Comm and Tech final Exam

[eople are bad at multitasking (yes, even young people) -what is multitaskin -reaction time -example -in retrospect to when approprite/not

- multitasks: short attention span, slower, more error-prone -reaction time drops: texting 35%> cannabis 21%> alcohol 12%; -switching and simultaneous work humans are less efficient (phone open or browser open when trying to do something and become confident that we can multitask and says that young people can do this the best) -but we are actually not great at that stuff: -shorter attention span, slower, more error prone if we do multiple things at once but if you are doing not the most important thing in your life its okay but in some context its becoming dangerous (ie texting and driving because ultimately we aren't good at multitasking)- makes final product worse (in certain scenarios worse- texting mom and watching tv wont be bad if have a typo but if doing a report or something important and watching tv have more errors which is a problem)

why are we attached to our phones

- we expect exciting news any second nd daily logistics with people (brings you the new cool info- something good/exciting happens we get t learn about something that makes us happy so people look at it in hopes that we get the jobs or something positive and daily logistics such as talking to others, saying we can be there_ -we need it to organize daily life-uber, gets us together -sense of connectedness vs loneliness - can connect to others - you can reach everyone if you needed to whereas in good old days you had no device and no once could find you or know where you were -sense of control vs anxiety-- people feel anxious if they leave the house and don't have it- you have a sense of control over your life, do stuff, if anything comes up easier to deal with it because connect to others, respond to whats happening- if have phone in your hand -being able to react and be control- if you bump into something unexpected you can deal with it

the risk of social isolation (4)

- loneliness: experiencing a discrepancy between desired and actual interpersonal relationships-not having social support or connections has poor outcomes- high blood pressure or stress, die more faster- social isolation effects us negatively- hopes in early days of internet thought it would change that- be more social, find someone to talk to but in the long run for the average person (way you behave online is how you behave offline) i.e social awkward, don't disclose much is that same you'll behave on Facebook - issues replicated offline as online - physical and mental health: depression, substance abuse, cardiovascular disease, mortality lonely people on Facebook: have fewer friends, communicate less, engage in less positive self-disclosure, engage in more negative self- discourse, are not more or less common than others

wiki: a collective intelligence platform -quote -how many english languages does it have and how many total articles

"Imagine a world in which every single human being freely share in the um of all knowledge" -over 5.5 million English langues in 2018 -over 40 million total articles in 293 languages Wikipedia (a collective intelligence platforms) - top 5 websites on web- people contribute time and effort- largest collective projects known to men- easy from anyone from anywhere to contribute knowledge to platform - motored by wiki community based on who is interested in what and those people watch the pages interested to make sure nothing gets in that wrong - Higher level editors to lock pages so that people couldn't edit it i.e during election locked Hilary, trump pages because would get vandalized all of the time- contribute so much to wiki that we appoint you to additional stuff that the average person cant do, people contribute to niche projects that contribute one or two things i.e fix typo (fast majority people are the people interested in the niche) - bottom pf pyramid are people that don't contribute but read it, then move up to people that contribute here and there, smaller group of people that do heavy lifting such as writing, editing a lot (just read this part, dont study it)

political efficacy- -what does it mean -def -internal efficacy -external

(Whether you think you can do something or not i.e if I vote, protest would it even matter)- extent to which you believe what you do will matter influence if you do it or not - stuff you do matters - def: the feeling that individuals political action does have, or can have, an impact upon the political process, that is, that it is worthwhile to perform ones civic duties (Campbell, grin, and miller- (if I do something that contributes to politics, will it have an effect or be responded to) ) - internal efficacy: feeling of personal competence to understand and to participate effectively in politics ; If your on top of news its increasing this efficacy, know whats going on, know enough, not confused, know what I should be doing (confident that I can do something because I know much about it, can influence it)- -external efficacy: the perceptions of the responsiveness of political bodies and actors to citizens demands-But if news is bad it will negatively influence this, About political actors, they are going to be responsive to me, people in Washington will respond to me, wont ignore me and go on with their day (i believe that people will pay attention to me, people in politics will be responsive to what I do) -- political actors will listen to me and will have an impact if I protests

Digital News Media: mass communication Propaganda studies -what were the thoughts in the early days -what are propoganda studies -does the news change public opinion -what is an MIP

(broadcast media in early days people were concerned about it and thought it would allow propaganda to enter homes and brains for brainwashing, after seeing hitler use radio to broadcast ideas in germany- found out this wasn't happening (not easy to change people mind if not having views they believe in) propaganda studies: concerns that media have powerful, direct and immediate effects on their vulnerable and passive audiences;people started worrying how much influence the media would have; thought it would brainwash you because TV was in your home and hearing stuff, it was scary. Nazi Germany( people used broadcast to make his point through propaganda)- people were concerned that public opinion could change because brainwash Does news change public opinion: people don't change their opinions that much, esp for things that they really believe- difficult to shape things that we strongly believe through news MIP questions (what is the most important issues facing today)

fair use (except to copyright is determined by)-balancing text -who decides this -purpose and character of the use (2) -nature of work(2) -the amount/portion used(2) -effects of the use on the values of the work(2)

(courts decide if content follows these rules and balances it)- exclusion from copyrights - use others content under circumstances without asking or being sued purpose and character of the use: education, news, criticizing/comment (small bits of something to comment or critique it), and parody are usually ok -transformative vs derivative; commercial vs non-commericail ; did you make it your own or leave it as it was almost originally way- if you change it a lot that makes it your own (transformative) is okay; commercial vs non-commercial nature of the work: -fictional vs non-fictional (non-fiction more likely to be fair use)-can copyright how you describe gravity in textbook but not over facts -published (meant for publication) more likely to be fair use ;or not i.e steal diary and do something fair with it, not fair use because wasn't meant to be published (goes against copyright) the amount/proporation use - smaller amount/proportion is more likely to be considered fair use- use a small clip from a movie rather than the whole movie will be more acceptable -substantially; small chunk may still be a problem if tis key to the work effects of the use on the values of the work -are people going to use the new work as a replacement, where they might have purchased the original work otherwise--if you are harming authorwhich will effect the authors incentive

news and social ties -internet blurs boundaries between -inadvertent exposure -content unbundling

- Internet blurs and boundaries between interpersonal and broadcast info (we use the same channels to get news and talk to friends)---- your friend Joe posts something from a large media source, mix of the two interpersonal -creditibility-we think of the source that produced the article with the person that has posted it (friend joe) and think of how credible they are, how they think, how likely they are to post stuff that you agree/disagree things- getting news through friends on social media not just getting article on newspaper, its your friend Joe who shared it- now thinking about article and Joe to how I look at the article .you get news from mass media through your friends. Meaning when you see something on Facebook, it may come both from CNN (who created it) and your friend (who shared it). Inadvertent exposure: back in the day it was because of bundled media content; today it is because we get content from social ties-- Through social ties you get exposure to things that you didn't think about by looking o​n social media and seeing what people have posted. used to get all news in package but today only need to read sports but still exposed because friends post political stuff on facebook- ways in which we get news and media content without looking for it ; - idea of bumping into news by accident rather than by deliberately seeking it out. content unbundling: back in the day when people were getting news it was through neat package of things (newspaper with sport news, celebrities, and stuff all on the same space- if you wanted to reach sports news get the whole newspaper and go to the news section) but today it isn't bundled - back in the day we could buy a newspaper and has politics and sports in one place, not easy to get just sports. like 3 tv channels back then that would show news and sports in one place

characteristics of viral content (3)

- conversion of ideas such as virus or diseases spread, things contagious that spreads from person to person and reaches a lot of people, get it and spread it along person to person diffusion (and not mass media diffusion)-has to be something that we are so into that we pass it along but not like watching something that we see on TV (doesnt count) high speed ( enhanced by social media) broad reach (riding multiple networks)

authoritiarian government restricting freedom of speech -filter content the gov objects based on.. -blocking entire applications or websites -shutting down/degrading services -content manipulation, spreading misinformation -intimidate and harrassment -pro-gov .... -selective law application to silence dissent -tech attack

- filtering content the gov objects based on key words i.e in china if have words on page it wont load in that country - such as democracy, human rights -blocking entire applications or website- wiki was blocked in Russia because talked about weed and youtube because didn't like video- shut down entire things not just because of content -shutting down/degrading services (i.e Internet)- happens when riots and things going on- not just filtering, shut down entire websites for the whole country to have comm -content manipulation, spreading misinfromation- propaganda, misinformation- china and Russia have armies of people that are known to go out to spread pro gov info- people coming from Russian gov that make sure good things posted on gov about pro Russia and candidates Intimidate and harassment- identity protestors/regimes and harass them - i.e find people organizing protests and arrest them for saying bad things on gov about russia and candidates or president -pro-governemnt propaganda (often fake sources) -selective law application to silence dissent - make offensive and arrest them- when companies spread info that gov doesn't like they can arrest them for taxes, got shut down because didn't give employees 15 minute breaks for looking at computer (only company in the whole country that was shut down for this violation) -technical attacks (denial or service)- shut down website that says something you don't like, gets shut down from huge traffic

health interventions and social ties: homophily and health behavior -health behaviors -example

- health behaviors more likely to be adopted when 1) social ties are adopting, and 2) those social ties are similar to us. Digital health services can highlight or artificially create those homophiles ties i.e if I wanted to get in shape who would I connect with in online spaces-when we look at people that look perfect and can do it all, we cant image in that role so whats helpful is connecting to someone that like you (going though the same stuff) much more motivating than comparing yourself to people that are way ahead of you- compare notes with them and be motivated- i.e before and after pictures -triying to lose weight- social media channel like me (out of shape, need to exercise more to provide support group similar problems to me not athletes)- try to create social groups offline- not friends but a system is determing they are like me and connecting them to me to provide support

evaluating health info -heurisistic strategy -systematics strategy

- heuristic strategy: making you mind up quickly based on a few easy rules and info points; people usually don't evaluate very carefully, they decide based on quality shortcuts (well designed website looks more credible)- - look for cues to tell if its credible or not by observing it carefully- think about it, do the research, go through the things (dont usually do it because too long)- if its important do this - systematics strategy: thorough evaluation, detailed in-depth anaylytic info processes sing-think about it seriously and judge how credible it sounds and evaluate all facts carefully and come to a conclusion- (doesn't happen often) thing evaluating is not all that important

link formation indigital world: homophily & political polarization

- homophily: tie formation based on certain similarities between people- birds of a feather thing, when we think of how people connect to eachother or who are friends are we tend to connect to people like us such as our age, race, ethnicity and then in the context of politics its easy to go online and find people that are like us in terms of politics. Can connect to people who agree with us on our political views -political polarization: views get more extreme, social media helps- the more time you spend wit just people that agree with you the more extreme your views become because no one is there to challenge you i.e no one is telling you to think twice and people move away from simplict positions to more extreme ones

Internet and well being: Digital media: potential effects on well-being - need to belong -relationship maintenance -relationship investment -social support negativ sides -social compairson -actively displacement

- need to belong : need to be apart of a group, forming close ties people that are there for us- can be beneficial for physical being also- being on social media can make us feel like we apart of a larger community- apart of a group feel better -relationship maintenance: help maintaining social ties, retaining ones friends - stay in touch with other, stay close to people that live far away, easy way to say Happy birthday, remind people that we are still friends- maintain relationship with friends and feel connected-ability to retain you social relationships (stay in touch with your friends, etc.). -relational investment: communication can signal that others value the relationship - when someone writes you a message or sends you a long email you think they care about you and shows you that they care because they took the time to do that- gives you a sign that they find the relationship valuable, like you matter to them- makes you feel better-i.e likes our pictures and said they really like it and feel good ; esp show us deep investment such as long message (thinking about you, saw this online and thought about you shows that they care) -social support: perceived social through minor everyday interactions - going online and having tiny interaction with people (like your stuff or post a comment), gives you a sense that others are there fore you and if you need support there is somewhere there to do so- says your around and paying attention to you; don't have to ask them for support, just knowing that they are there for reliance makes me feel ok even if don't need it at that moment)-your sense that someone will be there to help you if you need it (if you have a question, or need something, or run into problems, etc. Negative side: -social comparison: positivity bias: comparison with others can harm well-being -----(only post good stuff and not bas​ stuff- positive bias)- go on Facebook and see people doing wonderful things and if you are not doing well it makes you feel worse, bring you down-EVERYONES posting their best stuff and not of them not wearing makeup on internet, or hung over but everyone is posting them having fun or achievement - -activity displacement: online activities problematic if/ when offline life is displaces - using Digital technology to replace things that are helpful to your health (can replace social activities)- instead of doing stuff with people spend more time on tech- most people doesn't happen, its a compliment for some but for some it might replace our social activity

what do people mean by fake news (6 positive) and (2) errors

- parody & satire -hoaxes -Impostors -for-profit -consipiracy theory -propaganda Negatives : -errors -mainstream

changes in public consensus -what thought about the internet -study -top 25 online news sources -small percent

- people thought the internet would affect public consensus because they thought people would be using a variety of sources instead of the main sources but people still go to them a study looking 4600 news websites: top 7% of the sites get 80% of the traffic The top 25 online news sources: include 18 mainstream, 5 aggregators ( show you news from all sources are aggregate news) Only a small percent of small news sources are getting little traffic, when people read news they are still going to the main news networks

the quantified self: using tech to track personal info phsyical activity (5) -diet (9) -psycholigical states and traits (8) -mental and cognitive stas and traits (10) -environmental variables (7) -situational variables (4) -what are people trying to understand

- physical activities: miles, steps, calories, repetition, sets, etc diet: calories consumed, carbs, fats, protein, specific ingredients, glycemic index, satiety, portions, cost, locations, etc psychological states and traits: mood, happiness, irritation, emotions, anxiety, self-esteem, depression, confidence;- mental and cognitive stats and traits: IQ, alertness, focus, elective/sustained/divided attention, reaction, memory, verbal fluency, patience, creativity, reasoning, environmental variables: location, waeathe​r, noise, pollution, clutter, light, season situational variables: context, situation, time of the day, day of the week People are trying to understand how we functions and effects of what we do i.e how much am I sleeping and how is it effecting how I feel, am I more grumpy when I'm hear- causing privacy concerns also for people that are looking at the data They all lead to information: gain insights, understanding yourself and action (use to facilitate changes in behavior)

social norms around mobile phone use: attribution error -take it diff when we do it compared to other -what is social attribution -self serving bias integration &negotiations -guessing the motivations of others

- take it diff when we do it compared to other ( cell phones so important have a set of rules around them) - we all have them and break them; breaking them is an attribution error (did you do because of who you are or situation)- if its something bad its because of situation but if do something good its because I'm a good person- if I'm texting and speaking to you because I have something important to text but if its vise versus its because you are a jerk-when you do it its because its important stuff but when others do it its because they are bad people -social attribution: internal (character) vs external (character)- people behave and why they do what they do - internal (person doing it because of who they are- i.e they are evil, mean, a jerk), external(doing it because of the situation in- i.e way in a hurry, its important)- i.e driving down the highway and they cut you off they are a jerk but if you do it you didn't mean it and was in a hurry and real good reason- when another person doing it they are a bad person and when its us we go with external attribution (for good reason)- -self-serving bias: positive vs negative; self vs others - we have positive attributes when its us but call people negative names when its other - so the notion of self vs others i.e if I get promoted its because I'm awesome but if I get fired my boss was a jerk and situation didn't allow me to do what I had to do -way we negotiate how we integrate this into our lives in the same way- ie we demand that others pay attention to us (internal) but we don't then give it to others (external) guessing the motivation of others: internal (their character) vs external (their situation).. we tend to attribute our successes to character and our failures to the situation. we violate social norms about cellphones use (using it at inappropriate times or places), but we tend to always attribute that to the situation

filter bubble -what is it -conformation bias -selevtive ignorance -fragmentation vs consensus -but- filters are necessary -diverse onine networks -serendipity as a feature

- things that people are scared about it - as things get more personalized and tailor to us we get locked into bubble that we like and agree with, idea that we stop encountering difference, things we disagree with and additionally compounded and worse because of conformation bias conformation bias: we prefer info we agree with ; find a way to search for things and come up with things that confirm our ideas- if you think climate change isn't real you search that and get results you expect to find that conform our idea, things that we selectively see things( video of women celebrating birthday and some tough waitress and others though nurse- those though she was a waitress thought she was a wearing a Tank top and drinking bear while others thought she was listening to classical music- thought true but picked side of picture that confirmed with their idea)- google makes it more easy to see what we are thinking than those that disagree which leads to fragmented and less consensus ideas -selective ignorance: ignoring facts/opinion we dislike ;- ignore to stuff that wedon't want to know about because we don't like it fragmentation vs consensus: personalization: no common ground;- people can't come to agree on stuff, not even facts that we see But: Filters are necessary: no easy way to process all the info; need filters to decipher a sea of info- someone will select what you see because too much info to look at all of it - i go to google and put in search term and take all info in the world that they have access to and they narrow it down to a few things that they will show me as a result; may be a problem if they arent making the best choices or prob with how they do this but we cant look at everything in the world diverse online networks: diversity depends on social ties;- main source of info we agree with are friends, family, people around us because they are similar to us - rare for people to live with us that we disagree with but more relaxed online (bump into people disagree with online)- iversity so get friends that don't agree with you serendipity as a feature: some services aim for diversity;finding stuff don't already like or know already- more in movies, music, Netflix, pandora show stuff that is similar to what people already like but also show people stuff that they haven't listened to already before or friends said that they like it may be good as well- showing you stuff that maybe that you didn't say you like explicit but they think maybe you will i.e pandora- didn't say you like it but they think you'll like it to broaden what you see

why do we share (memes and viral content ) -individual value and perceived social value -self presentation and identity management -spread information, opinion commentray​​ -community building, mobilzing​ ​others -build and maintain social relationship

-Individual value and perceived social value - do I really like this thing (how important is it to me) and how important will it be for other i.e saying wow this is super interesting maybe I should share this and then I think maybe no one will care and its only interesting it to me so I don't share it -self-presentation and identity management - sharing stuff that makes me look good, iM THE person thats socially conscious about helping environment/being a better human,- not sharing because I want everyone to listen to the same stuff but more showing who I am -spread information, opinion, commentary - spreading because we want people to see it and spread it - want it to spread and everyone to see it whether its opinion or commentary -community building, mobilizing others - sharing this for people who are like me to come together i.e here is a group really interested in science fiction and we will discuss it and do something about it -build and maintain social relaitonship-​ sharing something with you and others to let you know that I'm thinking about you, care about you, haven't forgotten what you are interested i.e classmate that I haven't talked to in years and I know you like music so this is an article that I share to y​ou- even if the content isn't important ​,

name the 5 reasons that we share information

-individual value and perceived social value -self presentation and identity management -spread information, opinion commentray​​ -community building, mobilzing​ ​others -build and maintain social relationship

name the 2 things about content control

-mass culture (distrubuted) vs popular culture (interpreted) -control brand meaning vs oppenness to interpretation

narrowing education and financial gaps -what demographic grow is it lower for/prominence -who does offline engagement

-offline civic engagement is typically lower for people with lower income and education. This gap is less prominent in online forms of civic engagemen than offline approach Offline is done by people that have time, resources, take off from work to engage- people affluent that have kids, works, gap between those of more social economic status and less social economic status exists online but smaller

hate speech france -what does it prohibit -germany

-prohibits hate speech, offline and online. Prohibits denying or expressing approval for criminal against humanity such as holocaust -Germany can fine people if they do hate speech on websites or if it being posted or them being notified- companies have to thread carefully

credibility heuristic (shortcuts) for online health info- cognitive shortcuts for assessing credibility -reputaion -edorsement -self-confirmation -consistency -expectancy violations -persuasive intent

-reputation : sources we recognize, know about from before ;​has experts that I've heard of or on a site that I usually visit- do you know some things about it - endorsement: sources endorsed by others, esp, close ties ;we trust stuff if other people we know trust it as well i.e my mom says I always use this site and it tells me whats wrong with it so you should use it- the closer the person the more strongly I will believe that the content is credible -self confirmation: info that confirms preexisting beliefs ;we think that we are always right, we have bias that what we think is likely true, don't like to admit that we are wrong so if we find info that states what we believe to be true we believe the site is more credible but if it foes against our beliefs we think its less credible - we search for things in biased ways i.e google cough nemonia if we think cough it related to nemonic, biased in how we remember information- confirms what I already know to make out beliefs stable so we like things that have the same view -consistency: info consistent with other sources hen people Will except it - consisted with other sources or saying something different from everyone else on the internet -expectancy violation: meeting expectations, no errors/ problems;is there anything about this site/ information/source that is weird or unexpected, if so I shouldn't believe it i.e site for medical with unicorns everywhere then its weird and I wont believe it or site asking for social security number which isn't what I TYPICALLY see on WebMd then I don't trust it - behaving how it should be behaving or not- asking for credible, or with unicorns, violate expectations that look suspicious - persuasive intent: unbiased, not trying to manipulate, advertise;if I know someone is trying to convince/sell/ secret agenda me of something i.e goes to site and says oh you have a cough so you seem to have this condition so buy our products to prevent it - believe things when don't feel like someone is truing to sell us something- people push back if feeling like trying see political ideas or pharamaceutical selling drugs than genuinely helping us

mobile privacy -how are people tracked -where is it embedded -how can you be identified -how do people learn alot about you -deanonymizing by location -mobile numbers -financial control -what can traces tell hackers and big institutions

-tracked by cell phone towers even when your GPS is off- cell towers can track where you are, leaves a trace, and info that your cell gives off from you -Embedded in photos and social media posts -apps we use have location data information, images that say where you were when you took them, -you can be identified in anonymous data by your timestamped location Can learn a lot about you from your phone and phone records everywhere you are all the time- Deanonymizing by location- consequences to that- location is that type of info that if you learn about someone you can learn a lot about them i.e people are predictable in where they go and go to the same places all of the time - if I find a few pics of where your location was tagged and can I look through mass data (cell phone records, bank ) can I find out who you are- such as when you are buying stuff, banking, cell phone data I can find out who you are- alot of times when companies exhange info or even whne researchers get info inorder to protect your privacy we exchange it whenever possible without your identifying info or without knowing who you are -mobile number- phone number is as identifiable as SSN- IF I KNOW your cell phone number its something you've been using for a while- number able to connect you across social spaces ; easier to find, people don't mind sharing them- -financial control- cell phone company records are used before financial decisions made for someone- i.e. deciding when to give you a loan and check cell phone record (i.e do you talk to people criminal records, people you talk to unreliable don't pay bills) which will tell them how reliable you will be in paying phone bill -traces can tell hackers and big institutions that have access to them a lot about who you are and how you behave

classic civic engagement (7) kinds -what kind of form are they

-volunteer or donate for a cause -civic group member or attend meeting -vote in local and national elections -volunteer for or donate to a campaign -participate in political rally or a protest -contact elected official or sign petition -follow news on political and current affairs if you take a prescriptive approach to engagement is what it looks like is what it should always look like (i.e voting, sending stuff to editor- think can actually influence systems but then you close other systems and think this generation is disengaged but if you look to more fluid types you see people as more engaged than they used to be before in new ways)

citizen science (3) -example

-volunteer participation of non-specialists in scientific projects -major task cateogories: data collection, process, analysis -digitial tools provided a way to learn about and join the projects ultimately using tech to do scinece that is fun & interesting

online health communities help members (5) -how can this help their communities

1. get health information 2.get emotional support-saying hang in there it gets better, you'll make it, say nice things to make you feel better if having a rough day- random people and those that have the same experience if I said I'm going through chemo today 3. engage in self-disclosure (can be therapeutic)- only someone that has this condition will care about whereas our friends wouldn't care or we are embarrassed ; talking about yourself and your issues in online health forums (make people feel less depressed) 4. engage in assisting others (can be therapeutic) - being able to help newer people that need advice - answering their questions or providing emotional support. (make people feel less depressed) 5.find others who share similar health issues (potentially confirming personal experiences, feeling less alone and socially isolated)-if they are the same age as you and more- - online you can more easily find people to talk to who have the same problems, diseases, etc. that you have. It also turns out that people find it even more helpful when they can communicate with someone who has the same health issues but is also similar to them in other ways. For example, if I have a lung cancer I might want to chat with people who have the same condition. But it may be especially helpful if those people are also women my age rather than young boys or elderly men. --those communities can help their members: difficult to assess, process, if credible with health info but what people like to do is meet up with others and chat about information; chat with info that know what you are going through to give advice, seething

outcome of editorial filter -2 -changes after the internet -editors decisions -changes for peoples views

1.social significance - is this going to change society, is this important for everyone- if something is important to a lot of people, even if its not unusual but rather boring- if it effects a lot of people 2.deviance levels-things are weird, odd, unusual, that break social norms and violates expectations make it into the news- dogs bites news man story- people are hard wired to find threats, unusual so that they can protect their lives from danger therefore news environment looks for these things Changes after the internet: mass media partially retain both functions (consensus and filter) Editors select stories that are important (social significance) or unusual (deviance). A story about a tax law would be covered because it's important. A story about llamas escaping from a zoo may be covered because it's unusual, even though it does not affect people's life very much. As for changing people's views: we said people might not change their mind based on a news story (e.g. pro- or against a tax law) -- but seeing many stories in the news about something will make people it's a big deal (all the news is about taxes, so this new tax law must be important).

wiki contributors -how many staff -adminstrators ​ -users with edits contributors per month unique vistors ​per month pages views per month

300 staff members 1200 adminstaraion 40,000 uses with 500+ edits 140,000 contributors per month 500 million unique visitors per month 18 billion page views per month

how many freedoms are protected by the first amendment to the U.S constitution

5

editoria control changes -where does 80% of blog links go -who does the most popular social media account belong to -amplification of social sources -notable cases of-up-effects -what type of effect of comm -where do most stories that make it big come from -big news sources

80% of blogs links to news sources go to one of the 4 sites: BBC,CNN,NYT,WaPo the most populatsocial media accounts belong to celebrities and media outlets amplification of social sources -social media content reaching the masses because social media content gets amplified through the mass media-what often happens is that messages on social media do not reach people directly, but go through mainstream media first. That's the amplification we talked about. So if you, me, or Donald Trump post something on Twitter, not that many people will see it there (among other reasons because only 15% of us are on Twitter). But when Fox News or the New York Times pick it up and talk about it (amplify it), it might reach a wider audience. notable cases of-up effects (individual human being manages to spread a news to put stuff on public agenda - everyone sees it- but because its going through major news outlets) bottom up effects (stories that make it big come from traditional big news media sources most of the time) Big news sources retain some influence that tells us what to think about but weekend by others issues on the internet and other sources that weaken out public consensus of what we should talk about

4 things people look at when thinking of wisdom of the crowd: -4 things

online (i.e reviews, how many stars, asking people how good is this and aggregate it to see how good a restaurant or product is) Diverse- don't want them to think the same way because make the same errors, want them to make their own errors-- mathematical idea (if all of you are guessing something and no bias in guessing - some will be wrong (over estaminet) and wrong in (underestimate) on average be kind of right- if there is a bias that everyone is guessing in the same direction than wont work- Independent- do nots want anyone looking at others answers-not looking at what neighbor is saying and using that to make guess because then it'll be bias - make your own guess Decentralized- don't want them commending, managing crowd telling people to want to do;don't have a boss directing your guess because one person may be wrong and we often are -task that can be summarized- question that can be asked in a way and take everyones answer collectively and aggregate- i.e hard depending on how many jelly beans in jar and try to use the same tools when ask what to do with economy-

avatars are us

online representation: text, image, 3D rendering, animated character comes from hendosim that god would take some shape (inhabit it) that looked like a human

video like call me batman are usually alright to post without the copyright holder for permission because they are

paradoxes of the original

richard Dawkins: selfish gene: viral content -according to him successful memes are -introducing memes (3) -successful memes (4) -selfish gene -tech input on this

According to Richard Dawkins, successful memes are ones that have - high fecundity introducing memes: -cultural units of transmission that spread via copying or imitation.- (stick around for a while')- begin as small pieces of culture that spread from person to person; -they compete for attention and those who have the best fit with the social and cultural environment win- we cant pay attention to them all, some will be successful and others wont; - reproducing and remixing- changing or remixing it- use slightly different words to describe it compared to how you heard about it, -successful memes: -longevity (around for a long time- have quality to persist not die away) -fecundity (reproduces quickly)-when memes move from person to person such as an idea, picture, it mostly stays the same because if it changes too much it is no longer the same memes -copy fidelity (reproduces accurately)-for memes to survive has to remain the same, has to be recognized for it to stay alive, -move around very fact - the selfish gene (thought of it as genes that we have that spread from person to person but we are hosts of memes as genes spread down) -tech made it easier, anything posted online stays there forever, even if not spreading very fast , can copy info without changing any part of it i.e tell a story to you that I've heard you can just copy and paste and tell it to you

civic engagement : two views of young peoples -what is the def of civic engagement -passive and disengaged -active and engaged =why do people do civic engagement now a days such as volunteering

Def: using your knowledge, skills,/time and resources to actively participate in your community; seeking to make a difference, to work with others and solve problems - (i.e political or local prob i.e trash on street lets pick it up passive and disengaged -- think that young people don't care not doing anything, Grumpy scholar think that young people dont do things that we used to like voting, participating in org, and therefore super disengaged : measure engaement diff, look at how young people vote is not as much older people but an active engagment approach would look at stuff like online enga -active and engaged- they care they are helping just in difference ways than before : other scholars think young people are doing alot oline such as signing online petition, org online. supoirting causing- way of doing it has changed and think they are disengaged because looking at old metrics of what you think is important engagement but if we look at digital metrics young people are still engaged and do alot People do volunteer work because looks good on applications, resume, applying to job

spreadable media -right place, right time -portable content format -reusable content format -relevant across groups more globally -steady stream of material

Jenkins, Ford, Green Right place, right time-- don want to give it to them too early or too late but rather when they need it I.e remind you to go out to vote, do it to your cell phone and right when its time to vote and send it via paper letter and send it 3 months before its the day to vote and hope it helps- can send it based on geography, time, or time that you read something or see something portable content format-- easier to move the stuff from one platform to another the more people will use, can hit a button and it'll go to Facebook, twitter but if I have to do something complicated to post it then I probably wont bother- tweets in TV, news article that are cited in all things but not because people use it so much but small text that is emendable to share them and move them around so you see a lot of them reusable content format-- people like content that they an edit, give them content not easy to modify it will not spread easily relevant across groups more globally- i.e share of people interested in tech, chest, book club but if make it specific to just one group it wont spread- make it relevant to wider fields, don't need to know much to understand, if you need very specific knowledge to understand it'll be harder to share steady stream of material- shortest way to make spreadable embedded in stream of content- produce a bunch of stuff and hoping something will hit, when you produce a steady stream of content people will know to come to you for content, even if its not the most popular thing on earth-

Which of the following is not a crucial factor determining whether we'll see the wisdom of the crowd in action?

The time it takes to complete the task

social media site is launching a get out to vote campaign. what should they show me in order to motivate me to vote

a list of my friends who already voted

virtual worlds: key characteristics -persistent online space -can be text or graphic based -allows multiple user interactions -employs a spatial metaphore -negotated by the creators and users -what are they typically based off of

a persistent online space-- always there; people have changed and people coming in even when you aren't there but playing shooting game the moment you turn game off everything stops but virtual game is always there and going on even when not there can be text or graphic based-sophisticated graphic environment, look at game, 3d space can move through, sophisticated place that looks like real world- tradition were no image at all just text and get things that say there are dragons around you, pretty setting infant of you and people would just type back- people were still pretty engaged allow multiple user interactions -multi-people living in it, not just me- for it to be visual world need multiple people to enter at the same time and interact with each other- not independently playing but interaction between users employs a spatial metaphors (maps, etc)-- layer out like world, map somewhere, can explore, space in which users would move before but now you can easily move avatar around world negotiated by the creators and users-- cocreated between people that develop them and inhabit them (living in them); about what software creators made and what users are doing (how they are behaving, doing, engaging with each other); norms and rules can come from users not people that make them Many are based on fantasy and popular culture stuff

social algorithms -what is the def of algorithms -expectations of algorithms vs the reality of it -design information/personalization -social results -transparency -Facebook algorithms

algorithm: a set of rules or steps we follow in order to accomplish something -anything that takes inputs (data that you have) and does something with it to produce output of some sort- i.e computer code that does things behind the scenes online, cell phones, computer programs , software, apps are algorithms tat you put in something and shows you something expectations: expected to be more objective, unbiased, neutral than humans-we think do things that are much less biased than humans but it depends on the input of the user, social construction of technology someone sits down to build it and whatever their thoughts, idea, biases are put into the software (algorithms) i.e if a person designs an algorithms think people with certain race, age, sexual orientation, weight are preferable to others , that will be reflected in the program reality: social, cultural, individual biases are reflected in algorithms- anything that human has as biases can makes it way to algorithms trough creators (intentionally or intentionally included in rules, learn from environment of how to do better and they might learn things that we don't want them to know when looking in environment) -design- affordances, constraints - codes that constraints what you do-Alternative for things that behave offline as architecture does is the design of things (code that designed behind online) -information/personalization- identity, location, history, device- things on web will be different depending on who you are, where you are, what device used (not the same site structure in Europe and U.S or on cell phone than computer) high level of personalization results from design for people decide what to show you that an individual user will see, how to filter info, arrange things for you, change info that an individual person will see -social results- -not personalized to just you but also depend on your friends, anyone that can get their hands on information about who you are connected to will try to use that to serve you content that is more appropriate- i.e go on search engine and google about pizza will get results for New Brunswick than Europe (personalization example) but also will get reviews from places that my friends have rated high on yelp (social results)- who my friends are and what they are doing starts featuring in very heavy in what see transparency- decision opaque to the user (not transparent to use)- don't have solid idea into what goes into what you are seeing, don't know how the company that is showing you a bunch of things serving you a toothbrush to buy and how they are selecting what they are showing you compared to others, don't know what google is doing to order the results that you get Facebook algorithms - 2/3 of people on FB aren't aware that don't see everything that people posted- filter posted and ordered in a way that Facebook decides to post- don't know the secret sauce but know what they have opted to share

mainstream

any source of negative coverage;- anything that I disagree with and now from both sides that I don't agree with I will call fake news even if its not but just because I don't agree with it

the quantified self: using tech to track personal info list (6)

phsyical activity -dait -psycholigical states and traits -mental and cognitive stas and traits -environmental variables -situational variable

protease effect: -what is it protease effect -virtual appearance and body language -avatar vs agent (non-player character)

avatar characteristics affect behavior virtual appearance and body language: facets like avatar attractiveness, height, anthropomorphism (humanlike-ness), etc affect how the user will behave : (virutal appearance such as looks like a monster, tall or short) body language is we transfer how we behave offline online such as how close you stand to someone vs how far back- i.e if avatar stands too close to others, they will pull back like they do in real world- will you behave different if its a pretty avatar than ugly place; - avatar are similarly mutable (can change them and users uncharge of what they look like)- behavior changes (not only associate with thing on screen) but act different depending on what it looks like-(attractiveness (outgoing- sharing more, flirter) but if it was assigned an ugly avatar then they weren't as friendly, height (assertive and argue more, defend positions) whereas assigned shorter avatar, anthropomorphism (how much it resembled a human, those more human were more attractive and credible) -avatar vs agent (non-player character): people behave differently towards actors perceived to be human avatars vs ones that are preprogrammed characters in the game-people cared when interacting with things in virtual world if they were human or not; avatar rep of human (human behind it) and non-player is thing in space that is just there not being moved by human; if told things that people were human be more excited and engaged rather than telling them that it was just part of the game; drove behavior if they were interacting with other human or bot part of game-how people interact whether if they perceive it as human or not

the idea of herding behavior refers to the tendency of people to

be influenced by others opinions people might be influenced by what others have said before them which will effect how they rate something- violated independent crowd where people make up there own mind because what people said before you is visible- i.e have a bad review but see that everyone says they are a good restaurant you'll think maybe I was too harsh on them and they were having a bad day

propaganda:

biased/false for political purposes-- biased to shape public opinion- anything designed to convince something about something, usually political reality

psychological factors

biases: preference for known, congruent sources, similarity increases credibility -belief echoes: even if misinformation is corrected, associated attitudes remain

tracking you across the web:what do companies use to track your website visit and online activities (ONLINE PRIVACY) -what do websites use to track you -explanation -negative side

browser cookies: small pieces of info companies can store on your machine when you load a website : useful for some things (i.e remembers who you were next time you show up), but often bad for user privacy Explanation: tracking you across the web- saves all of your searches, things you look up, things you type into the search engine- cookies: (tiny files that websites can leave on browser or system- leave file on machine that can take info that is useful stuff about current session- websites know your logged in i.e says welcome John instead of making you log in again, cookies keep what you have in shopping cart so that you don't have to do it again- be helpful to you when you come back- Negative side- tracks you because it stores info on machines and learn stuff about you- people other than the website your visiting can store stuff on machine i.e when visiting Amazon there are a bunch of things coming from other places (ads, Facebook buttons) and other companies that run those can leave stuff on system - i.e when have log in with Facebook button, Facebook can track your activity across the website, esp advertising companies that have ads across many website to find out what you buy, find, accomplish across the web- i.e looking at a pair of shoes there is an ad across multiple websites for things you have been looking at before- way to store information

how we use technology matters a lot

change in well-being after receiving comments from close friends have more satisfaction with life and positive moods due to the feeling of social support after 50 stories about acqueantinces you feel depression, stress, negative moods and lonliness

for-profit

click-bait generating ad revenue;(don't want to impose public opinion but want you to click on something, "you wont believe what happens next") making people click on things and reading random stuff for ad revenue- generate fake stories to make money

intelligence of wikipedia -what is it -how is it a twist to wisdom of the crowd

collective intelligence : mass collaboration, collective effort to solve a problem. Rather than averaging everyone opinion, we combine the separate pieces provided by every participant Twist to wisdom of crowd everyone knows a little of the answer but don't know the entire thing-combine knowledge of economy to come up with ideas of what to do to improve the economy next- reach consensus- i.e wIKIPEDIA- everyone contributes a little and amounts to a complete knowledge,

Reno vs American civil liberties union -cyber speech how does freedom of speech develop as tech comes in, is internet speech protected as others are Which of the following is NOT protected by the first amendment?

cyber speech: speech on the internet receives the same level of protection as speech through other more traditional media how does freedom of speech develop as tech comes in, is internet speech protected as others are and people were concerned about kids when they go online (may be inappropriate for them), made a space that banned inappropriate behavior for children under 18- hard to find out if truly 18 online- case when supreme court considered what would happen wth freedom of speech online (dont show offensive things to children) and overturned because said internet has same level of speech as the press where protection isn't promised Which of the following is NOT protected by the first amendment? Whistleblowers lead thousands of classified military documents and post them online

freedom of speech -what is it -gov interference

free speech: the first amendment to the US constitution prohibits congress and states from enacting laws that limit freedom of speech gov interference : free speech- the 1st amendment to the US constistiton prohibits congress and states from enacting law that limit freedom of speech but doesn't protect from being fired, people being protested against, others not listing to you, or getting kicked out of a house do to disagreeable of opinions : protects freedom of press, assembly, religion, speech, petition

hate speech -what is it -where is it protected -how does it split the world -2 functions of it -where is it prevelant -how do we deal with this

hate speech: threatens, offends, attacks people based on race, ethnicity, religion, gender, sexual orientation, country of origin - i.e this whole group of people is bad human being not just about one person (that harassment) in the USA, hate speech is protected by the first amendment-gov cant stop you from saying stuff like that - can get social sanctions but not be stopped by gov -prevalent on the internet hate speech splits the world into two clear parts "us" and "them" two functions: 1) demean the target groups-demean the team group that I don't like, reinforce like-minded support (rally other people that think like me, harmful by posting stuff like that I give others permission to do it as well, show them that they aren't alone, lets all come together and be mean to this group- problem but in U.S the gov is not stopping that, we are so strong in protecting freedom of speech regardless of how awful the speech is its protected) 2) reinforce like-minded support -how do we deal with this: gov cant stop people but any platform that wants to do this can make it their line of service that they don't allow this (Facebook, youtube) - hard to enforce that so they rely on users (role of companies to protect this in terms of service but asked of users to report any time they see this so company can act faster- challenge to identify what offensive and hate speech is a challenge)

the Facebook news feed- how decisions are made as to what to show people -what does creator stand for -post -type -recency

how decisions are made as to what to show people -creator- (interest of the user in the creator)engage with person, like them, slow down to read their post when looking on FB focuses on engagement that get tracked, move mouse without clicking shows engagement, people most interest will show up more in field -post- (this posts performance amongst other users) posts that people have liked alot, if people say wow this is fascinating , Facebook shows it to more people because of high engagement -type of post- (type of posts status, photo, link user preferences) types of posts you engagement with the most, if you like videos better than you'll see more of that -recency- how new is the post, only see old posts if its something that was big news and had a lot of. Engagements before

when we talk about viral content, we are usually interest in how it spreads. When we talk about memes, the focus is usually on

how it mutates

perceived credible of online information -what is this used for -4 characterisitics

how people evaluate information credibility (things less relevant to content of information) because get in trouble if believe incorrect stuff about heath (how they perceive credibility of information and classic ideas of how they access credibility similar to offline 1. source credibility : accuracy and comprehensiveness of info, expert source, professional web design, faster loading, no ads-are they good looking, similar to me , tend to think tall people are more credibility, pitch of their voice, - sites that look crappy are evaluated as less credible but if it looks professional we take it that its credible same way we look at people -media/channel credibility: perceived credibility is affected only by the info source, but also by the channel (i.e social media vs tv) -- even if the source and message identical the channel will predict credibility ie exact same title of NY times on twitter and print, we would come to the print one more seriously even though its the same title. Social media- say I'm looking at a notepad on NY times and I see it shared by a friend I'm evaluating the person that shared it (are they crazy, credible, decent human being-social tie), is the NY times a credible source of info or should I not believe them, author of info - are they trust worthy or is it someone that I shouldn't believe; (e.g. believe everything you see on TV, but not online). -message credibility: plausible and relevant message, current date (if it looks old it wont be credible to me), professional writing (grammar &spelling), citation/links credible sources, - what I'm saying does make sense- what are plausible seem relevant to answers we are looking for and how we evaluate when people speaking about you offline- - receiver characteristics : prior knowledge, past experiences with the source, motivation & goals, personality, age, sex, education-- who you are- depending on the type of person you are, how much experience you have with source of info, depending on your demographic will change how you evaluate info- i.e people with more experience with topic will be more carefully and evaluate the information-

typical features of popular memes (5)

humor, deliberate, or inadvertent -ordinary people, more than celebrities -simplicity: single idea, character, no editing g- not overly produced, screenshot from a movie -repetitiveness: show the idea over and over -with a slightly different message, or from a friend over and over is really funny -emotional response: positive, angry,

A social media site is launching a get out the vote campaign. What should they show me in order to motivate me to vote? A list of my friends who already voted-

i.e Facebook did this with voting wit no message, info message and social media message that did better

political misinformation

if you glance at it looks like real news but actually misinformation news coming from all sides, usually people think it comes from sites we disagree with but it actually comes from all sites

conspiracy theory

improbable, unfalsifiable;- coming up with stores that are unverifiable- i.e 911 didn't happen, lizard people:not built on fact but based on series of assumptions, person protecting theory is this shows how far gov conspiracy goes that they make us tell us that theories are false- whoever is behind it has modified public opinion and media is their response

Erros:

inaccurate reporting (inc corrected);(not really fake news)- news source might make mistake and correct it - honest mistakes i.e saying 5 people were shot but really 6 we got that wrong, fixing correction

self confirmation s(a factor that influences the perceived credibility of online health information) refers to

info that matches your beliefs

algorithms gone wrong: troubles with machine learning -what is the flip side of machines and learning -example -what may machine negativily​ enforce -ex​ampl​e dealing with women -what if I logged in from a rich neighborhood

machines quickly learn things that we'd like them not to know. the problem is not the machine, but with the world they learn from i.e Facebook looking at their environment and comments that others make; or thinking that women should have lower paying jobs may enforce inequalities in society, we use software that learns by looking how people react to things i.e Microsoft created bot called Tay which was a chat box that chatted with users and put it on twitter- learns how to speak and uses what it leaens to respond to people - learned to say offensive, sexist, racist things because of what trolls were feeding it and forced to be shut down - shows what happens when you let machines learn from people because human do things that we don't like all of the time, Women get lower pay job- if a machine (algorithms) when thinking what people to show who to show the higher way jobs and they looked at who is getting those higher payed jobs because getting more use of it- resulted in women showed less ads for higher paid jobs than men If logging in from rich neighborhood see things from financial brokers, lawyers and things whereas those logging in from low neighborhood see McDonalds and things But we want to fix those things not reinforce them

how journalists use social media information -user content -dissemination -evalutation -engagement -transparency

information: gathering breaking news and real time info (if something happens i.e earthquake or accident and can go on twitter and see what peple are saying right now ; dont have to wait for someone to pick it up, there will be people who are expperiencing terrorist attack or earthquakes and posting i right away) ;get info, monitor breaking news, most breaking news happens on social media (natural disaster, shooting, when plan landed on husdon) so they monitor it so that they are on top of it user content: using user posts, images, video in news;someone close, took a picture of it or made a comment of the things-donald trump tweets that they would include on tv such as the banner at the bottom of the news screen showing tweets from people so if something happening such as a shooting they show videos that people have posted on social media or pictures of people that were there basically use social media as a place to get content in the news Dissemination: spreading/promoting news stories online ;people use social media to spread content, make everyone aware of news that they just broke- post a video online after taking a photo or stuff Evalutation: online analytic show how stories are doing ;journalist, editors use social platforms to see how their posts are doing, how willing people are to distribute it, - other things are irrelevant such as how many newspapers brought- now social media is used to find out what things they write about are getting the most interest, shared- evaluating performance of journalist by traffic on sites and engagement on social media platforms - stories that get a lot of hits and shares are considered more successful that those that don't (way to measure success) Engagement: using social media to engage with audiences ;use social media to talk to audiences, engage with other people on platforms even celebrities or public figures that they cant interview or follow up with but that they can get a tweet or response from online Transparency: more open, transparent news-making process;people have stopped trusting institutions has fallen (editors, media, police) way they are trying to balance this is through transparency of how stories are presented- post things on social media that I'm working on as I work on them- what am I finding out, data that I'm using, what are people saying which creates more truest as you can see how journalists are doing their work- making journalism more transparent- giving people insight in how the news is made- i.e I'm interviewing this person or I'm here

search engine ranking : how does search result ranking work -what was it initially based on (what did they say should be taken into account now) -what did it count -what did it tansform into - would finish your sentences based off of -people gamed the system how/results -what would happen if i googled me being a student at rutgers

initially based on hyperlinks, now on a wide range of factors that also take into account user locations, device, previous searches, etc -count how many times that mention that thing and gives you page that mentions that thing alot before but was said as a crappy way to do this google then started using hyperlinks (pages that get more links to them are more important) worth sending people to Then they started looking at what the link was - i.e if searched for Rutgers they would show pages of Rutgers but then looked at what the link was under would finish your sentences based off of what others searched such as if you searched French military victories- it would come up saying did you mean French military defeat or pathelogical liar with hiliray wiki page People gamed system with links and google closed algorithms so that people couldn't game it and added things that were newer, more mobile websites, how often people click on stuff, where you are and what device you- search optimization that help people get websites come up higher in search results- incorporates a varieties of factors not just about website but also about who the user is doing the search I AM A STUDENT AT RUTGERS (STUDENT may be underlines) or rutgers/. If rutgers is underlined it will display a bunch of stories that have the word rutgers in it or goes back to rutgers pages

memes can be seen as agents of globalization

interdependence and integration between societies, cultural and world views (based on exchanges of products, ideas and people)- in previous decades cultures were isolated, memes are external influences because they spread so easily (spread to far away parts of world so we have same cultural ideas) but they are adaptable (places that are far far away they aren't brainwashed by our ideas but they can create something that fits their own context or fits their own culture)

Lessig: code is law -what is law -market -architecture -social norms -code in law

law- legal framework that says if you do something illegal you go to jail; (tell you what to do/not), i.e if you want someone not to steal your stuff you have legal constraints (laws that tells people not to steal), market, - how much does this cost, how much do i get paid which also limits what we do;(regulate if someones paying you to do something or more expensive to do something over something else that modifies your behavior); if jobs are so good you can get a lot of money instead of stealing, architecture - online design in software, things that limits what you physically do is how people physically design website i.e what buttons you can click on, what links are there, images - if you look at onlienw world, what limiting people is not so much legal work or illegal we dont think so much about that but more about what can be done with software in how someone programmed it in a particular way i.e privacy(people tracking you across the web with cookies, didn't do it before because it was illegal because it was legal but we have technology now that can track you all over, natural law), things like gravity, physical constants that prevent you from doing stuff,put buttons on it that limited what you can do- can click on this and move page up and down ;i.e build a wall around house to prevent people from stealing) social norms tell people its not a good idea to steal because frowned upon, (what is acceptable/not- may not be illegal but inappropriate tow here you live) code is law- lawyer that created credit commons that allows people to share creative products that they make with others without charging people to share, written things about intersection of law and regulations and technology(first people to think about this intersection)- started thinking of what we know about the internet- how people behave depends on

Creative Commons: -what is it -what is attribution -noncommercial -nonderivatives -share alike -facebooks terms of service -although they can se ​your content -how did this come about -how do you choose one of the things

license that extends copyright and lets you share -attribution (use it, but mention that I'm the author) -non-commerical (use it, but you can't make money from it) -nonderivatives (use it, but do not change it) -share alike (user it, but let other use what you make too) Facebook terms of service can use your content, can use it to show it to friends and use it to advertisement but tend to not do it so that others aren't upset -Facebook may include ability to use content, copyright belongs to you- no one can take it and use it without your permission -might want to share stuff with people so that others can use it (i.e song you made or picture) but cant because everything is copyrights so they came up with creative commons (gives people alternative ways describing their content and what people are allowed to do with it)- -only have to select one of the options

mapping principles

mapping principle: understanding how behavior in virtual worlds map onto corresponding offline behaviors -examples: look at virtual world economies and markets in order to understand offline economic principles -examples: looking at the spread of a curse in world of warcraft to understand epidemics in the offline world -examples: studying virtual criminal networks to understand offline ones (i.e important actors avoid central positions) - helpful because have a record of everything people do (cant do that offline) that you can explore it

content control -mass culture (distrubuted) vs popular culture (interpreted) -control brand meaning vs openness to interpretation -spreadable examples (9)

mass culture (distributed) vs popular culture (interpreted) - (distributed- mass produced content that we all see i.e fashion, music- anything available to huge group of people) vs popular culture (interpreted- subset of mass culture that we care about- people see it and it remains to them and they integrate it to their lives -i.e repeat it, talk about with other- not just something that mass and out there but something we care about and is relevant to our lives) control brand meaning vs openness to interpretation ; (don't want people to change it , want it to stay the same- what pr and marketing struggle with) vs openness to interpretation (sometimes its open to interpretation and can change a lot) -spreadable examples: fans works, nostalgia/memory, humor, parody, references, unfinished content, mystery, timly controversy, rumors;- take a shared experience and adapt to own interest i.e write fan stories about characters that spread in community- taking fav characters and do something I'm interest in, nostalgia/memory- cartoons we've watched as kids, based on shared experience (only understand if in generation i.e ow I remember watching ....) so I might share meme that uses that imagery, humor or parody (built on shared knowledge- says this is funny because we know originally and I'm reimagining it or we both get the joke to understand whats funny about it, unfinished content (open-ended content that spreads), mystery (jimmy Kimmel that looks like something is on fire but its really a stunt he did but this spreads because people try to figure out if its real or not) , rumors (taking them and adding own twist on them and sharing them)

Digital News Media: mass communication agenda setting theory -what is the affects of media -what cant media do -calling examples

media doesn't tell you what to think, but what to think about (whats important to discuss, picking some over other ideas- saying issue is important - not believe that gun control is needed but if constantly talking about we believe that guns does mean guns an issue that we should discuss) Media might not be able to change your mind if you hold a strong opinion but good at telling us what important stuff (i.e see things over and over on media you think its a big issue of today)- Guns are at the fore front of you mind, news wont change your mind about something but its shapes that its an important issue Calling undecided voters about what they think are important problems, found that what people were reported was what was on the news recently - wont change opinion, but voting about who has the best gun policies and best policies for economy you will be voting different people i.e constantly on the TV- guns are now in the news a lot regardless of our stance

online civic engagement (7)

member online groups with social cause -follow politicians or political org -encourage others to vote or take action -read or share online political news stories -comment on social and political issues, blow -contact or address elected officials online -sign petitions, organize protests and boycotts

memes in politics -memes as a form of persuasion or advocacy -memes as grassroot actions -memes as way of expression and public discussion -memes has moved beyond .....

memes as a form of persuasion or advocacy- (create meme and send it out to people to say person I support is the best or person I dislike is the worst- see memes of popular candidates that people use to express opinions )- benefit of expressing opinion in formal meme is that it spreads rather than writing a 10 page article will be hard to move it memes as grassroots action--way to active, mobilize people, have them do something i.e occupy movement (99% memes) memes around guns are to convince people to believe or do something (more powerful message to get them to do something rather than just be funny) memes as way of expression and public discussion-(way to discuss stuff- someone says something, someone responds and posts a meme in the middle of convo to say something that similar to discussion) ; mode of expression that allows us to say something in brief and entertaining way

impostors

mimicking legit news sources

wikipedia: core content policies (3)- -example

neutral point of view (NPOV): Policy aims to minimize bias (be objective) in articles, rep all views fairly- Verifiability (V): EVERYTHING has to be confirmed by a citation from an authoritative source;have to point place where you found info no original research (NOR)_: you cannot point to yourself as an authority, use independent info source; can't contribute to wiki based on whats in my head, need to point to sources such as journals or news articles Would have been an advantage to company/person so they would change pages for their company to be more favorable, rules are trying to prevent this

freedom of speech exceptions (9)

obscenity, child pornagrpahy, inciting imminent lawless action violaence (telling people to do things unlawful), true violence threats (actually credible threaten someone and will actually do it), fighting words, violating intellectual property rights copyright (cant still harry potter movies and sell them), libels/slander, giving away state secrets, causing panic

types of science projects (crowdsourcing and tech) -5

observing wildlife, air/water quality,, or weather patterns (i.e cornell bird project)- counting birds or bees used to understand vibration patterns and why losing bees -cateogrizing, describing, search in images, video or audio (i.e galaxy zoo, zoo inverse)- images of galaxies, jungle to find new planets, patters in animal movement, -advances data and analysis task- solving puzzles, playing games (i.e folds, eyewire, phylo)- look like games that people can play and results used to advance science - - donating personal data and participating in experiments (I,e projects implicit, mappiness) -going online and doing psychological experiments - people can play mini games that are scientific experiments where they are contributing to science by giving time to game -volunteer computing: donating computing power and storage (i.e SETI@Home)- because laptops when not using them are doing nothing interesting, install something that uses processors or machine to run through scientific tasks when not using it-

political efficacy and tradition + social media -political efficacy and mass media -news media stories -political efficacy and internet/social media -social media -info uses -pariticpatory uses

political efficacy and mass media: -news media use: information and credibility - more informed, feel like you know more and if news is bad feels more discouraged- if news is telling you stuff like that -news media stories: positive and negative stories - if coverage is bad (i.e gov is bad, gov is corrupt, don't listen to us) sense of external efficacy will be lowered (your sense that you will change something or will respond to you because you don't think they aren't great and not responsive but if its positive it will have counter effects of getting it done)-measures not just that you are informed but it can change how empowered you feel to change politics Polticial efficacy and internet/social media: -Information uses: + internal;/-external efficacy -participatory uses: + external efficacy Social media (can actually reach out to those people which you cant do on mass media- i.e can tweet at Donald Trump, get in touch with representative, engage directly with people rep you, get better sense that you can influence political actions - participatory engagement

worse is better

principle coming from software engineering. suggests that the way to go is to start a simple (though potentially inadequate or awkward ) first draft. The idea is that improving a bad draft over time works better than waiting to produce a neary ​perfect complex solution -when people see that a page is short or missing people start contributing little by little- point is start off with something bad that may not be elaborate or sophisticated, post it and it will grow as people contribute to it- people get invested in it rather that posting something finished, precise and detailed

outcome of agenda setting theory: public consensus and editorial control

public consensus: shared understanding of key facts (shared public and political priorities) ;as a society people had similar ideas of what was important, in order to deal with issues we have to all agree on what the issues are. If people think different issues are important its problematic- important outcome of media, 3 big news stations and told people what to think about- doesn't tell them what to think but tells them what to think about and helps us form public consensus of what important - shared sense of whats coming from news - editorial filter (important function of what makes what people will see): newsworthiness determined based on social significant and deviance; What we call the 'editorial filter' is the process through which news sources decide which stories to cover and which ones to ignore.

hoaxes

ranks, photoshop, wrong context microwave your iPhone, dragons are back- photoshop of dragon or Bieber has cancer so people shaved their heads, can charge phone by putting it in the microwave;photoshop picture and lie about whats happening, show earthquakes but pic of something from decades ago

virtual worlds and presence -self presence -social presence -spacial presence -what do the people that design the game want

self-presence (my avatar is me): depends on avatar personalization, similarity to the player-identify with avatar (play game and have thing on screen that rep me and feel like this is really me- if something happens to it I'm upset but something good happens I'm happy)- improve identification with avatar- if I let you personalize it (determine how tall, specicies, gender, what features, what weapons, characterisitcs- give way to make it your own so different from everyone else which gives people engaged and invested time into making it you will be more involved with avatar; invest more with avatar that looks more like you causing you to be invested than a generic avatar that everyone has - -social presence: (other people are really there)- PERCIEVED AGENCY (THIS IS A HUMAN) AND BEHAVIORAL REALISM (ACTS LIKE A human)- idea that you were communicating with someone, intimate in convo even though interaction mediated through tech; people have to believe that they are interacting with something that is human (not as excited when interacting with non-human and wont bother to interact with it and also how human-like the behavior it (the more human like more likely to engage even if I know that its not a real person)- feel like im actually interacting with other people: -spatial presence: (I feel like Im really there): vividness of color, interactivity, ease of use, real-time feedback, engaging storyline; feeling like you are actually there- look around and see virtual space in the world that you are in:- 3d sounds might be more invested ing are and feel like you are actually there, how things react to you (get more feedback, engage, interact, do stuff you'll feel like you are there), response to actions (feedback) will increase spacial presence (feel like I'm there); easier to use (intuative move through it without thinking about it- more immerse self to feel like apart of the whole world); storylines, plots, quests, tasks performing, asked to do- more engaging and good those are the more spatial presence you'll get; graphics and sound is crappy you might ignore this if the plot, story, quests and tasks are good and feel like you are really there- feel like im surrounded by this world and really in it , more about colors vivid, signs good and feel like im really in warcraft (transported there) more you feel like you are really engaged and there more time you spend there and better for game designers -people that design games want you to be more engaged and spend more time there and feel like really in the world;

slacktivism -what is the idea -what are new forms of engagement -is it okay if people are engaged in the ways that they are like young people online? -self licensing -criticism -example

slacker + acitvism - the idea that some forms of online engagement require minimal effort, and have minimal effect other than making us feel good about ourselves- not as good as traditional forms new forms of engagement are light weight (i.e change avatar to support social cause and people think its replacing solid forms of civic engagement)- don't have to go out to donate to them or support them is it okay if people are engaged in the ways that they are like young people online? is the critical questions - in small ways that are doing small thhings but not protesting, doing something big but just clicking on like or share for a cause: one camp says that they are not helpful things (when you click like or share somethingyou feel good about youurself like look at what a good persona I am, i clicked on this spcial cause and dont feel like like you have to do anything else -self licensing- meaning having a salad for lunch now have cookies for dinner- psycholgical phenomenon to do something good and then do something bad -i.e likes don't save lives, money does: ; online people did something tiny like change profile picture to support a cause and feel like they did their thing so dont have to and go out and protest, volunteers , donate money but the flip side is that some people doesnt work that way (small things are a step on a latter to do more and more- for some people it might end there but for others they get more engaged, do more after liking or sharing something- cant say its useles because not everyone starts off immediatly doing soemthing big, do small things first) -criticism: do it to look good/feel good for others but others think its baby steps (i.e may start off with changing avatar or like a post but as they progress they become more involved such as going to meeting, donate)- works in diff ways for diff ways - some people will be slack-tivism (i.e just do this one thing, I like it and that it whereas others will say tomorrow ill get more involved but this is just a small patch on getting engaged) i.e Als CHALLENGE

who is responsible for protecting users from hate speech online

social media companies can (and not often do) ban hate speech and harrasment

user views on online privacy -socialization and self presentation -imagined audiences and context collapse -privacy and boundary management work -perceived social norms and values -privacy in the era of big data

socialization & self presentation​ costs: have to list name from people to find you, want to keep info private but need to be on this thing and share info to stay connected to people I know ;choose not to show name or phone numbe; do I want to socialize, let others find me or do I want to protect my privacy, present myself in a socially present way then I need to be on social media, share info, use real name, post pictures so that people can find me but if I want to be private than I become less social because I Cant do all of this imagined audiences and context collapse- multiple groups of people that you know see facets of personality that you don't normally share with them i.e grandparents see how you talk to friends - all people together ins are systems;- hard to protect privacy because doing boundary work to protect information by separating groups of people that comes from all parts of life to see how you interact with all other groups- i.e preventing boss from seeing how you party with friends privacy and boundary management work-- keeping different groups in personal life separate- keeping family from friends, online and offline life separate because mixing them is problematic i.e keeping work and personal life separate so you can have a space that you can relax without thinking of work or boss asking for you to finish job;y management work0- keeping parts of life together- private and personal life because they often collide on places like Facebook perceived social norms and values-- offline do things like not staring at people or to jump into conversation when you don't know two people but norms develop in online privacy i.e remember some things that you accept such as group not accepted to tag people in embarrassing photos, not post pictures not asking,(some groups ok to post pictures of them, kids, privacy and other groups not ok)- some people keep info about child off social media or people share everything and that ok- different norms develop in different communities ; what group agrees on -Privacy in the era of big data: gets complicated because people collecting lots of data about different people which allow you to find patterns in people behavior and who they are - if I have data about how people behave I can find links about what people do i.e people that listen to this type of music are more liberal or people that read this type of book have a specific sexual orientation- makes it complicated because of info out there but it might not be fine that I can take that and figure out other things about you that you may not want me to know- knowing a little about you means I can guess a lot of other stuff as wel

crowdsourcing (4) -example

someone to assign a task- find individual to do task -crowd wiling to do the task- -digitial environment/tools - digital tools for them to come togetther to do the task -mutual benefits for everyone- person assigning task getting something out of it and so are the people doing it -when osmeone tells you what to do and how to do it whereas wiki people do what they want instead of saying i.e we need more pages about this, get more people to do it

beliefs echoes and online news (psychological factors) -challenges of correct misinfo -belief echoes -biases

the challenges of correcting misinformation: once fakes news and rumors spread, the damage is difficult to repair. Even when false info is corrected, people retain some associated attitudes Belief echoes: if misinformation is corrected, associated attitudes remain- when I tell you something that is false even if I immediately correct it, it leaves traces in your brain- i.e look at this person he is a theft and will still your stuff, no wrong person- know its false but believe that stereotypes of the wrongful picked person is still true- know that its false but left impression in mind that it can be true that still remains with them associated with the story - even if you correct misinformation people still believe correction but still in back trace of mind still believe it is true biases: preference for known, congruent sources, familiarity increasingly credible- like to see that we agree with and even more that we have seen something already (the more I repeat false the more I believe that it is in the realm of the possible- the more I repeat

parady and satire

the onion, late night comedy that have news stories presented in a funny way- early days that what people meant and occasionally used it online-

which of the following is nor a crucial factor deterring whether we'' see the wisdom of the crowd in action

the time it takes to complete the task

which of the following types of personal information is of particular concerns when we think about smartphones privacy

timestamped location

sherry turtle: the trouble with mobile devices -trouble with mobile comm -alone together -tech is inauthentic -we try to consume control -craft messages carefully -constant connection through device -mobile activities -individuals views

trouble with mobile comm- worried about what technology it does to us and our social lives ( provide us with away to keep people at a distance, don't have to talk to them face to face but can text back or ignore them for time, have control, don't call first, text first then ask if can call- limit extent of connection, give us an easy way out of situation (lecture gets boring, too easy to look at our phones alone together: controlling attention shifts- want to be where we have to be (i.e meeting, classes) anytime we get bored (15-20 minutes for people to get distracted) and people like to control where their attention goes i.e sitting in class and when you get bored you have a device to shift your attention to this device Technology is inauthentic- devices are making us think we are commenting with other but not authentic comm which will replace human interaction - think tech will displace real face to face real communication with more mediate tech that she doesnt think is authentic like tweeting or texting, feel like we are losing something by switching from classic comm offline to shorter and according to her less meaningful; people are using tech to limit social contact (arms length) i.e thinking takes too long to talk to someone face to face so i can just text them and go on with my day We try to consume control- allowed them to have control over communication- don't have to speak to communication (can get out of it , difficult to start convo if you get bored and watch tv and turn back to continue when on the phone or face to face whereas texting allows you to move from conversation and come back to it- easy to keep people as far/close as want) Craft message carefully, think about what to say, less stressful to comm with people because people cant see you, can spend time deciding what to say constant connection through our devices; -keeping everyone at a comfortable distance; -shifting our attention the second we get bored Mobile actives- what are the appropriate way to integrate those things into our lives people say positive/negative for how cellphones allows social gathering Have ideas about when its okay to pick up your phone i.e using it in church is an issue and walking down the street is okay

viral content vs memes

viral: single cultural unit (we want to know how it spreads)-- one viral video in the way that it spreads from person to person- focuses on how it spread not the change of content, more diffusion distribution in a sense meme: collection of ideas (we want to know how they mutate)-- collection of similar ideas, that evolves, starts one way and changes a little as it remixes, looking at how those ideas evolve and mutates (change) i.e starts with picture of cat and then next day change it to something else the next day

social construction in virtual worlds

virtual world and offline conventions: -we are used to the offline world, so we tend to behave the same way in virtual worlds. we bring our offline social norms with us. We developed rituals and superstitions. We react to being hurt or shamed in virtual world much like we would in the offline world things in soci​al world in the game but brining it in other ways but also how things should behave (gravity, natural laws) and expect to see them in visual worlds i.e eye contact and spacial distance depending on the closeness of the relationships, rituals/superstitutions and beliefs that human brought into the game, ostacisms and sanctions brought online also, humans bring in ideas and influence how people behave

faebooks get out to vote experiment

voting experiment with million Facebook users around mid political cycles (shows you power of social media and internet to change people political behavior)- showed them message to go vote- some got no message, showed where to vote, and said this is where to vote and this is where your friends are voting - moral is that this shows where all of your friends are buying it, voting and others- convincing people to vote who would other not vote- effected if they saw the message and if their friends saw it (indirect spill over effect) = experience: 61 million users-- people shown message -direct effect: plus 60,000 votes - - e people shown actual message (social message) -Indirect effect: plus 280,000 votes -- not shown message or saw it but friends were and affected by it (spillover effects- able to change someones mind can indirectly change people around them as well- ie. Might take mom, spouse- will influence more than just me) -social media message trumps pure info -strong ties were 4 times more influential -1 reason important because this shows how powerful a platform can be to do stuff but even if you effect internal based on where you tell them where to vote- ie few people in Florida that changed election, 2nd reason because it highlights that if you have access to persuasion/digital media best way to convince people to do anything is telling them that there friends are doing it (persuade you to do something, buy something- best way to persuade you to do that is by telling you that your friends are doing it) -took it from different parts of country where people were mobilized -3 conditions in experiment: (saw nothing, saw information message and others were shown social message that had same message as info message but with people in your social circles that already votes)- 3rd one was the most powerful- shows how bug of a deal social media influence can be -Facebook privacy setting- ask if they can use you for advertisement (i.e can we tell your friends that you liked something that we are promoting to help promote products)- know that this is what works Outcome: -social media message was the one that worked the best, but if I convince you to go out to vote who else will go out after me telling you that didn't see the message -strong ties 4 times more influenced (can tell close ties from interaction and engagement with you) -Vote button and offline voting validation -Social message trumps pure info -one shown no message, an informational information about where to vote and a social message siplaying your friends that has voted

corporate view on privacy: knowing more about you means -what can these corporate people do (4) -ad revenue and ad target -attracticeness, user base increase -cost -user time spent on the system

we can better target ads and sell you products (higher ad revenues!) we can show you stuff you like, so you'll spend more time on the system more shared information attracts more users to join the system there is some info that we do really want to keep private: SSN, credit, etc ad revenues and ad target- want us to disclose more, use more to target ads at you, sell stuff- more I know about you the easier I CAN sell stuff to you,- primary concern is profit Attractiveness, user base increase- more friends on there more likely you'll stay on there as well;having more info on there may be attractive for new users, i.e sign up for a site look to see if friends are there and if there is interesting stuff on there you'll use that and stay Costs: privacy and security User time spent on the system -more I post online is the longer they stay on those places; more content posts, info leaved the more learn about them so you can create user profile to sell people will ads and things they may be persuaded to buy

crowdsourcing and tech: counting jellybeans and weighing cattle -what is the wisdom of the crowd -Sir Francis Glaton -count stuff in jars

wisdom of the crowd: for some types of tasks, group perform extremely well, better than the smallest or most experienced member of the group could do on their own sir Francis Galton -went to a fair and asked people to guess how much the cow weighs- have to write guess on paper for a prize- he analyzed them-when you average everyones guess you get close to the actually weight (individuals weren't doing good but the average was close ) ount stuff in jars- i.e big jar of jelly beans and ask everyone to guess how many are in the jar- average everyones guessing that was better than individual guess

who holds the rights to your content posted on Facebook

you do