comm 214 digital media exam

centralized network

Centralized networks lead all the paths to a single nerve center. one central

hypertext

the written code that creates web pages and links, can be read by all computers

Why do you think selfies generate more attention than other social media images, both from researchers and from other social media participants?

-Allow visual processing -Reaffirm everyone's right to be seen-Are a tool of social expression

What connections does Turkle make between digital media and declining empathy during communication?

Digital media has resulted in declining empathy because the younger generation being so attached and focused on their phones they don't bother to recognize other peoples feelings as importantly as what their phone is providing.

what role does hypertext play in the internet

Hypertext allowed computer-accessed information to associate with, or link to, other information on the internet no matter where it was located.

Do you think "social media addiction" should be a diagnosable disorder? Why or why not?

I think social media addiction is real thing, but I think it would be tricky to diagnosis. In terms of internet addiction, "practitioners and researchers have called for labeling compulsive internet usage a disorder. Most of the clinical discussion around internet addiction focuses on whether "overuse" or "misuse" of the internet constitutes a disorder—as opposed to an obsession or compulsion" (82 Boyd).

Decenteralized network

Decentralized networks contain several main nerve centers. not one central

Do you think the digital divide is a pressing social problem? Why

It is a pressing social problem because there are a lot of people in the US and other countries that do not have access to the internet or don't even know what the internet is.

Based on the evidence presented here about link between social media participation and narcissism, how strong do you think the correlation is ? Which direction correlation do you think that direction goes? Are people more narcissistic because of social media or do narcissistic people just self -promote on social media more?

Social Media doesn't cause narcissism but narcissists go to social media to promote themselves

What's social about the social media examples outlined in the chapter?

Social media allows for users to talk to friends online, have one-to-many communication, have personal musings, and contribute information.

in what ways do people self promote online? what are the positives and negatives of this self promotion?

Some use their social media accounts as platforms for self-promotion - places to seek attention and admiration. to look important, look special and to gain attention and status and self-esteem -: - more narcissistic individuals were more self-promoting on Facebook and had more "friends". - narcissistic individuals do well in an environment where there are shallow relationships and opportunities to self-promote. +: - social media is a tool that can be used to form and maintain close relationships, learn new things, or just provide entertainment.

audiences vs. publics

audiences used to be consumers/passive receivers of information publics: critics, collaborators, producers, fandoms. line between producer and consumer mix

What, according to Turkle, are the downsides of "dividing our attention" between embodied interaction and mediated interaction?

embodied interaction: in person mediated interaction: via technology The downsides of "dividing our attention" are the lack of depth in conversations, empathy, lack of connection with one another, etc. But this way of dividing things up misses the essential connection between solitude and conversation. In solitude we learn to concentrate and imagine, to listen to ourselves. We need these skills to be fully present in conversation.

convergence

every word, picture, video is a series of 1's and 0's

What did gaming look like during the electronic era? what changed with the digitalization? what didn't

first seeds of media entertainment industry via a series of coin-operated games -birth of penny arcades -first video game in 1948 featured key component, cathode ray tube (CRT: provided images for analog tv and early computer displays) first public gaming console= Odyssey in the most basic form, digital games involve users in an interactive computerized environment where they strive to achieve a goal. digital games evolved from their simplest forms in the arcade into four major formats: television, hand held devices, computers, and finally the internet

What do the participants interviewed by boyd cite as evidence of addiction to social media?

most teens said that they would rather hang out with their friends in person rAther than text them but sometimes they are physically unable too. They also notice they that they have difficulty with social interactions outside of social media sites. They also lose sleep due to their addiction to social media, they are so focused on seeing what other people are doing/saying that they forget to sleep. They get on their phone and forget to look at the time before they realize it is late at night.

According to the authors, does it ethically matter whether you intend to harm others with your online content?

- Even when a person's motives are perfectly innocent, low-level behaviors can still be harmful. They can still flatten others into abstract avatars. - Ethics do not mean keeping your voice down. Ethics do not mean keeping feathers unruffled. Ethics mean taking full and unqualified responsibility for the things you choose to do and say. -Focusing on intentionality obscures the collective damage everyday people can do when they use social media in socially and technologically-prescribed ways. The affordances of digital media make this problem even worse by further cloaking the stakes of everyday communication.

What are the downsides to social media activism Ghobadi highlights?

- creating social stereotypes including those about feminists and environmentalists or getting social activists arrested as is the case in authoritarian countries.

Do you think media fandoms playing into the hands of producers and owners of mass media content? What do fan communities get out of their interaction?

- fandom = members consciously identify as part of a larger community to which members feel some degree of commitment and loyalty to- sharing and debate among family and friends - fan communities receive a shared sociality and shared identity - yes, a media text becomes material that drives active community discussion and debate - example: Robert Greenwall, asked fans not to simply show his films but also discuss them - linked multiple house parties together with live webcasts where the producer answered questions - fan communities seek to direct attention of the media industries and shape their decisions in the process - fan communities get conversations that might lead to community activism or social change

What historical concerns about technologies are mentioned? How do these concerns relate to the moral panics we have about technologies today?

- intense new flows of information directly alter the brain -addiction -There are two sorts of unintended consequences: those affecting the individual because he or she uses the devices and those affecting the individual because others use the devices. - "unmitigated domestic curse" description of a 1900s woman's addiction to the telephone - decline in memorization - we are affected by other's use of devices - moral panic - come about when people are only scared of how their device is impacting us negatively

Do lurkers count as social media participants to Jenkins, Ford, and Green? What about to you?

- lurker = provides value to people sharing commentary or producing multimedia content by expanding audience and motivating their work; observing and learning from skilled participants-Yes because they provide value to people sharing commentary or producing multimedia content by expanding the audience and potentially motivating their work.

How do avatars and immersion relate to each other, and to the question of sociality?

- players can interact in full video or avatar form with friends online -transport players from home (virtual reality) -use potential of immersion to attract different audiences seeking new experiences -virtual reality play park-can hear, see, feel, etc-games like 'pokemon go' make you go more into world

Do you agree we have a now have a more participatory culture? How does the digital divide factor into that question?

- users are recognizing their potential to contribute on a broader level and acting on it-The digital divide refers to the contrast between the "information haves" (those who can afford to pay for internet services) and the "information have-nots" (those who can't).

What, ultimately does Fischer say is social about technology? Do you agree with his argument?

- we are all compelled in the end not by the device, but by other's use of the device - social compulsions - consequences of using new technologies are better understood as "social arrangements" not as the impacts of the devices themselves

What lamentations about civility online do Phillips and Milner list? Why do they say there are bigger problems in online argument than incivility?

-A common lamentation online, one that spans the political divide and is forwarded by politicians and editorial boards alike, is that civility in American politics has died. It's such a pressing concern that 80 percent of respondents to a recent NPR survey fear that uncivil speech will lead to physical violence. -As idyllic as it might sound, however, the call to restore civility isn't as straightforward as it appears. Civility alone isn't enough to fix what's broken. It might actually make the underlying problems worse. We need, instead, to consider the full range of behaviors that facilitate harm online. Yes this includes extreme, explicitly damaging cases -When we use them to connect with others, build communities, and express support, they might seem downright civil. But the little things we do every day, even when we have no intention of causing harm, quickly accumulate. Not only do these everyday actions normalize an ever-present toxicity online, they pave the way for the worst kinds of abuses to flourish. -In short: you are being civil when you don't ruffle my feathers, which is to say, when I don't have to hear your grievance.

What steps do Phillips and Milner list to act more ethically online? How can you employ them inyour conversations

-Focusing on intentionality obscures the collective damage everyday people can do when they use social media in socially and technologically-prescribed ways. The affordances of digital media make this problem even worse by further cloaking the stakes of everyday communication .-We describe these affordances in our book The Ambivalent Internet. They include modularity, the ability to manipulate, rearrange, and/or substitute digitized parts of a larger whole without disrupting or destroying that whole; modifiability, the ability to repurpose and reappropriate aspects of an existing project toward some new end; archivability, the ability to replicate and store existing data; and accessibility, the ability to categorize and search for tagged content.

What is the biomass model of online ethics and what does it argue about the nature of aggression and antagonism online

-In biology, biomass pyramids chart the relative number or weight of one class of organism compared to another organism within the same ecosystem. For a habitat to support one lion, the biomass pyramid shows, it needs a whole lot of insects. When applied to questions of online toxicity, biomass pyramids speak to the fact that there are far more everyday, relatively low-level cases of harmful behavior than there are apex predator cases—the kinds of actions that are explicitly and wilfully harmful, from coordinated hate and harassment campaigns to media manipulation tactics designed to sow chaos and confusion. -When people talk about online toxicity, they tend to focus on these apex predator cases. With good reason: these attacks have profound personal and professional implications for those targeted .-But apex predators aren't the only creatures worth considering. The bottom strata is just as responsible for the rancor, negativity, and mis-, dis- and mal- information that clog online spaces, causing a great deal of cumulative harm.

What difference does Fischer posit between thinking in terms of 'what technology does to us' vs. thinking in terms of 'how we use technology'? Is Fischer's perspective constructionist or determinist?

-In terms of 'what technology does to us' is supported by a claim "technology doesn't just do things for us. It does things to us, changing not just what we do, but who we are." In addition the claim is supported by a scholar who studies technology and media and warns that the internet is psychologically overloading us.-Constructionist

does turkle think we are as good at multitasking as we think we are?

-No, by multi-tasking we still lose out on connections

What is social media activism according to Ghobadi, and what social causes does she list as being supported by social media activism?

-Social activism refers to a broad range of activities which are beneficial to society or particular interest groups. Social activists operate in groups to voice, educate and agitate for change, targeting global crises. -From #Metoo, #TimesUp and #WeStrike to #NeverAgain and #BlackLivesMatter, social activists wield the power of the internet to pressure powerful organizations

How do Phillips and Milner contrast ethics to civility online?

-The Civility Trap *emphasizes tone over content *often a bad faith critique*means to silence those who speak -Ethical Online Participation *Considering all forms of expression (jokes, amplifications) *Expresses empathy for others (resists fetishization) *Be mindful of context *Reflects before posting [On potential for accidental harm]

what does tiidenburg call common critiques of selfies "moral panic"? what social purposes and benefits does she say selfies have?

-allow visual processing -reaffirm everyone's right to be seen -are a tool for social expression

Are the solutions Turkle offers to diminished conversation technological, social, or a mix of both?

A mix of both such as the 7 minute rule, waiting 7 minutes into a conversation to check your phone even when it becomes boring and silent at times. It is a way to engage and be present without the side distraction of your phone - To reclaim conversation for yourself, your friendships and society, push back against viewing the world as one giant app. It works the other way, too: Conversation is the antidote to the algorithmic way of looking at life because it teaches you about fluidity, contingency and personality.

distributed network

A network that can be used by persons located (distributed) around the country or the globe to share computer files. resembles a net, there are no main nerve centers; if any connections are severed, the information can be rerouted and delivered to its destination.

How does the idea of "real" interaction relate to teen social media use? Does Boyd count social media interaction as "real"? Do you?

An interaction online is still as "real" as a face-to-face conversation. Teens that are limited by parents, time restrictions, or busy schedules take to social media to stay connected with their friends. . Boyd argues that teenager's social engagement online can actually give them a deeper understanding of networking and better sense of connection to the world. "Teenagers may not yet be experts on navigating a world drowning in information and flush with opportunities for social interaction, but there is no reason to believe that they won't develop those skills as they continue to engage with social media. There's also no reason to think that digital celibacy will help them be healthier, happier, and more capable adults" (93 Boyd).

how does the limited freedom of contemporary teens correlate to their extensive social media use? What social restrictions do adults put in their way? How do teens work within this limited freedom to reclaim sociality?

Limited freedom is the lack of freedom this generation receives due to the amount of worried parents who believe their kids will be abducted. Due to moral panics of social media, Boyd argues that teenagers are restricted now more than ever. This idea correlates to the theory that modern life constantly triggers unnecessary fear. Excessive social media use can be expected from teenagers who are restricted by parents in order to stay social

teen addiction to social media according to Boyd

Teen "addiction" to social media is a new extension of typical human engagement" (80 Boyd). "Although teens often use the word addiction in passing reference to their online activities, media coverage of teens' use of social media amplifies the notion that the current generation of youth is uncontrollably hooked on these new technologies and unable to control their lives"

How does the social narrative of addiction compare to the reality of medically-diagnosed addictions?

The narrative of social media addiction in the media depicts a false sense of reality. "This media-driven image of social media addiction looks nothing like the dynamic that Andrew was describing when he used the same term" (78 Boyd). American media illustrates social media addiction as teens in dark rooms sitting on their technologies for countless hours, "implying that there's a generation of zombified social media addicts who are unable to tear themselves away from the streams of content from Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram" (78 Boyd). This imagery leads to the false perception that engaging in social media leads to obsession of social media.

How did the world wide web change how we access the internet?

The world wide web enabled users to access texts through clickable links rather than through difficult computer code (aka hypertext).

is electronic gaming primarily an isolated practice or a social one

With developments in the digitization it becomes a social practice. You are able to play with/against people either physically or via gaming consoles.

collective intelligence

collective intelligence in video games: tips, chats, etc shared by players usually online

what is digitalization and how might digitalizing info facilitate the convergence that characterizes digital media

information in analog form (such as text or pictures) is translated into binary code -- series of ones and zeros encoded in software and transmitted in computers. --- -- Digitizing information facilitated convergence because now 1 device can do the same as 5 different devices. They become universal because they can read the digital code.

what's was the strategic benefit of ARPANET

it was the original internet that allowed military and academic researchers to communicate on a distributed network

What's produsage and how does this co -creation complicate the producer/consumer divide?

produsage = combining "producer" with "user" ... idea that user is making the site run example: Wikipedia, YouTube, Humans of New York blog site - working together to achieve something that participants could not achieve on their own - various participants form a value network; their activities are mutually sustaining, each contributing to the value of the overall experience - audiences are valued not only as customers but also as active community members

digital divide

the contrast between the "information haves" : those who can afford to pay for internet services and the "information have-nots" : those who can't.