Comm 1100
why does persuasion matter
1) you will be able to understand how to persuade people better, 2) you will be better consumers of information, 3) you will have a better grasp of what happens around us in the world
How do you orally cite sources in your speech?
1st set your audience up for the citation, 2nd you want to deliver the source, 3rd correct source citation within a speech is the explanation
Linear model of communication
2 key components: sender and reciever; modeled after telephone; model doesn't allow receiver to ask questions
Transactional model of communication
A -> B; A and B don't have to be one person, A and B communication happens simultaneously;
what is bias
A bias incident is conduct, speech or expression motivated, in whole or in part, by bias or prejudice.
waht is resonance? why does this matter when speaking to entertain
Intensification and prolongation of sound, especially of a musical tone, produced by sympathetic vibration
What are the three basic concepts of Tilley's ethical pyramid?
Intent- something you have in mind, awareness of your behavior and behavior of others; means- tools of behavior used to affect an outcome; ends- outcomes
what are common organization strategies for persuasive speakign
Monroe's motivated sequence, problem-cause-solution, comparative advantage
what is a fallacy? what is the difference b/w casual fallacies and fallacies of relevance?
a mistaken belief, especially one based on unsound argument; fallacies of relevance: ones which make a point or conclusion which is logically irrelevant to the argument at hand
What is the difference between abstract and concrete language?
abstract language: a term that is imprecise leaving the meaning open to interpretation; concrete: a term that directly names a specific thing, it's meaning is unlikely to require any interpretation
What are some of the strategies for making information clear and interesting for your audience?
adjust complexity to the audience, avoid unnecessary jargon, create concrete images, keep info limited, link current knowledge to new knowledge, make it memorable, make it relevant, personalize content
how is language connected to power?
an individual's ability to influence another person to think or behave in a manner the other person would not have otherwise done
what is consideration does word choice depend on
appropriateness for speaker, audience, context, and topic
what are some common organizational patterns used in informative speeches
categorical/topical; comparison/contrast; spatial; chronological; biographical; causual; problem-cause-solution; psychological
what are some of the concluding devices you could use in an informative speech
challenge; quotation; summary; visualizing the future; question; proposing a senate; inspiration; appeal for action
What does it mean to be audience-centered, and why does this matter in public speaking?
choose information with your audience in mind; this matters because it lets the audience know that you are preparing a speech for them
what are some of the components of good extemp delivery?
conversational style, eye contact, effective use of vocals, volume, rate, pitch, pauses
what common types of persuasive claims? How do you support persuasive arguments and use corroborating evidence?
definitional claims, factual claims, policy claims, value claims;
What is the diff. b/w denotative and connotative meaning? Concrete and abstract language?
denotative: the common agreed-upon meaning of a word that is often found in dictionaries; conotative: an individual's perception suggested by or associated with a word; concrete: lang that hlelps an audience see specific realities or actual instances instead of abstract theories and ideas; abstract: ideas and concepts
How do you evaluate the quality of sources?
determine the following: what is the date of publication, who is the author, who is the publisher, is it academic or nonacademic, what is the quality
dialogic theory of models
dialogue is more natural than monologue, meanings are in people not in words, contexts and social situations impact perceived meanings
How does credibility relate to ethical speaking?
ethical speaking means not trying to be deceptive to an audience and credibility provides the audience with a security that the speaker is honest and knowledgeable on their topic
what is paraphrasing
express the meaning of the writer using different words
waht are different types of support commonly used in public speaking
facts and statistics; definitions; examples; narratives; testimonies
what is communication apprehension
fear o ranxiety associated with either real or percieved communication with anothe rperson or persons
what are the differences and similarities between a full-sentences outline and a speaking outline
full-sentence outline prepares you to present a clear and well-organized message, but your speaking outline will include far less detail
what are the basic functions of an intro
gain your audience's attention and make them interested in what you have to say; reveal the purpose of your speech; establish credibility; provide reasons to listen; preview main ideas
why is it important to keep the text on your notes to a min
if you have too much on a note card then you might feel like you need to read straight from the note cards
what are the two central uses of vivid language
imagery and rhythm
what are the four methods of speech delivery
impromptu; extemporaneous; speaking from manuscript; speaking from memory
why is it important to cite sources
in order to establish credibility and also give credit for other people's work
what are some of the common types of reasoning? what are the differences b/w inductive and deductive reasoningg
inductive, deductive, analogical, casual; inductive: reasoning from specific cases to general conclusion; deductive: reasoning from a general conclusion to specific supporting cases
waht is the difference b/w inspiration and motivational speaking
inspirational: to elicit or arouse an emotional state w/i an audience; motivational speech: designed not only to make an audience experience emotional arousal
when would you use an internal summary or internal preview
internal preview: at the end of the introduction in order to hopefully give your audience something to follow; internal summary: used when a main point might be more complicated and needs to be explained to the audience
what is style?
is a set of linguistic variants with specific social meanings. In this context, social meanings can include group membership, personal attributes, or beliefs
why is outlining important
it'll call you to have one clear and specific purpose for your message; also allows audience to understand your message bc they will be able to follow your reasoning
what is inclusive language, and why does it matter in public speaking?
language that avoids placing any one group of people above or below other groups while speaking; it will allow your audience to feel connected a pay attention
Why is it important to have a narrow topic, and how do you narrow down a topic?
more the focused the topic the easier it is to write a speech; ask yourself four questions: does this topic match my intended general purpose, is the topic appropriate for my audience, is the topic appropriate for the given speaking context, can I really inform or persuade an audience with this information
What are the main differences between academic and nonacademic sources?
noacademic- primary purpose is to be read by the general public; academic- is similar to nonacademic but there is such a thing as oversight. In academic sources there are people who make sure that all the information we get is accurate
what are some of the common myths of communication apprehension
people who suffer from speaking anxiety are neurotic; telling a joke or two is always a good way to begin a speech; imagine the audience naked; any mistake means that you have blown it
What are the main differences between primary and secondary research?
primary research- research carried out to discover or revise facts, theories, and applications that is reported by the person conducting the research; secondary research- carried out to discover or revise facts but it is reported by someone not involed in conducting actual research
what is persuasion
process an individual goes through attempting to get another person to behave in a manner or embrace a point of view related to alues attitudes or beliefst aht he or she would not have done otherwise
What different factors constrain topic selection?
purpose of speech, audience, time frame, context of speech
what are some of the way you can grab the audience's attention
reference to subject; reference to audience; quotation; reference of current events; historical reference; anecdote; startling statement; question; humor; personal reference; reference to occasion;
what are the important components of an effective conclusion
restating of the thesis; review of main points; concluding device
Interactional model of communication
same as linear model but adds processes of encoding and decoding, two things can't happen at the same time though
how do you effectively practice your speech
seek input from others, use audio and/or video to record yourself, good delivery is a habit,
what does it mean to have balanced, separate, and parallel structured main points
separate: meaning that your main points don't overlap too much; balance: organize your speech so as to spend roughly the same amount of time on each main point; parallel: all your main points sound similar
what is a thesis statement
short, declarative sentence that states the purpose, intent, or main idea of a speech
what are some of the common types of ceremonial speeches? waht are the general characteristics of each of thse genres
speech of presentation, speech of acceptance, speech of dedication, toast, roast,
what is ceromonail speaking
speeches given during a ceremony or a ritual marked by observance of formality or etiquette
Waht are some of the common types of entertaining speeches that are not associated with ceremonies?
speeches to ensure goodwill, speeches for public relations, speeches of justification, speeches of apology, speeches of commencements
What is a specific purpose statement, and how does it relate to the general purpose the speech
starts with one of the 3 general purposes but it then is followed by a specification of one's audience, the actual topic speaker has chosen, and the basic objective the speaker hopes to accomplish with the speech; basically answers the who, what, where, when, and how of the speech
What are some of the ways to gather demographic, psychographic, and situational information, and how do you ethically use this information?
surveys and interviews, preexisting info on your audience, focus groups, direct observation; prepare content with audience in mind, change tone if you notice a sleepy audience
How do you adapt your speech to the needs of your audience?
take into consideration the demographics of your audience, psychographic information as well, also try to think from their perspectives
What does it mean to have multiple identities?
the idea that everyone has identities connected to family, religion, occupation, cultural origin, gender, and other characteristics
what is the serial position effect
the notion that when items are prsetned in a linear fashion people remember the items at the beginning of the list and at the end of the list
how do you structure an effective preview of your main points
the preview discusses the main body topics in order that they appear
why are transitions important, and where do you use them in a speech
they keep a speech moving so that audience members are easily able to keep up with the speech; we can use them as transitions internal previews, internal summaries, and signposts
what are some of the techniques for managing your anxiety before and during your speech
think positively; reducing anxiety through preparation; analyze your audience; clearly organize your ideas; adapt your language to the oral mode; practice; watch what you eat
What is the primary purpose of persuasive speeches?
to convince, motivate, persuade others to change their beliefs, take action or reconsider a decision
What is the primary purpose of entertaining speeches?
to entertain whether it be at weddings, introductions, funerals, award shows etc
What is the primary purpose of informative speeches?
to share one's knowledge of a subject with an audience
what are some of the different types of anxiety associated with communication
trait anxiety; context anxiety; audience anxiety; situational anxiety;
What are the main takeaways of social judgement theory, cognitve dissonance theory, and the elaboration likelihood model?
understanding how people are persuaded is very important to the discussion of public speaking
How can you determine if your support is adequate?
use a reverse outline support your claims, setup, execution, analysis
how do you create imagery in your speech? Rhythm?
use of language to represent objects, actions, or ideas; patterned, recurring, variance of elements of sound or speech
what are some of the contextual factors that can impact your delivery
using lecterns; speaking in a small or large physical space; speaking outdoors; using a microphone; audience size
What is plagiarism?
using someone else's words or ideas without giving credit
