COMM 101: Interpersonal and Group Interaction, George Mason University Final
Larks
10% of the population who function best early in the day
Owls
20% of the population who function best at later times of the day
Hummingbirds
70% of the population who function well throughout the day
Accomodating
A management style defined by a person giving in to the desires and position of the other person. With this approach, the manager loses by sacrificing his or her position and desires to those of the other person.
Artistic Proofs
Aristotle's category of credibility, emotion, and logic within a persuasive appeal; he called them artistic because the speaker creates them
Presentness
a commitment to the moment and the other person in the moment with us; giving your undivided attention
Debate
a competitive form of communication where parties critically listen to each other with the goal of defeating the opponent's argument, not understanding the other's perspective or finding common ground
Stonewalling
a complete withdrawal from the conflict, both physically and verbally
Generalized Other
a composite mental image we use to bounce our potential statements or behaviors off of before we actually enact them
Transition
a connecting statement that lets your audience know you are moving from one part of your speech to another
Informant
a contact person within the organization or group you can talk with to obtain information about the audience you will be speaking to
Interpersonal Attraction
a force that draws us to someone else
Problem-solving interviews
a form of very specific information gathering coupled with an emphasis on solving a specific problem
Johari Window
a four-quadrant model describing the different aspects of our self-concept based on what we and others know about ourselves
Hidden Agenda
a goal we keep secret from other partied while working with them
Scatterplot
a graph that shows the relationship between two continuous variables
High-context cultures
a great deal of meaning is derived from the nonverbal expressions, environment, and situation in which the communication is taking place, and less emphasis is places on the words
Ethnicity
a group of people who identify with each other based on a common experience, which might include geographic or national origin, ancestry, history, cultural, and social norms, religion, race, language, ideology, food, dress, or other factors
Metonym
a metaphor that is identified by its use of tangible objects to refer to intangible things
Synecdoche
a metaphor that uses one part of something to refer to the whole thing
Specific Purpose Statement
a narrower version of the general purpose statement that identifies what you will talk about, what you will say about it, and what you hope the audience will take away from the speech
Thesis Statement
a one-sentence summary of your speech that is written the way you will say it out lout to your audience during your speech
Deliberate Confidant
a person with whom we intentionally share information meant to be kept in confidence
Problem-Solution Pattern of Organization
a persuasive pattern of organization in which you begin by explaining the problem and then discuss your solution, used to organize a speech by first explaining a problem and then teaching the audience about the solution
Extemporaneous Speech
a practiced, polished speech that makes use of a limited speaking outline
Pie Graph
a round graph that has slices that represent how large the proportion of that particular category is compared to the whole
Race
a set of physical characteristics shared by a group of people, such as skin color, body type, facial structure, and hair color
Gender
a social construction that includes all of the beliefs, attitudes, actions and roles associated with being masculine or feminine
Impromptu Speech
a speech presented with little or no preparation
Memorized Speech
a speech the speaker commits to memory and delivers without the use of any notes
Manuscript Speech
a speech the speaker writes out word for word in an essay format and delivers by reading from the manuscript
Internal Preview
a statement that previews what is coming up next and can even be an overview of the elements of the next main point
Internal Summary
a statement that reviews or sums up what you just finished telling the audience
Dialogue
a style of communication that respectfully encourages others to want to listen, while also listening in a way that encourages others to want to speak
Monologue
a style of communication where only one voice is respected
Open System
a system in which parts both affect and are affected by events within and outside the system
Social Exchange Theory
a theory suggesting that relationship is regulated by the evaluation of perceived rewards and costs of the interaction by both sides
Communication Privacy Management
a theory that offers a map of the way people manage private matters that are shared with others
Coercive Leadership Style
a top-down approach to decision making that shifts stifles individual ingenuity and participation and neglects motivating the group
Histographics
a type of frequency chart that shows the proportion of individuals that obtained a certain level of achievement along a continuum
Exit Interviews
a type of interview conducted by human resources professionals with outgoing employees designed to gather information about the processes and climate of the organization in an attempt to use that information in the future to improve
Employment Interviews
a type of interview in which employers conduct conversations with applicants for open positions in an effort to determine to whom they would like to offer a position; the interviewees seek information about the company that will influence their decision to accept an offer, should one come
Island Interviews
a type of interview in which prospective candidates are placed in a room together and asked to discuss why they believe they are the better fit for the position
Performance Interviews
a type of interview that provides employers and managers with information used to determine raises, as well as target areas of improvement for staff, also called performance reviews
Information-gathering Interviews
a type of interview that seeks to discover facts, information, and other knowledge about a particular topic from peers, experts, witnesses, or others who may be knowledgable about it
Helping Interviews
a type of interview that takes stock of a problem of challenge faced by an individual and offers informed and expert advice on how to handle it
Cause-effect pattern of organization
a variation on the chronological pattern of organization used to discuss the causes that led to a specific event or effect
Concept Map
a visual representation of all of the potential areas you could cover in your speech that includes circles around topics and lines that connect related ideas; also known as a mind map
Signpost
a word that catches the audience's attention and indicates where you are in the speech
Physical Delivery
all of the physical signals your body sends to your audience during your speech, and there are several elements you should consider
Multiple Intelligence Theory
although all individuals can access and learn about the world through each of the seven intelligences, people differ in the strength of their aptitude or preferences for those various intelligences
Ad vericundiam
an appeal to authority
Sign
an arbitrary symbol; something that can be interpreted as having meaning
Fellowship Face
an effort to fulfill the need to have others like and respect us
Excommunication
an exile from a community one belonged to whereby one is shunned into reconciliation, or completely exiled; it requires no communication between the individual and the community
Elucidating Explanation
an explanation that helps an audience understand the definition term by distinguishing the essential characteristics that are always present from the associated characteristics that are only sometimes present in the objects, concepts, or processes that are examples of the term you are defining
Quasi-Scientific Explanation
an explanation that helps the audience get an overall picture of a phenomenon and see relationships among the parts
Conflict
an expressed struggle between at least two interdependent parties who perceive incompatible goals, scarce resources, and interference from the other party in achieving those goals | refers to whether the couple tries to resolve differences through open conflict or whether they avoid conflict
Morality
an inner sense of right and wrong
Openness and Closedness
an internal form of the expression and non expression dialectic, refers to the degree of disclosure partners have with one another
Full-sentence Preparation Outline
an outline that includes everything you plan to say in your speech and is written someone like a manuscript in an outline format
State CA
anxiety that is related to the context in which you are communicaing
Noise
anything that interferes with the receiver's ability to properly receive the message
Persuasion
attempting to change the attitudes, actions, or beliefs of another person
Demographics
categories of definable characteristics of groups of people, such as age, sex, race, ethnicity, religion, political affiliation, socioeconomic status, education level, and sexual orientation
Interpersonal Relationships
close associations or acquaintances between two or more people, these relationships might be based on love, community or business interactions, friendship, family or some other social commitment
Authoritative Leadership Style
comes from a place of confidence and empathy, not control and enforcement
Meta-communicative
communication about communication
Symmetrical Interchange
communication between members that seeks to neutralize the power difference and treat each person equally
Impersonal Communication
communication that occurs in order to facilitate some type of transaction and that is based primarily on social roles
Synchronous Communication
communication that occurs simultaneously
Asynchronous Communication
communication that occurs when the communicators are sending and receiving messages at different times
Hyperpersonal Communication
computer-mediated communication that has a higher-level of affection, emotion, liking, solidarity, and intimacy than face-to-face conversations
Compromising
conflict management strategy by which both sides sacrifice part of what they want while getting something they desire
Competing
conflict management strategy that treats an argument like something to win, even if the other person is not happy with the outcome
Self-Fulfilling Prophesy
convincing yourself that something is going to happen before it does, thus leading to the occurrence of what you originally expected
Fantasies
creative interpretations of shared events that help define a group's identity
Explain
deepen the audience's understanding of that phenomenon
Intimate Relationships
deeply personal bonds that we have with other individuals that are accompanied by affective communication and a sense of belongingness
Demonstrations
enacting the process you are trying to teach your audience
Active Strategy
engaging in activities to learn more about the other person while avoiding direct contact with him or her
Interactive Stage
engaging in direct contact or face-to-face conversation with another person
Logical Fallacies
errors in reasoning that lead to invalid conclusions
Vocal Delivery
everything that affects how your voice sounds when you speak
Comparison Level of Alternatives
expectations arising from comparing existing relationships to other possible relationships
Transformative Explanations
explanations that help audience members transform their everyday ideas about how something works into a more scientifically accurate understanding of the phenomenon
Narrative Coherence
feature exhibited by a story with content that hangs together and makes sense
Vocalized Pauses
filler words that many speakers use when they feel like they should be saying something but do not have anything to say
Exit Stage
final stage of uncertainty reduction theory during which both individuals decide whether to continue the relationship or not to pursue the relationship
Entry Stage
first stage of uncertainty reduction theory during which we follow culturally accepted rules for interactions and politeness, including greeting one another, making small talk, and laughing at jokes
Affiliative leadership style
flexible and encouraging, allowing group members to take risks and work on their own engender trust; a "people person" leadership style
Coaching leadership style
focused on helping individuals improve and grow through training and constant feedback
Pacesetting Leadership Style
focused on setting a high standard and modeling that standard for his or her team members
Social Media
forms of electronic communication through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content
Stereotyping
generalizations about groups of people that are applied to individuals we believe are members of that group
Interviews
goal oriented communication events where both sides use question-answer techniques to achieve their ends
Circumscribing Stage
happens when the partners are primarily living different lives and their conversations are increasingly limited in scope and depth
Rate
how fast or slow you speak
Pitch
how high or low your voice sounds when you speak
Volume
how loud or soft the sound of your voice is when you speak
Tone
how variable your voice is and how "Warm" your voice sounds
Identity
how we understand our own qualities, beliefs, values, and characteristics as a unique as well as different from others
Proxemics
how we use space to convey information
Artifiacts
in terms of public speaking, objects that indicate something about the values, beliefs, practices, history, and norms of a group of people
Physical Appearance
includes your apparel and grooming
Social Relationships
informal, voluntary relationships such as acquaintances, coworkers and casual friendships
Peer Testimony
information that comes from someone who is in the same peer group as the audience, who is not necessarily an expert on the topic
Expert Testimony
information that you obtain from someone who has conducted extensive research on the topic, has significant experience with the topic, or holds a position that lends credibility to his or her ideas on a subject matter
Private Information
information we believe we have the right to own
Examples
instances that we use to help define of clarify concepts, draw attention to a particular feature of an experience, or elicit memories and emotions in our audience
Complementary Interchange
interaction between members of a system that is based in acknowledged differences in power
Everyday Talk
interaction that includes mundane, ordinary conversations across our daily experience, making up our relationships in addition to the more noticeable, "bigger" moments, such as our first big fight our marriage ceremony
Enabling Communication
interaction that is not assertive and thus allows members to continue abusive, addictive, and otherwise negative behaviors
System
interdependent parts that interact with and affect one another
Deductive Reasoning
involves using general truths to reach a certain conclusion about a specific instance
Inductive Reasoning
involves using several specific instances or pieces of evidence to draw probable conclusions about general truths
Signposts
key words that signal to the audience you are moving from one part of the speech to another
Rapport Talk
language meant to develop relationships and exchange emotional information
Listening for Appreciation
listening for enjoyment; it is not high in cognitive commitment
Listening to Show Support
listening to a speaker to make him or her feel valued, and to show the person we care about what he or she has to say
Critical Listening
listening to evaluate a message and assess whether or not we agree with what is said, requires the most cognitive effort of any listening purpose
Listening for Comprehension
listening to understand and learn something new; requires a significant degree of mental effort
Active Listening
listening with a high degree of attention to a message, we process, store and potentially evaluate the content of the message to come to conclusions or an understanding of what was said.
Passive Listening
listening without engaging the topic in any noticeable way, trying only to absorb what is said
Eye Contact
looking members of your audience in the eyes while speaking
Glazing Over
losing complete attention with what is going on and thinking about something else entirely, often staring in a different direction than the speaker
Inform
make the audience aware of a phenomenon
Low-context Cultures
meaning is derived from the language used in an interaction, and very little emphasis is placed on the non-verbal communication, environment and situation
Connotative Meaning
meaning that comes from a set of associations a word brings to mind in a person, the way a word or phrase is used in a particular context, potentially as slang or with an implied value judgement
Socioeconomic Status
measured as a combination of someone's education, income and occupation
Schema
mental frameworks for organizing information about experiences
Idioms
metamorphic expressions whose meanings are not predictable from their usual use, but must be inferred from cultural markers
Similes
metaphoric language devices that compare two things through the use of "like" or "as"
Dead Metaphors
metaphors that have lost the creative element from which they initially drew their power and now are just accepted as true terms, rather than the metaphor they are
Archetypal
metaphors that use common human experiences to help describe another object
Reaffirmation
method of managing tensions that involves accepting that you cannot reconcile the contradiction and celebrate what the dialectical tension means for the couple's unity
Recalibration
method of managing tensions that involves reframing the contradiction so you do not see the two opposing forces as being in contradiction with one another
Integration
method of managing tensions that take place when you are able to completely fulfill both opposing forces at the same time without sacrificing part of either one
Spiraling Inversion
method of managing tensions that takes place when we alternate back and forth between attending to our needs
Segmentation
method of managing tensions that takes place when we choose to privilege the parts of the dialectical pair based on different contexts
Balance
method of managing tensions that takes place when we try to find a compromise that allows us to partly fill each need while also sacrificing some of each need
Symbolic Convergence
occurs when groups create a unique meaning for a term, experience or event in the group's life that serves to further strengthen the bond between group members
Boundary Turbulence
occurs when information we believe is private and shared in confidence is broadcast to other parties
Differentiation Stage
occurs when the partners begin to separate themselves from each other
Cognitive Uncertainty
occurs when we do not know what the beliefs and attitudes of the other person are
Behavioral Uncertainty
occurs when we do now know how the other person will behave in a particular situation
Reasoning by anaology
occurs when you compare two similar cases to argue that what is true in one case is also true in the other because the two cases share similar features
Reasoning by Sign
occurs when you conclude that the presence of one thing indicates the presence of another
Sex
one's biological classification based on reproductive function
Comparison Level
our general expectations for a certain type of relationship, such as a friendship or romantic relationship
Integrating Stage
partners begin to develop a sense of an identity for their relationship with another
Bonding Stage
partners make their deep commitment formal and public through an engagement, marriage or civil union
Channel
pathway through which the symbols travel
Primacy Effect
people are prone to emphasizing the first impression of something over any subsequent impressions when forming their perception of an event or person
Recency Effect
people are prone to using their most recent experience with someone as their overriding impression of the person
Egocentric
people who are completely focused on themselves and the needs of others
Physiological Traits
permanent enduring physical conditions that impact us throughout our lives
Questions of Fact
persuasive messages that attempt to change the audience's beliefs about something
Questions of value
persuasive messages that try to change an audience's attitudes toward a topic by convincing the audience whether or not a belief, object, or action is moral, ethical, important or worthwhile
Questions of Policy
persuasive messages that try to change the audience's actions or convince the audience that something should be done
Comparative Advantages Pattern of Organization
persuasive pattern of organization in which you compare two potential solutions to a problem to argue why the solution you support is better than another solution you support is better than another solution that is being proposed by someone else
Problem-Cause-Solution Pattern of Organization
persuasive pattern of organization in which you present the problem in the first point, the underlying causes in the second point, and the proposed solution in the final point
Monroe's Motivated Sequence
persuasive pattern of organization in which you use five steps to persuade the audience to adopt a plan of action; attention, need, and satisfaction, visualization, and action
Refutations
persuasive speeches in which a speaker defends his or her own position on an issue while responding to the arguments of another person
Mixed Metaphors
phrases that make use of two different metaphors that do not logically fit, compare two things that have no inherent connection with each other, creating incongruous comparisons
Objects
physical items that you are discussing in your speech
Gestures
physical movements used to convey a message, the movements of your hands and arms
Referent Power
power derived from the charisma of a leader, and it can be seen when people follow someone they like, admire, look up to, or otherwise are attracted to
Expert Power
power gained through specific knowledge of a topic or context area, thus providing the person with that knowledge power over those who do not have it, but who need it nonetheless
Reward Power
power linked to the ability to either provide a good thing or take away a negative thing from someone doing a task
Coercive Power
power linked to the ability to introduce something negative or take away something positive from group members
Legitimate Power
power that emanates from a position, and so the person occupying that position is imbued with an authority that must be followed
Minimax Principle
principle describing the tendency to maximize the benefits and minimize the cost in relationships
Nonlistening
providing the appearance of listening without actually paying attention to the message
Statistics
quantitative reports that summarize and organize sets of numbers to make them easier to understand and visualize
Open Ended Questions
questions that ask you to craft your best answer to the inquiry; questions that ask audience members for more elaborate written responses
Closed-ended questions
questions that have defined answers from which you will choose the best fit
Number
raw quantitative data
Community
refers to both a specific place where people share certain characteristics, or a feeling of fellowship with others who share attitudes, interests, and beliefs
Ideology
refers to the beliefs and values that the individuals have about that marriage and family life should be like, and can include placing a value on stability and predictability or on spontaneity and relational uncertainty, set of ideas, beliefs, and ideals that form our worldview and provide a basis for action; forms the basis for political beliefs and is heavily influenced by both the family and society in which we grow up
Rituals
repetitive behaviors that contain a unique meaning for members, and each family develops their own traditions
Presentation Aids
resources that engage one or more of the five senses (sight, sound, touch, taste, smell) of the audience to help the audience better understand the message
Models
scaled physical representations of things utilized as presentation aids
Personal Stage
second stage of uncertainty reduction theory during which we begin to explore the other person's attitudes and beliefs, while also disclosing some of that same information about ourselves
Co-cultures
smaller specific cultures that intersect in our lives
Slippery Slope
speaker argues that once a course of action is taken, a series of other unavoidable and undesirable events will necessarily take place
False Cause
speaker assumes that one event caused another unrelated event to occur
Either-or
speaker claims there are only two alternatives, when there are really many other options available
Straw Man Fallacy
speaker ignores the actual position of his or her opponent, misrepresents the opponent's position and then attacks that made-up position instead of the actual position
Red Herring
speaker introduces irrelevant ideas in order to distract attention away from the real issue
Non Sequitur
speaker makes an unjustified move from one topic to another
Ad Hominem Attack
speaker tries to equate the quality of someone's argument with the quality of his or her character by calling him or her something that would be perceived as negative by the audience
Hasty Generalization
speaker used a small sample of evidence to draw unjustified conclusions about an entire group or category
Begging the Question
speaker uses a circular argument in which his or her evidence and conclusion are really saying the same thing and assume certain facts that have not yet been proven
Semantic Differential Scale Questions
survey questions that ask participants to choose their position on a continuum between two polar opposites
Likert Scale Questions
survey questions that provide statements and then ask respondents to circle a number that measure their level of agreement with the statement
Physiological State
temporary condition of the body
Dialectical Tensions
tensions that occur because we simultaneously have several essential yet oppositional needs or desires within our relationships
Narrative Fidelity
term for describing how well a story reflects the values and beliefs of its audience
Arbitrary
term that describes symbols themselves as having no direct connection with the things they represent
Ambiguous
term that describes words as being without absolute meanings
Emotional Intelligence
the ability a person has to assess, identify, and manage his or her own emotions, while also appreciating and responding to the emotions of others in a civil manner
Communication Competence
the ability to effectively and appropriately interact in any given situation
Empathy
the ability to put yourself in the shoes of the other person and try and see things from his or her perspective, the ability to understand and feel the same way as another person
Cognitive Complexity
the ability to recognize multiple potential ways in which a situation or message could be understood or interpreted
Civility
the ability to treat others with respect so that we can have a lasting, peaceful, and positive interaction
Genuineness
the act of being direct, honest, straightforward regarding what we believe and think
Selection
the act of choosing to attend to consciously or subconsciously specific stimuli in the environment
Politness
the act of showing consideration for others in accordance with societal expectations
Regulating
the actions that govern the course of an interaction with another person
Trait CA
the amount of communication you were born with and naturally have due to genetics
Situational Attribution
the assumption that another person is doing something because of factors in the environment or the situation they are in
Interpersonal Attribution
the assumption that another person is doing something because of her or his character or disposition
Facework
the behaviors we exhibit to create and maintain the positive perception of ourselves
Collaborating
the beneficial of the conflict management strategies, one that has its goal finding a solution that allows both parties to win
Chronemics
the branch of nonverbal communication that involves how people treat, value, react and structure time
General Purpose
the broad intent of what your speech should accomplish; the three types of general purposes are to inform, to persuade, and to commemorate
Rhythm
the cadence or pattern of movement in your voice
Organization
the categorization of stimuli we select to pay attention to
Monochronic
the category of chronemics marked by liking to do things one at a time, breaking time up into small, manageable units
Polychronic
the category of chronemics marked by trying to do several tasks at the same time and having a more fluid approach to scheduling time
Avoidance Stage
the couple actively avoids interacting with each other, choosing not to express or make conflict known
Boundary Permeability
the degree to which a confidant can share private information with others
Conversational Orientation
the degree to which family members are encouraged to participate in unrestrained conversation about a range of topics
Conformity Orientation
the degree to which the family emphasizes homogeneity of attitudes, values, and beliefs
Commitment
the desire to make efforts to stay in the relationship regardless of what happens
Olfactics
the dimension of nonverbal communication related to smell
Culture
the distinctive ideas, customs, social behavior, products, or way of life of a particular nation, society, people, or period
Competence Face
the effort to promote our expertise on subjects to others so they respect us
Nonverbal Communication
the elements of communication that do not involve words but nevertheless transmit messages
Report Talk
the exchange of information, solutions and problem-solving strategies
Provisionalism
the expression of an ability to be flexible and open to different ideas
Contempt
the expression of insults and disdain for a person, her or his behaviors, and ideas
Criticism
the expression of someone or something based upon perceived faults in a person or behavior
Inclusion and Seclusion
the external dialectical tension of integration and separation; spending time alone as a couple and spending time as a couple with others
Revelation and Concealment
the external form of the expression and non-expression dialectic, refers to what couples share with the community and what they do not
Conventionality and Uniqueness
the external form of the stability and change dialectic, doing the same things with the same people versus doing new things together
Communication Apprehension
the fear or anxiety associated with real or anticipated communication with another or others
Terminating Stage
the final phase of relationship deterioration, couples end their current relationships and move into post-relationship phase where they may or may not continue to have contact as separated individuals
Complementing
the function of nonverbal communication whereby nonverbal behavior occurring at the same time as the message displays the same content
Accenting
the function of nonverbal communication whereby nonverbal behaviors augment a message while it is delivered
Substituting
the function of nonverbal communication whereby physical actions take the place of verbal messages
Repeating
the function of nonverbal communication whereby the physical actions that follow verbal messages reinforce what is said
Spare Brain Time
the gap between the roughly 150 words a minute we can speak and the 650 words per minute we can mentally process
Uncertainty Reduction Theory
the idea that increased knowledge of another person improves our ability to predict future behaviors
Negative
the idea that language separates things from their natural state, thus telling us not only what something is, but what it is not
Self-Concept
the image we gave of who we believe we are
Connection and Autonomy
the internal dialectical tension of integration and separation; spending time with a partner and spending time alone
Certainty and Uncertainty
the internal form of the stability and change dialectic; the desire to count on things to occur and the desire to have novelty in the relationship
Unit of Analysis
the item that the researcher is trying to understand or study
Denotative Meaning
the literal definition of a word or phrase that you might find in a dictionary, the meaning prescribed to a sign without understanding its history of usage and application, its dictionary or literal definition
Integreity
the maintenance of a consistent application of our values in every situation
Signified
the meaning associated with the sign, or rather the combination of the sign and the thing it is meant to represent
Key Word Speaking Outline
the outline you will put on a notecard and use during your speech; it should include only key words to remind you of your main points and sub-points, as well as source citations, statistics, and direct quotations you want to say in a particular way
Ethos
the perceived personal character or credibility of the speaker
Autonomy Face
the perception that we can do things on our own and our desire to avoid others making decisions for us
Posture
the physical framing and orientation of the body to another person, the position of your body when you are speaking
Signifier
the physical thing we perceive it in the world around us
Context
the physical, emotional, and psychological environment in which the communication event takes place
Hearing
the physiological process of capturing sound conducted by ears to the brain
Closed Posture
the posture achieved when one shields his or her body from the other person
Open Posture
the posture achieved when the majority of one's body faces the audience or other person
Respect
the practice of acknowledging the inherent dignity of other people as human beings
Selective Listening
the practice of choosing what the main points are in a message regardless of what the speaker says
Assertiveness
the practice of clearly, calmly, and confidently making positions and ideas known to others
Brainstorm
the practice of creating a list of all the possible topics you can think of, by writing down every possible idea that comes to mind, regardless of how good you think the idea is, and then afterward organizing or evaluating the ideas to help you make a decision about which to choose
Prejudging
the practice of entering an interaction with a judgement about what we believe will be said before the person has the chance to present it
Ambushing
the practice of focusing only on the weaknesses of what the other person is saying and ignoring the strengths of his or her own postition
Pseudolistening
the practice of hiding our inattention by appearing to actually listen through nonverbal and verbal responses that make it appear as though we understand what is being said
Advising
the practice of interpreting a person to offer suggestions and opinions in an effort to be helpful even when they were not sought
Idealization
the practice of perceiving only the positives of a person and/or relationship
Parallelism
the practice of placing related words or phrases in a pattern that highlights what they have in common
Catfishing
the practice of pretending to have a different identity via social media in order to initiate and maintain a relationship with another person
Repetition
the practice of repeating words and phrases either immediately following the initial statement, orin the same location in a message
Mirror
the practice of replicating the posture of the other person to indicate mutual interest
Boundary Linkage
the practice of sharing private information with another individual
Alliteration
the practice of using the same vowel or consonant sound at the beginning of consecutive words
Principle of Mutual Equality
the premise that each person can make an equal contribution to the interaction
Subordination
the principle of outlining that creates a hierarchy of ideas in which the most general ideas appear first followed by more specific ideas
Coordination
the principle of outlining that states all information on the same level has the same level of significance
Division
the principle of outlining that states if a main point is divided into sub-points, it must be divided into two or more sub-points
Image Management
the process by coordinating the presentation of our self-concept with various groups in different situations
Systematic Desenitization
the process by which a person is slowly introduced to something he or she fears so that each time he or she overcomes the fear the intensity is decreased
Self-Monitoring
the process of being attuned to how your actions and messages impact others
Encoding
the process of creating a message using symbols
Social Penetration Theory
the process of creating and maintaining deeper intimacy with another person takes places through gradual and mutual self-disclosure
Perception
the process of giving meaning to the things we notice in the world around us
Decoding
the process of interpreting symbols within a message
Articulation
the process of physically shaping the sounds that make the word
Listening
the process of receiving and interpreting spoken and/or nonverbal messages
Interdependence
the quality of intimate relationships whereby one person's actions influence the other and vice versa; refers to the degree of connectedness between the two individuals, including how the couple shares time and space within their home
Boundary Ownership
the rights and responsibilities we ascribe to the person with whom we share private information
Sexual Orientation
the sex and gender to whom a person is romantically and sexually attracted
Haptics
the study of how touch expresses meaning
Semiotics
the study of the production of meaning from sign systems like languages
Unconditional Positive Regard
the tendency to accept other people with a positive attitude, having an open mind for the potential good in other people
Negativity Bias
the tendency to focus our efforts on picking out negative information or qualities in a person or situation
Positivity Bias
the tendency to highlight and overemphasize positive information and characteristics when creating an impression
Confirmation Bias
the tendency to look for and remember information that is consistent with what we believe or what we want to happen
Fundamental Attribution Error
the tendency to overestimate the influence of internal characteristics and underestimate the influence of situational factors when evaluating someone else's behaviors
Pathos
the use of emotions in persuasion
Oculesics
the use of eye contact to send messages
Logos
the use of logic and evidence to persuade your audience
Feedback
the various verbal and nonverbal responses to the message by the receiver
Facial Expressions
the way the position and movement of your facial features convey emotion and engagement
Groupthink
the willful seeking of unanimity despite individuals who harbor doubts
Testimony
the words of other people used to support your point
Relationship Maintenance
the work we do to keep a relationship going and in a condition with which both partners are happy
Face Threats
things that threaten to damage the image we work to present to others
Good Manners
those polite behaviors that encourage positive relationships with others
Vocalics
those things that attribute to the maintenance or creation of sound in your voice that help to convey meaning
Passive Strategy
unobtrusively observing the other person
Spatial Pattern of Organization
used to describe an object by explaining how parts physically relate to one another in a defined space
Chronological Pattern or Organization
used to describe events or processes in the order that they occur in time, from earlier events to later events
Topical Pattern of Organization
used to divide your speech into categories or subtopics
Reasoning by cause
used when you claim that one event causes another
Reasoning by example
uses several specific instances that are related to each other to draw an overall conclusion about them
Charts
visual presentation aid that shows numeric data in a series of rows and columns
Line Graphs
visual presentation aid that uses lines along two axes to show changes in values over time
Bar Graphs
visual presentation that have two axes and either horizontal or vertical bars that show the total number of items or levels of achievement in each category
Profanity
vulgar and irreverent language
Physical Attraction
we are drawn to someone's physical appearance because we like the way the person looks
Task Attraction
we like to work with them and can count on them to get a job done
Social Attraction
we see the other person as someone with whom we would like to engage in social interaction and be friends
Pronunciation
what a word should sound like when it is spoken according to a rule or standard
Stagnation Stage
when couples move into the stagnation stage, they are still a couple, but primarily in name, they are neither moving forward or backward in the relationship but have hit a point when they are not relating on an intimate level
Self-Disclosure
when one person voluntarily shares personal history and information regarding attitudes, feelings, values and experiences with another individual
Grouphate
when people have strong negative feelings about the prospect of working in a group
Initiating Stage
when you take the first step to interact with someone you are interested in
Experimenting Stage
where you engage in conversation about surface level interests and topics with the other person to see if your interest is expanded or not
Intensifying Stage
you invest more time in each other, learn more about a person's history interests and goals