritative parenting coupled with ______ and ______. a. strict discipline; parent-time employment b. athletic competence; peer acceptance c. biculturalism; familism d. identity moratorium; global self-worth

c. biculturalism; familism

Adolescent girls who are _______ are more likely to recognize unhealthy relationships, are less likely to be victimized by dating violence, and are more likely to seek help. a. viewed as popular by their peers b. only allowed to date in groups c. close with their parents d. involved in sports

c. close with their parents

Populars, jocks, nonconformists, and deviants are examples of _____. a. gender norms b. cliques c. crowds d. identity foreclosure

c. crowds

Since 1990, rates of adolescent pregnancy have: a. remained stable. b. increased sharply. c. decreased. d. gradually increased

c. decreased.

An essential first step in treating adolescent depression is: a. implementing school-based suicide prevention programs. b. prescribing medication to regulate hormones and neurotransmitters. c. educating parents and teachers about the signs of depression. d. screening all middle school and high school students for early warning signs of mental health problems.

c. educating parents and teachers about the signs of depression

Girls with more reproductive knowledge report: a. higher rates of sexual activity. b. greater use of the Internet for information about sex. c. greater use of contraceptives and more consistent use of contraceptives. d. less pressure to engage in sexual activity

c. greater use of contraceptives and more consistent use of contraceptives.

Research on contraceptive use in adolescents indicates that: a. nearly 90% use some form of birth control. b. friends often discourage the use of condoms. c. many use contraceptives only sporadically. d. boys are more likely than girls to suggest contraceptive use.

c. many use contraceptives only sporadically.

In one study, about ____ of students placed themselves in a crowd different than that assignment by peers. a. one tenth b. one third c. one half d. three fourths

c. one half

The presence of family members, especially _____ and _____ who are adolescent parents, is associated with a high risk of adolescent pregnancy. a. aunts; uncles b. brothers; grandparents c. parents; siblings d. cousins; sisters

c. parents; siblings

Kaitlyn is perceived as popular by her peers. Perceived popular adolescents like Kaitlyn are often viewed as: a. everyone's loyal friend. b. teacher's pets. c. powerful and arrogant. d. smart but unattractive.

c. powerful and arrogant.

Most young people whose delinquent activity persists and evolves into a life of crime: a. demonstrate no warning signs in childhood or adolescence. b. often commit their first offense in mid-adolescence. c. show multiple problem behaviors in childhood. d. come from middle-income homes with strong ties to the community.

c. show multiple problem behaviors in childhood.

By age ___, 80% of young people have some dating experience. a. 12 b. 14 c. 16 d. 18

d. 18

Which of the following parenting behaviors is associated with the childhood onset of serious antisocial behavior that persists into adulthood? a. Not setting age-appropriate expectations for behavior b. Overlooking early signs of depression c. Being overly permissive d. Being overly controlling or negligent

d. Being overly controlling or negligent

____ is the most dangerous STI. a. Syphilis b. HPV c. Herpes d. HIV

d. HIV

Which of the following statements about culture and depression is true? a. In all cultures studied, females are twice as likely as males to report feelings of depression. b. In some Western cultures, such as Canada and the United Kingdom, males are more likely than females to be diagnosed with depression. c. In Western cultures, adolescent males and females demonstrate similar rates in depression. By adulthood, the trend reverses. d. Unlike Western cultures, males and females display similar rates of depression in non-Western cultures.

d. Unlike Western cultures, males and females display similar rates of depression in non-Western cultures.

Regarding contraceptive use, the majority of sexually active adolescents report using _______ during the most recent sexual intercourse. a. birth control pills b. spermicide c. nothing d. condoms

d. condoms

Which of the following events are risk factors—particularly when combined with other stressors—that contribute to suicide? a. getting a bad grade on a quiz b. moving to a new school c. dating a friend's former boyfriend or girlfriend d. loss of a friendship

d. loss of a friendship

Positive adjustment in the children of adolescent mothers is predicted by: a. availability of child care. b. the number of children in the home. c. a male relative in the home. d. secure attachment

d. secure attachment

Conflict with peers: a. harms identity development. b. actually facilitates identity development. c. is linked to identity moratorium. d. is unrelated to identity development

a. harms identity development.

Low self-esteem: a. is associated with depression in adolescence and adulthood. b. peaks in middle-to late adolescence. c. occurs more often in adolescent boys than adolescent girls. d. motivates adolescents to try harder at school.

a. is associated with depression in adolescence and adulthood.

Valencia is an American teenager. Like most teenagers, Valencia will feel the greatest pressure from peers to conform to: a. personal choices, such as choice of clothing and music. b. risky sexual behavior. c. delinquent activities, such as shoplifting and drug use. d. her parents' goals and expectations

a. personal choices, such as choice of clothing and music.

Which identity status is most common among adolescents who are raised in authoritarian homes? a. Achievement b. Moratorium c. Foreclosure d. Diffusion

c. Foreclosure

The most frequent forms of online bullying involve: a. creating fake profiles on Facebook. b. harassing friends and family of the victim. c. name-calling and gossip. d. threatening violence and death

c. name-calling and gossip.

De'Andre, age 16, is in his first serious relationship. Research shows that De'Andre's relationship will continue for: a. less than six months. b. around a year. c. nearly two years. d. three or more years

c. nearly two years.

In early adolescence, cliques tend to be: a. established for the purposes of dating. b. characterized by relational aggression. c. sex segregated. d. mixed sex.

c. sex segregated.

The final stage of sexual identity development—acceptance and disclosure—often occurs in: a. middle childhood. b. early adolescence. c. young adulthood. d. middle adulthood

c. young adulthood.

_____ refers to valuing the family over the individual and community. a. Individualism b. Familism c. Connectedness d. Biculturalism

b. Familism

According to research on cultural variations in dating, which teenager is likely to begin dating sooner than his or her peers? a. Frankie, who is Caucasian b. Tia, who is Latina c. Li, who is Asian American d. Alton, who is African American

d. Alton, who is African American

According to ethnic trends in adolescent sexual activity, which of the following teenagers is likely to have sex at the earliest age? a. Maria, who is Latina b. Chad, who is White c. Wen, who is Korean d. Chantel, who is African American

d. Chantel, who is African American

______ refers to a sense of membership to an ethnic group and includes the attitudes, values, and culture associated with that group. a. Collectivism b. Ethnocentrism c. Ethnic gloss d. Ethnic identity

d. Ethnic identity

Adolescent members of cross-ethnic friendships: a. tend to report low levels of intimacy. b. report high levels of relational aggression. c. show decreases in depression and delinquent behavior. d. show decreases in racial prejudice over time

d. show decreases in racial prejudice over time

Sexual activity before turning ____ is associated with problem behavior, including alcohol and substance use, poor academic achievement, and delinquent activity, as well as having a larger number of sex partners to peers. a. 15 b. 16 c. 17 d. 18

a. 15

_____ are not based on intimate friendship. a. Crowds b. Cliques c. Other sex relationships d. Boys' relationships

a. Crowds

______ is the actual threatened physical or sexual violence or psychological abuse directed toward a current or former boyfriend, girlfriend, or dating partner. a. Dating violence b. Cyber bullying c. Relational aggression d. Domestic conflict

a. Dating violence

_____ are those who receive many peer nominations of likability and therefore experience high levels of peer acceptance. a. Popular children b. Controversial children c. Normals d. Conformists

a. Popular children

Which of the following promotes adolescents' sense of identity, self-esteem, family cohesion, and resistance to substance use? a. Regular family meals b. Strict, no-nonsense parenting c. Attending a private high school d. Having younger siblings

a. Regular family meals

The majority of adolescents who are involved in dating violence experience their first victimization: a. before age 15. b. after age 16. c. around age 17. d. after age 18

a. before age 15.

. Pedro belongs to a tightly knit peer group that consists of six close friends. This groups is called a(n): a. clique. b. crowd. c. gang. d. affiliation

a. clique.

Identity achievement is characterized by _____ and _____. a. commitment; exploration b. uncertainty; acceptance c. crisis; commitment d. exploration; uncertainty

a. commitment; exploration

Identity ____ and ____ become less common in late adolescence. a. diffusion; foreclosure b. moratorium; achievement c. achievement; foreclosure d. diffusion; achievement

a. diffusion; foreclosure

Sixteen-year-old Tyra's closest friends are sexually active. At Tyra's school, many of the popular students are sexually active—or at least claim to be. Having sexually active peers and perceiving positive attitudes about sex among schoolmates: a. predicts initiation and greater levels of sexuality. b. has limited impact on adolescents' sexual behavior. c. leads to higher rates of oral sex but lower rates of vaginal intercourse. d. leads to higher rates of contraceptive use

a. predicts initiation and greater levels of sexuality.

Bridget and Kale are sisters. Bridget is bisexual and Kale is heterosexual. This example illustrates the concept of: a. sexual orientation. b. identity exploration. c. sexual diversity. d. gender orientation

a. sexual orientation.

At first, dating usually involves: a. the intermingling of mixed-sex peer groups. b. group dating. c. one-on-one dating. d. random "hook-ups."

a. the intermingling of mixed-sex peer groups.

Between ___% and ___% of adolescents in the United States, United Kingdom, Canada, and Australia experience cyberbullying during a school year. a. 10; 15 b. 5; 20 c. 20; 45 d. 50; 70

b. 5; 20

An estimated ____% to ____% of adolescents have engaged in some sort of sexting. a. 1; 5 b. 7; 15 c. 10; 20 d. 35; 50

b. 7; 15

Which of the following statements about oral sex and vaginal intercourse among adolescents is true? a. Females are more likely than males to report receiving oral sex. b. Adolescents are about as likely to engage in oral sex as vaginal intercourse. c. Adolescents are far more likely to engage in vaginal intercourse than oral sex. d. By age 16, about 70% of teenage boys have received oral sex

b. Adolescents are about as likely to engage in oral sex as vaginal intercourse.

. _____ parenting helps adolescents develop a healthy self-concept. a. Authoritarian b. Authoritative c. Permissive d. Strict

b. Authoritative

_____ is the degree to which individuals have explored possible selves and whether they have committed to specific beliefs and goals. a. Moratorium b. Identity status c. Foreclosure d. The actual self

b. Identity status

Which of the following features of cyberbullying distinguish it from regular bullying? a. Bullying is generally of a short duration b. It is difficult for the victim to escape c. Victims rarely report long-term psychological consequences d. It is easier for victims to identify their attackers

b. It is difficult for the victim to escape

______, in which parents are aware of their adolescents' whereabouts and companions, is associated with academic achievement, overall well-being, reduced sexual activity, and deters delinquent activity and substance use in youth of all ethnicities. a. Authoritarian parenting b. Parental monitoring c. Helicopter parenting d. Familism

b. Parental monitoring

______ is an important protective factor against online harassment. a. Authoritarian parenting b. Parental monitoring and restriction of Internet use c. Mandatory jail time for bullies d. Belonging to a clique

b. Parental monitoring and restriction of Internet use

______ refers to peer ratings of an adolescent's social status and includes social dominance, influence, and prestige in the peer group. a. Popularity b. Perceived popularity c. A crowd d. A clique

b. Perceived popularity

_____ is related to perceived popularity but negatively related with peer nominations of likability. a. Clique membership b. Relational aggression c. Crowd membership d. Identity achievement

b. Relational aggression

______ develops in a process similar to other aspects of identity development—it entails a period of exploration and commitment. a. Sexual orientation b. Sexual identity c. Gender identity d. Gender awareness

b. Sexual identity

Professor Merkel conducts research on identity development in adolescents and emerging adults. Which research method will Professor Merkel most likely use to assess identity status? a. Naturalistic observation b. Surveys c. Case study d. Meta-analysis

b. Surveys

. Nineteen-year-old Angelo spent most of his adolescence exploring his values, possible career options, and political beliefs. Angelo has high self-esteem, strong moral values, and favorable views toward college and work. Angelo demonstrates characteristics of identity _____. a. moratorium b. achievement c. foreclosure d. diffusion

b. achievement

Adolescents' personal characteristics are called the _____ self. a. egocentric b. actual c. ideal self d. abstract

b. actual

Adolescents with a mismatch between ideal and actual selves: a. often have overly high self-esteem. b. are at-risk for depression, low self-esteem, and poor grades. c. tend to be high achievers but have difficulty making friends. d. are motivated to reconcile inconsistencies in their self-concept

b. are at-risk for depression, low self-esteem, and poor grades.

Many ethnic minority adolescents: a. avoid the task of exploring and committing to an identity. b. become sensitive to negative feedback, discrimination, and inequality from the majority group. c. hold negative stereotypes of the majority group, which undermines healthy exploration. d. actively explore and commit to values, beliefs, and future plans in early adolescence

b. become sensitive to negative feedback, discrimination, and inequality from the majority group.

Only about ____ of adolescents report that they would get involved if they became aware of a peer's involvement in dating violence. a. 5% b. one third c. 25% d. one half

b. one third

Research shows that many parents ______ their adolescent's sexual activity. a. ignore b. underestimate c. overestimate d. exaggerate

b. underestimate

Between ___% and ___% of teenagers experience physical aggression in their dating relationships. a. 2; 5 b. 5; 15 c. 20; 40 d. 30; 60

c. 20; 40

After early adolescence, young people may retain ____% of their friendships over a school year. a. 30 b. 50 c. 75 d. 90

c. 75

According to research on characteristics of adolescent friendships, which of the following teenagers are most likely to be friends? a. Maggie, who comes from an affluent family, and Claire, who comes from a low-SES family b. Theo, who is African American, and Tanner, who is Caucasian c. Nate and Parker, who are both high-achieving students in the tenth grade d. Angela and Andrew, who live in different cities and met at a mutual friend's graduation party

c. Nate and Parker, who are both high-achieving students in the tenth grade

Jack and Christopher, both 16-years-old, are best friends. How are the boys likely to spend their time together? a. Sharing thoughts and feelings b. Talking about girls and other kids at school c. Playing competitive games d. Avoiding large group activities

c. Playing competitive games

______ is/are often associated with declines in self-esteem. a. Dating b. Authoritative parenting c. School transitions d. Crowd membersh

c. School transitions

Early dating, relative to peers, is associated with: a. higher rates of responsible behavior. b. high academic achievement. c. alcohol and substance use. d. both perceived and actual popularity.

c. alcohol and substance use.

Between 1991 and 2013, the overall rate of premarital sex among U.S. adolescents _____. a. remained stable b. increased c. decreased d. tripled

c. decreased

The majority of adolescents who experience cyber bullying a. tell their teachers. b. turn to their parents for help. c. do not tell adults. d. physically attack their tormenters

c. do not tell adults

Identity foreclosure is common in ______. a. teenage boys b. emerging adulthood c. early adolescence d. late adolescence

c. early adolescence

Michael has a history of aggressive and disruptive behavior that began in kindergarten. Throughout elementary school, Michael often bullied and harassed his peers, received poor grades in most academic subjects, and began using alcohol at age 10. These risk factors are associated with ______. a. early puberty b. delayed puberty c. early sexual activity d. delayed sexual activity

c. early sexual activity

Academic difficulties, avoiding problems, general apathy, and alcohol and substance abuse are outcomes associated with identity _____. a. moratorium b. achievement c. foreclosure d. diffusion

c. foreclosure

Individuals who are in identity ______ tend to be inflexible and view the world in black and white terms. a. moratorium b. achievement c. foreclosure d. diffusion

c. foreclosure

When asked about her plans for the future, 18-year-old Segora replies, "I am going to school to become a teacher. Both of my parents are teachers, my grandfather was a college professor, and two of my cousins are special education teachers. It's just sort of expected in my family." Segora demonstrates characteristics of identity _____. a. moratorium b. achievement c. foreclosure d. diffusion

c. foreclosure

Relational aggression is especially common among: a. boys. b. older adolescents. c. girls. d. emerging adults

c. girls.

The _____ is characterized by traits that adolescents value. a. egocentric b. actual c. ideal self d. abstract

c. ideal self

By ______, cliques become mixed and form the basis for dating. a. middle childhood b. early adolescence c. mid-adolescence d. the end of high school

c. mid-adolescence

Sixteen-year-old Dahlia has engaged in sexting since she started high school. She has sent several nude photos of herself to boys with whom she was interested, and often sends sexually explicit messages to friends. Compared to her peers, Dahlia is: a. likely to be viewed as very outgoing and popular. b. more likely to have high self-esteem. c. more likely to use substances and report low self-esteem. d. less likely to be sexually active.

c. more likely to use substances and report low self-esteem.

____ is a coherent sense of self. a. Global self-worth b. Individualism c. Collectivism d. Identity

d. Identity

_____ inhibits the development of autonomy and is linked with low self-esteem, depression, low academic competence, and antisocial behavior in adolescence through early adulthood. a. Individualism b. Collectivism c. Authoritative parenting d. Psychological control

d. Psychological control

______ serves as a protective factor against early sexual behavior. a. Being an only child b. Attending private school c. Having a large extended family d. Religiosity

d. Religiosity

Mr. and Mrs. Nygen are the parents of 16-year-old Finn. Which approach to parental monitoring will be most effective with Finn? a. Avoid conflict by not asking Finn about his friends or his whereabouts. b. Establish a rule that Finn must be home by 8:00 p.m. on weeknights. c. Read all of Finn's text messages and limit his online activities to 3 hours a week. d. Respect Finn's autonomy and privacy.

d. Respect Finn's autonomy and privacy.

_____ refers to an overall evaluation of self-worth. a. Idealism b. Identity development c. Global self-esteem d. Self-concept

d. Self-concept

Adolescents' views of normative sexual behavior: a. become more stereotyped with age. b. change drastically from early to late adolescence. c. are primarily influenced by their siblings' sexual behavior. d. are influenced by exposure to the media

d. are influenced by exposure to the media

A major milestone of adolescence is the desire for _____, the ability to make and carry out one's own decisions. a. self-efficacy b. authority c. separation d. autonomy

d. autonomy

In order to establish a sense of identity, 16-year-old Max must: a. develop a religious ideology. b. learn to separate his values from those of his family. c. reconcile all of his weaknesses and doubts. d. consider both his past and his future.

d. consider both his past and his future.

When asked about his plans for the future, 18-year-old Kevin replied, "Eh, haven't really thought about it. I don't like school, there are no jobs out there, and I'm only 18. I'll figure things out when the time comes. Right now, I like hanging out with my friends." Kevin demonstrates characteristics of identity_____. a. moratorium b. achievement c. foreclosure d. diffusion

d. diffusion

LGBT adolescents experience more ________ than their heterosexual peers. a. acceptance and support from their friends b. intimacy in their romantic relationships c. conflict in their romantic relationships d. harassment and victimization by peers

d. harassment and victimization by peers

Mrs. Nylund is the mother of 15-year-old Ava. If they are like a typical family, Mrs. Nylund and Ava will experience conflict over: a. extracurricular activities. b. moral issues. c. family values. d. household responsibilities

d. household responsibilities

Adolescents' reports of unsafe sex are associated with their ______ sexual behavior. a. parents' b. siblings' c. own perception of risky d. peers'

d. peers'

Hector is considered part of the athletes crowd at his school. Research on crowd membership and behavior indicates that Hector is: a. at risk for early sexual activity and drug experimentation. b. also a member of the nonconformists crowd. c. unlikely to value academic achievement. d. unlikely to participate in drug use and deviant behaviors.

d. unlikely to participate in drug use and deviant behaviors.