COMM 101: Interpersonal and Group Interaction, George Mason University Final

Larks

10% of the population who function best early in the day

Owls

20% of the population who function best at later times of the day

Hummingbirds

70% of the population who function well throughout the day

Accomodating

A management style defined by a person giving in to the desires and position of the other person. With this approach, the manager loses by sacrificing his or her position and desires to those of the other person.

Artistic Proofs

Aristotle's category of credibility, emotion, and logic within a persuasive appeal; he called them artistic because the speaker creates them

Presentness

a commitment to the moment and the other person in the moment with us; giving your undivided attention

Debate

a competitive form of communication where parties critically listen to each other with the goal of defeating the opponent's argument, not understanding the other's perspective or finding common ground

Stonewalling

a complete withdrawal from the conflict, both physically and verbally

Generalized Other

a composite mental image we use to bounce our potential statements or behaviors off of before we actually enact them

Transition

a connecting statement that lets your audience know you are moving from one part of your speech to another

Informant

a contact person within the organization or group you can talk with to obtain information about the audience you will be speaking to

Interpersonal Attraction

a force that draws us to someone else

Problem-solving interviews

a form of very specific information gathering coupled with an emphasis on solving a specific problem

Johari Window

a four-quadrant model describing the different aspects of our self-concept based on what we and others know about ourselves

Hidden Agenda

a goal we keep secret from other partied while working with them

Scatterplot

a graph that shows the relationship between two continuous variables

High-context cultures

a great deal of meaning is derived from the nonverbal expressions, environment, and situation in which the communication is taking place, and less emphasis is places on the words

Ethnicity

a group of people who identify with each other based on a common experience, which might include geographic or national origin, ancestry, history, cultural, and social norms, religion, race, language, ideology, food, dress, or other factors

Metonym

a metaphor that is identified by its use of tangible objects to refer to intangible things

Synecdoche

a metaphor that uses one part of something to refer to the whole thing

Specific Purpose Statement

a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech

Thesis Statement

a one-sentence summary of your speech that is written the way you will say it out lout to your audience during your speech

Deliberate Confidant

a person with whom we intentionally share information meant to be kept in confidence

Problem-Solution Pattern of Organization

a persuasive pattern of organization in which you begin by explaining the problem and then discuss your solution, used to organize a speech by first explaining a problem and then teaching the audience about the solution

Extemporaneous Speech

a practiced, polished speech that makes use of a limited speaking outline

Pie Graph

a round graph that has slices that represent how large the proportion of that particular category is compared to the whole

Race

a set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people, such as skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color

Gender

a social construction that includes all of the beliefs, attitudes, actions and roles associated with being masculine or feminine

Impromptu Speech

a speech presented with little or no preparation

Memorized Speech

a speech the speaker commits to memory and delivers without the use of any notes

Manuscript Speech

a speech the speaker writes out word for word in an essay format and delivers by reading from the manuscript

Internal Preview

a statement that previews what is coming up next and can even be an overview of the elements of the next main point

Internal Summary

a statement that reviews or sums up what you just finished telling the audience

Dialogue

a style of communication that respectfully encourages others to want to listen, while also listening in a way that encourages others to want to speak

Monologue

a style of communication where only one voice is respected

Open System

a system in which parts both affect and are affected by events within and outside the system

Social Exchange Theory

a theory suggesting that relationship is regulated by the evaluation of perceived rewards and costs of the interaction by both sides

Communication Privacy Management

a theory that offers a map of the way people manage private matters that are shared with others

Coercive Leadership Style

a top-down approach to decision making that shifts stifles individual ingenuity and participation and neglects motivating the group

Histographics

a type of frequency chart that shows the proportion of individuals that obtained a certain level of achievement along a continuum

Exit Interviews

a type of interview conducted by human resources professionals with outgoing employees designed to gather information about the processes and climate of the organization in an attempt to use that information in the future to improve

Employment Interviews

a type of interview in which employers conduct conversations with applicants for open positions in an effort to determine to whom they would like to offer a position; the interviewees seek information about the company that will influence their decision to accept an offer, should one come

Island Interviews

a type of interview in which prospective candidates are placed in a room together and asked to discuss why they believe they are the better fit for the position

Performance Interviews

a type of interview that provides employers and managers with information used to determine raises, as well as target areas of improvement for staff, also called performance reviews

Information-gathering Interviews

a type of interview that seeks to discover facts, information, and other knowledge about a particular topic from peers, experts, witnesses, or others who may be knowledgable about it

Helping Interviews

a type of interview that takes stock of a problem of challenge faced by an individual and offers informed and expert advice on how to handle it

Cause-effect pattern of organization

a variation on the chronological pattern of organization used to discuss the causes that led to a specific event or effect

Concept Map

a visual representation of all of the potential areas you could cover in your speech that includes circles around topics and lines that connect related ideas; also known as a mind map

Signpost

a word that catches the audience's attention and indicates where you are in the speech

Physical Delivery

all of the physical signals your body sends to your audience during your speech, and there are several elements you should consider

Multiple Intelligence Theory

although all individuals can access and learn about the world through each of the seven intelligences, people differ in the strength of their aptitude or preferences for those various intelligences

Ad vericundiam

an appeal to authority

Sign

an arbitrary symbol; something that can be interpreted as having meaning

Fellowship Face

an effort to fulfill the need to have others like and respect us

Excommunication

an exile from a community one belonged to whereby one is shunned into reconciliation, or completely exiled; it requires no communication between the individual and the community

Elucidating Explanation

an explanation that helps an audience understand the definition term by distinguishing the essential characteristics that are always present from the associated characteristics that are only sometimes present in the objects, concepts, or processes that are examples of the term you are defining

Quasi-Scientific Explanation

an explanation that helps the audience get an overall picture of a phenomenon and see relationships among the parts

Conflict

an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from the other party in achieving those goals | refers to whether the couple tries to resolve differences through open conflict or whether they avoid conflict

Morality

an inner sense of right and wrong

Openness and Closedness

an internal form of the expression and non expression dialectic, refers to the degree of disclosure partners have with one another

Full-sentence Preparation Outline

an outline that includes everything you plan to say in your speech and is written someone like a manuscript in an outline format

State CA

anxiety that is related to the context in which you are communicaing

Noise

anything that interferes with the receiver's ability to properly receive the message

Persuasion

attempting to change the attitudes, actions, or beliefs of another person

Demographics

categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, religion, political affiliation, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation

Interpersonal Relationships

close associations or acquaintances between two or more people, these relationships might be based on love, community or business interactions, friendship, family or some other social commitment

Authoritative Leadership Style

comes from a place of confidence and empathy, not control and enforcement

Meta-communicative

communication about communication

Symmetrical Interchange

communication between members that seeks to neutralize the power difference and treat each person equally

Impersonal Communication

communication that occurs in order to facilitate some type of transaction and that is based primarily on social roles

Synchronous Communication

communication that occurs simultaneously

Asynchronous Communication

communication that occurs when the communicators are sending and receiving messages at different times

Hyperpersonal Communication

computer-mediated communication that has a higher-level of affection, emotion, liking, solidarity, and intimacy than face-to-face conversations

Compromising

conflict management strategy by which both sides sacrifice part of what they want while getting something they desire

Competing

conflict management strategy that treats an argument like something to win, even if the other person is not happy with the outcome

Self-Fulfilling Prophesy

convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected

Fantasies

creative interpretations of shared events that help define a group's identity

Explain

deepen the audience's understanding of that phenomenon

Intimate Relationships

deeply personal bonds that we have with other individuals that are accompanied by affective communication and a sense of belongingness

Demonstrations

enacting the process you are trying to teach your audience

Active Strategy

engaging in activities to learn more about the other person while avoiding direct contact with him or her

Interactive Stage

engaging in direct contact or face-to-face conversation with another person

Logical Fallacies

errors in reasoning that lead to invalid conclusions

Vocal Delivery

everything that affects how your voice sounds when you speak

Comparison Level of Alternatives

expectations arising from comparing existing relationships to other possible relationships

Transformative Explanations

explanations that help audience members transform their everyday ideas about how something works into a more scientifically accurate understanding of the phenomenon

Narrative Coherence

feature exhibited by a story with content that hangs together and makes sense

Vocalized Pauses

filler words that many speakers use when they feel like they should be saying something but do not have anything to say

Exit Stage

final stage of uncertainty reduction theory during which both individuals decide whether to continue the relationship or not to pursue the relationship

Entry Stage

first stage of uncertainty reduction theory during which we follow culturally accepted rules for interactions and politeness, including greeting one another, making small talk, and laughing at jokes

Affiliative leadership style

flexible and encouraging, allowing group members to take risks and work on their own engender trust; a "people person" leadership style

Coaching leadership style

focused on helping individuals improve and grow through training and constant feedback

Pacesetting Leadership Style

focused on setting a high standard and modeling that standard for his or her team members

Social Media

forms of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content

Stereotyping

generalizations about groups of people that are applied to individuals we believe are members of that group

Interviews

goal oriented communication events where both sides use question-answer techniques to achieve their ends

Circumscribing Stage

happens when the partners are primarily living different lives and their conversations are increasingly limited in scope and depth

Rate

how fast or slow you speak

Pitch

how high or low your voice sounds when you speak

Volume

how loud or soft the sound of your voice is when you speak

Tone

how variable your voice is and how "Warm" your voice sounds

Identity

how we understand our own qualities, beliefs, values, and characteristics as a unique as well as different from others

Proxemics

how we use space to convey information

Artifiacts

in terms of public speaking, objects that indicate something about the values, beliefs, practices, history, and norms of a group of people

Physical Appearance

includes your apparel and grooming

Social Relationships

informal, voluntary relationships such as acquaintances, coworkers and casual friendships

Peer Testimony

information that comes from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience, who is not necessarily an expert on the topic

Expert Testimony

information that you obtain from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience with the topic, or holds a position that lends credibility to his or her ideas on a subject matter

Private Information

information we believe we have the right to own

Examples

instances that we use to help define of clarify concepts, draw attention to a particular feature of an experience, or elicit memories and emotions in our audience

Complementary Interchange

interaction between members of a system that is based in acknowledged differences in power

Everyday Talk

interaction that includes mundane, ordinary conversations across our daily experience, making up our relationships in addition to the more noticeable, "bigger" moments, such as our first big fight our marriage ceremony

Enabling Communication

interaction that is not assertive and thus allows members to continue abusive, addictive, and otherwise negative behaviors

System

interdependent parts that interact with and affect one another

Deductive Reasoning

involves using general truths to reach a certain conclusion about a specific instance

Inductive Reasoning

involves using several specific instances or pieces of evidence to draw probable conclusions about general truths

Signposts

key words that signal to the audience you are moving from one part of the speech to another

Rapport Talk

language meant to develop relationships and exchange emotional information

Listening for Appreciation

listening for enjoyment; it is not high in cognitive commitment

Listening to Show Support

listening to a speaker to make him or her feel valued, and to show the person we care about what he or she has to say

Critical Listening

listening to evaluate a message and assess whether or not we agree with what is said, requires the most cognitive effort of any listening purpose

Listening for Comprehension

listening to understand and learn something new; requires a significant degree of mental effort

Active Listening

listening with a high degree of attention to a message, we process, store and potentially evaluate the content of the message to come to conclusions or an understanding of what was said.

Passive Listening

listening without engaging the topic in any noticeable way, trying only to absorb what is said

Eye Contact

looking members of your audience in the eyes while speaking

Glazing Over

losing complete attention with what is going on and thinking about something else entirely, often staring in a different direction than the speaker

Inform

make the audience aware of a phenomenon

Low-context Cultures

meaning is derived from the language used in an interaction, and very little emphasis is placed on the non-verbal communication, environment and situation

Connotative Meaning

meaning that comes from a set of associations a word brings to mind in a person, the way a word or phrase is used in a particular context, potentially as slang or with an implied value judgement

Socioeconomic Status

measured as a combination of someone's education, income and occupation

Schema

mental frameworks for organizing information about experiences

Idioms

metamorphic expressions whose meanings are not predictable from their usual use, but must be inferred from cultural markers

Similes

metaphoric language devices that compare two things through the use of "like" or "as"

Dead Metaphors

metaphors that have lost the creative element from which they initially drew their power and now are just accepted as true terms, rather than the metaphor they are

Archetypal

metaphors that use common human experiences to help describe another object

Reaffirmation

method of managing tensions that involves accepting that you cannot reconcile the contradiction and celebrate what the dialectical tension means for the couple's unity

Recalibration

method of managing tensions that involves reframing the contradiction so you do not see the two opposing forces as being in contradiction with one another

Integration

method of managing tensions that take place when you are able to completely fulfill both opposing forces at the same time without sacrificing part of either one

Spiraling Inversion

method of managing tensions that takes place when we alternate back and forth between attending to our needs

Segmentation

method of managing tensions that takes place when we choose to privilege the parts of the dialectical pair based on different contexts

Balance

method of managing tensions that takes place when we try to find a compromise that allows us to partly fill each need while also sacrificing some of each need

Symbolic Convergence

occurs when groups create a unique meaning for a term, experience or event in the group's life that serves to further strengthen the bond between group members

Boundary Turbulence

occurs when information we believe is private and shared in confidence is broadcast to other parties

Differentiation Stage

occurs when the partners begin to separate themselves from each other

Cognitive Uncertainty

occurs when we do not know what the beliefs and attitudes of the other person are

Behavioral Uncertainty

occurs when we do now know how the other person will behave in a particular situation

Reasoning by anaology

occurs when you compare two similar cases to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other because the two cases share similar features

Reasoning by Sign

occurs when you conclude that the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another

Sex

one's biological classification based on reproductive function

Comparison Level

our general expectations for a certain type of relationship, such as a friendship or romantic relationship

Integrating Stage

partners begin to develop a sense of an identity for their relationship with another

Bonding Stage

partners make their deep commitment formal and public through an engagement, marriage or civil union

Channel

pathway through which the symbols travel

Primacy Effect

people are prone to emphasizing the first impression of something over any subsequent impressions when forming their perception of an event or person

Recency Effect

people are prone to using their most recent experience with someone as their overriding impression of the person

Egocentric

people who are completely focused on themselves and the needs of others

Physiological Traits

permanent enduring physical conditions that impact us throughout our lives

Questions of Fact

persuasive messages that attempt to change the audience's beliefs about something

Questions of value

persuasive messages that try to change an audience's attitudes toward a topic by convincing the audience whether or not a belief, object, or action is moral, ethical, important or worthwhile

Questions of Policy

persuasive messages that try to change the audience's actions or convince the audience that something should be done

Comparative Advantages Pattern of Organization

persuasive pattern of organization in which you compare two potential solutions to a problem to argue why the solution you support is better than another solution you support is better than another solution that is being proposed by someone else

Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern of Organization

persuasive pattern of organization in which you present the problem in the first point, the underlying causes in the second point, and the proposed solution in the final point

Monroe's Motivated Sequence

persuasive pattern of organization in which you use five steps to persuade the audience to adopt a plan of action; attention, need, and satisfaction, visualization, and action

Refutations

persuasive speeches in which a speaker defends his or her own position on an issue while responding to the arguments of another person

Mixed Metaphors

phrases that make use of two different metaphors that do not logically fit, compare two things that have no inherent connection with each other, creating incongruous comparisons

Objects

physical items that you are discussing in your speech

Gestures

physical movements used to convey a message, the movements of your hands and arms

Referent Power

power derived from the charisma of a leader, and it can be seen when people follow someone they like, admire, look up to, or otherwise are attracted to

Expert Power

power gained through specific knowledge of a topic or context area, thus providing the person with that knowledge power over those who do not have it, but who need it nonetheless

Reward Power

power linked to the ability to either provide a good thing or take away a negative thing from someone doing a task

Coercive Power

power linked to the ability to introduce something negative or take away something positive from group members

Legitimate Power

power that emanates from a position, and so the person occupying that position is imbued with an authority that must be followed

Minimax Principle

principle describing the tendency to maximize the benefits and minimize the cost in relationships

Nonlistening

providing the appearance of listening without actually paying attention to the message

Statistics

quantitative reports that summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand and visualize

Open Ended Questions

questions that ask you to craft your best answer to the inquiry; questions that ask audience members for more elaborate written responses

Closed-ended questions

questions that have defined answers from which you will choose the best fit

Number

raw quantitative data

Community

refers to both a specific place where people share certain characteristics, or a feeling of fellowship with others who share attitudes, interests, and beliefs

Ideology

refers to the beliefs and values that the individuals have about that marriage and family life should be like, and can include placing a value on stability and predictability or on spontaneity and relational uncertainty, set of ideas, beliefs, and ideals that form our worldview and provide a basis for action; forms the basis for political beliefs and is heavily influenced by both the family and society in which we grow up

Rituals

repetitive behaviors that contain a unique meaning for members, and each family develops their own traditions

Presentation Aids

resources that engage one or more of the five senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) of the audience to help the audience better understand the message

Models

scaled physical representations of things utilized as presentation aids

Personal Stage

second stage of uncertainty reduction theory during which we begin to explore the other person's attitudes and beliefs, while also disclosing some of that same information about ourselves

Co-cultures

smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives

Slippery Slope

speaker argues that once a course of action is taken, a series of other unavoidable and undesirable events will necessarily take place

False Cause

speaker assumes that one event caused another unrelated event to occur

Either-or

speaker claims there are only two alternatives, when there are really many other options available

Straw Man Fallacy

speaker ignores the actual position of his or her opponent, misrepresents the opponent's position and then attacks that made-up position instead of the actual position

Red Herring

speaker introduces irrelevant ideas in order to distract attention away from the real issue

Non Sequitur

speaker makes an unjustified move from one topic to another

Ad Hominem Attack

speaker tries to equate the quality of someone's argument with the quality of his or her character by calling him or her something that would be perceived as negative by the audience

Hasty Generalization

speaker used a small sample of evidence to draw unjustified conclusions about an entire group or category

Begging the Question

speaker uses a circular argument in which his or her evidence and conclusion are really saying the same thing and assume certain facts that have not yet been proven

Semantic Differential Scale Questions

survey questions that ask participants to choose their position on a continuum between two polar opposites

Likert Scale Questions

survey questions that provide statements and then ask respondents to circle a number that measure their level of agreement with the statement

Physiological State

temporary condition of the body

Dialectical Tensions

tensions that occur because we simultaneously have several essential yet oppositional needs or desires within our relationships

Narrative Fidelity

term for describing how well a story reflects the values and beliefs of its audience

Arbitrary

term that describes symbols themselves as having no direct connection with the things they represent

Ambiguous

term that describes words as being without absolute meanings

Emotional Intelligence

the ability a person has to assess, identify, and manage his or her own emotions, while also appreciating and responding to the emotions of others in a civil manner

Communication Competence

the ability to effectively and appropriately interact in any given situation

Empathy

the ability to put yourself in the shoes of the other person and try and see things from his or her perspective, the ability to understand and feel the same way as another person

Cognitive Complexity

the ability to recognize multiple potential ways in which a situation or message could be understood or interpreted

Civility

the ability to treat others with respect so that we can have a lasting, peaceful, and positive interaction

Genuineness

the act of being direct, honest, straightforward regarding what we believe and think

Selection

the act of choosing to attend to consciously or subconsciously specific stimuli in the environment

Politness

the act of showing consideration for others in accordance with societal expectations

Regulating

the actions that govern the course of an interaction with another person

Trait CA

the amount of communication you were born with and naturally have due to genetics

Situational Attribution

the assumption that another person is doing something because of factors in the environment or the situation they are in

Interpersonal Attribution

the assumption that another person is doing something because of her or his character or disposition

Facework

the behaviors we exhibit to create and maintain the positive perception of ourselves

Collaborating

the beneficial of the conflict management strategies, one that has its goal finding a solution that allows both parties to win

Chronemics

the branch of nonverbal communication that involves how people treat, value, react and structure time

General Purpose

the broad intent of what your speech should accomplish; the three types of general purposes are to inform, to persuade, and to commemorate

Rhythm

the cadence or pattern of movement in your voice

Organization

the categorization of stimuli we select to pay attention to

Monochronic

the category of chronemics marked by liking to do things one at a time, breaking time up into small, manageable units

Polychronic

the category of chronemics marked by trying to do several tasks at the same time and having a more fluid approach to scheduling time

Avoidance Stage

the couple actively avoids interacting with each other, choosing not to express or make conflict known

Boundary Permeability

the degree to which a confidant can share private information with others

Conversational Orientation

the degree to which family members are encouraged to participate in unrestrained conversation about a range of topics

Conformity Orientation

the degree to which the family emphasizes homogeneity of attitudes, values, and beliefs

Commitment

the desire to make efforts to stay in the relationship regardless of what happens

Olfactics

the dimension of nonverbal communication related to smell

Culture

the distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products, or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period

Competence Face

the effort to promote our expertise on subjects to others so they respect us

Nonverbal Communication

the elements of communication that do not involve words but nevertheless transmit messages

Report Talk

the exchange of information, solutions and problem-solving strategies

Provisionalism

the expression of an ability to be flexible and open to different ideas

Contempt

the expression of insults and disdain for a person, her or his behaviors, and ideas

Criticism

the expression of someone or something based upon perceived faults in a person or behavior

Inclusion and Seclusion

the external dialectical tension of integration and separation; spending time alone as a couple and spending time as a couple with others

Revelation and Concealment

the external form of the expression and non-expression dialectic, refers to what couples share with the community and what they do not

Conventionality and Uniqueness

the external form of the stability and change dialectic, doing the same things with the same people versus doing new things together

Communication Apprehension

the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others

Terminating Stage

the final phase of relationship deterioration, couples end their current relationships and move into post-relationship phase where they may or may not continue to have contact as separated individuals

Complementing

the function of nonverbal communication whereby nonverbal behavior occurring at the same time as the message displays the same content

Accenting

the function of nonverbal communication whereby nonverbal behaviors augment a message while it is delivered

Substituting

the function of nonverbal communication whereby physical actions take the place of verbal messages

Repeating

the function of nonverbal communication whereby the physical actions that follow verbal messages reinforce what is said

Spare Brain Time

the gap between the roughly 150 words a minute we can speak and the 650 words per minute we can mentally process

Uncertainty Reduction Theory

the idea that increased knowledge of another person improves our ability to predict future behaviors

Negative

the idea that language separates things from their natural state, thus telling us not only what something is, but what it is not

Self-Concept

the image we gave of who we believe we are

Connection and Autonomy

the internal dialectical tension of integration and separation; spending time with a partner and spending time alone

Certainty and Uncertainty

the internal form of the stability and change dialectic; the desire to count on things to occur and the desire to have novelty in the relationship

Unit of Analysis

the item that the researcher is trying to understand or study

Denotative Meaning

the literal definition of a word or phrase that you might find in a dictionary, the meaning prescribed to a sign without understanding its history of usage and application, its dictionary or literal definition

Integreity

the maintenance of a consistent application of our values in every situation

Signified

the meaning associated with the sign, or rather the combination of the sign and the thing it is meant to represent

Key Word Speaking Outline

the outline you will put on a notecard and use during your speech; it should include only key words to remind you of your main points and sub-points, as well as source citations, statistics, and direct quotations you want to say in a particular way

Ethos

the perceived personal character or credibility of the speaker

Autonomy Face

the perception that we can do things on our own and our desire to avoid others making decisions for us

Posture

the physical framing and orientation of the body to another person, the position of your body when you are speaking

Signifier

the physical thing we perceive it in the world around us

Context

the physical, emotional, and psychological environment in which the communication event takes place

Hearing

the physiological process of capturing sound conducted by ears to the brain

Closed Posture

the posture achieved when one shields his or her body from the other person

Open Posture

the posture achieved when the majority of one's body faces the audience or other person

Respect

the practice of acknowledging the inherent dignity of other people as human beings

Selective Listening

the practice of choosing what the main points are in a message regardless of what the speaker says

Assertiveness

the practice of clearly, calmly, and confidently making positions and ideas known to others

Brainstorm

the practice of creating a list of all the possible topics you can think of, by writing down every possible idea that comes to mind, regardless of how good you think the idea is, and then afterward organizing or evaluating the ideas to help you make a decision about which to choose

Prejudging

the practice of entering an interaction with a judgement about what we believe will be said before the person has the chance to present it

Ambushing

the practice of focusing only on the weaknesses of what the other person is saying and ignoring the strengths of his or her own postition

Pseudolistening

the practice of hiding our inattention by appearing to actually listen through nonverbal and verbal responses that make it appear as though we understand what is being said

Advising

the practice of interpreting a person to offer suggestions and opinions in an effort to be helpful even when they were not sought

Idealization

the practice of perceiving only the positives of a person and/or relationship

Parallelism

the practice of placing related words or phrases in a pattern that highlights what they have in common

Catfishing

the practice of pretending to have a different identity via social media in order to initiate and maintain a relationship with another person

Repetition

the practice of repeating words and phrases either immediately following the initial statement, orin the same location in a message

Mirror

the practice of replicating the posture of the other person to indicate mutual interest

Boundary Linkage

the practice of sharing private information with another individual

Alliteration

the practice of using the same vowel or consonant sound at the beginning of consecutive words

Principle of Mutual Equality

the premise that each person can make an equal contribution to the interaction

Subordination

the principle of outlining that creates a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first followed by more specific ideas

Coordination

the principle of outlining that states all information on the same level has the same level of significance

Division

the principle of outlining that states if a main point is divided into sub-points, it must be divided into two or more sub-points

Image Management

the process by coordinating the presentation of our self-concept with various groups in different situations

Systematic Desenitization

the process by which a person is slowly introduced to something he or she fears so that each time he or she overcomes the fear the intensity is decreased

Self-Monitoring

the process of being attuned to how your actions and messages impact others

Encoding

the process of creating a message using symbols

Social Penetration Theory

the process of creating and maintaining deeper intimacy with another person takes places through gradual and mutual self-disclosure

Perception

the process of giving meaning to the things we notice in the world around us

Decoding

the process of interpreting symbols within a message

Articulation

the process of physically shaping the sounds that make the word

Listening

the process of receiving and interpreting spoken and/or nonverbal messages

Interdependence

the quality of intimate relationships whereby one person's actions influence the other and vice versa; refers to the degree of connectedness between the two individuals, including how the couple shares time and space within their home

Boundary Ownership

the rights and responsibilities we ascribe to the person with whom we share private information

Sexual Orientation

the sex and gender to whom a person is romantically and sexually attracted

Haptics

the study of how touch expresses meaning

Semiotics

the study of the production of meaning from sign systems like languages

Unconditional Positive Regard

the tendency to accept other people with a positive attitude, having an open mind for the potential good in other people

Negativity Bias

the tendency to focus our efforts on picking out negative information or qualities in a person or situation

Positivity Bias

the tendency to highlight and overemphasize positive information and characteristics when creating an impression

Confirmation Bias

the tendency to look for and remember information that is consistent with what we believe or what we want to happen

Fundamental Attribution Error

the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors when evaluating someone else's behaviors

Pathos

the use of emotions in persuasion

Oculesics

the use of eye contact to send messages

Logos

the use of logic and evidence to persuade your audience

Feedback

the various verbal and nonverbal responses to the message by the receiver

Facial Expressions

the way the position and movement of your facial features convey emotion and engagement

Groupthink

the willful seeking of unanimity despite individuals who harbor doubts

Testimony

the words of other people used to support your point

Relationship Maintenance

the work we do to keep a relationship going and in a condition with which both partners are happy

Face Threats

things that threaten to damage the image we work to present to others

Good Manners

those polite behaviors that encourage positive relationships with others

Vocalics

those things that attribute to the maintenance or creation of sound in your voice that help to convey meaning

Passive Strategy

unobtrusively observing the other person

Spatial Pattern of Organization

used to describe an object by explaining how parts physically relate to one another in a defined space

Chronological Pattern or Organization

used to describe events or processes in the order that they occur in time, from earlier events to later events

Topical Pattern of Organization

used to divide your speech into categories or subtopics

Reasoning by cause

used when you claim that one event causes another

Reasoning by example

uses several specific instances that are related to each other to draw an overall conclusion about them

Charts

visual presentation aid that shows numeric data in a series of rows and columns

Line Graphs

visual presentation aid that uses lines along two axes to show changes in values over time

Bar Graphs

visual presentation that have two axes and either horizontal or vertical bars that show the total number of items or levels of achievement in each category

Profanity

vulgar and irreverent language

Physical Attraction

we are drawn to someone's physical appearance because we like the way the person looks

Task Attraction

we like to work with them and can count on them to get a job done

Social Attraction

we see the other person as someone with whom we would like to engage in social interaction and be friends

Pronunciation

what a word should sound like when it is spoken according to a rule or standard

Stagnation Stage

when couples move into the stagnation stage, they are still a couple, but primarily in name, they are neither moving forward or backward in the relationship but have hit a point when they are not relating on an intimate level

Self-Disclosure

when one person voluntarily shares personal history and information regarding attitudes, feelings, values and experiences with another individual

Grouphate

when people have strong negative feelings about the prospect of working in a group

Initiating Stage

when you take the first step to interact with someone you are interested in

Experimenting Stage

where you engage in conversation about surface level interests and topics with the other person to see if your interest is expanded or not

Intensifying Stage

you invest more time in each other, learn more about a person's history interests and goals