COMM chpt 9- lect + Tb

Offenders who participate in _____ are less likely to reoffend. a. retribution programs b. boot camps c. restorative justice programs d. swift and severe punishment programs

c. restorative justice programs

Police are typically called into action by citizens for a. public nuisance offenses. b. family conflicts. c. traffic accidents. d. All of these are likely stimuli for calls to the police.

d. All of these are likely stimuli for calls to the police.

The number of female delinquents has ________ in recent years. a. increased b. decreased c. remained the same d. followed the same up and down patterns as male delinquents

A. Increased

Criminologists and community psychologists agree that crime prevention is helped when a. citizens feel attachment to their communities. b. there is a feeling of ownership of their neighborhoods. c. people are told what to do in a definitive manner. d. the answers to questions about security are provided by those in authority. e. both a and b. f. both c and d.

E. Both a and b

Race has been demonstrated to play a role in a. All of the following. b. verdicts (guilty or not). c. length of incarceration. d. sentencing decisions.

A. All of the following

Ratcliffe et al. (2011) found the use of police foot patrols to be a. an effective crime deterrent. b. not very effective without the addition of horse patrols as well. c. not useful in high crime areas. d. All of the above.

A. An effective crime deterrent

The noted pioneer, rebel urban planner ____________ argued that it was not the physical aspects of design itself so much as what the design accomplishes on the human interaction level. a. Jane Jacobs b. William Hurt c. Charles Simons d. Ayn Rand

A. Jane Jacobs

Choi et al (2010) believe the ______ helps victims to feel reempowered, in that they are allowed to speak of their victimization, get information and receive an apology from the perpetrator. a. mediation process b. criminalization process c. retribution process d. punishment process

A. Mediation process

Mediators are generally a. neutral. b. selected by the parties. c. barcertified lawyers. d. All of the above.

A. Neutral

Roccato, Russo, & Vieno (2011) found that in ________ communities, neither direct nor indirect victimization affected people's fear within the neighborhood. a. ordered b. disordered c. integrated d. b and c

A. Ordered

Early release from prison with supervision in the community is known as a. parole. b. probation. c. perpetuation. d. None of these.

A. Parole

Keen and Jacobs (2009) believed that ______ helped explain the disproportionate number of minorities in jail. a. perception of racial threat b. tendencies toward crime in ethnic minority groups c. use of an English value system d. both b and c

A. Perception of racial threat

Environmental changes designed to reduce crime are examples of _________ prevention. a. primary b. secondary c. tertiary d. quandary

A. Primary

The oftsupported inverse relationship between fear and actual victimization is known as a. the fear victimization paradox. b. PINS. c. victimization phobia. d. mediational fear.

A. The fear victimization paradox

Which program was designed mainly to assist crime victims? a. VOM b. Multisystemic Therapy c. Boot camps d. Community policing

A. VOM

What is JUMP? a. An experimental correctional facility b. A youth mentoring program c. A crisis intervention program for atrisk youth d. A new mediation program for youths and their families

B. A youth mentoring program

The number of crimes committed is decreasing a. and so the prison population is declining as well. b. but the prison population is increasing. c. and the prison population is holding steady. d. and so the number of parolees in the community is decreasing.

B. But the prison population is increasing

Shock incarceration or boot camps have been shown to result in a. lower recidivism rates. b. faster reoffense. c. significant changes in behaviors and cognitions. D. All of the above

B. Faster reoffensen

What is the best predictor of outcomes in jury trials? a. Gender of the perpetrator b. Race of the perpetrator c. Geographic location (big vs. small city) d. Emotionality of the witnesses to the crime

B. Race of the perpetrator

_____ seems to reduce the perception of crime in a neighborhood. a. Networks b. Social capital c. Money d. Use of a car

B. Social capital

As cited in the book, what is the typical U.S. recidivism (reconviction) rate within 3 years after the first crime? a. 10% b. 25% c. 40 % d. 60 %

C. 40%

________ is an intentional act that violates the prescriptions or proscriptions of a law within the context of a particular society and historical era. a. A pleabargain b. An indictment c. A crime d. An arraignment

C. A crime

In community policing, a. police and neighbors work collaboratively. b. communities are engaged in determining what are problems. c. both a and b. d. neither a nor b.

C. Both a and b

What differentiates those individuals who will and those who won't join neighborhood crime watches? a. Family cohesiveness b. Sense of community c. Fear of crime victimization d. Level of urbanization and industrialization

C. Fear of crime victimization

The country with the highest percentage of its population in jail or prison is a. China. b. Russia. c. U.S. d. South Africa.

C. U.S

Name 4 factors that contribute to crime and violence —-give one example of each

Community factors—-ex. Laws concerning availability of drugs and weapons. Family factors—-family conflict and violence School related factors— early academic failure. Individual risk factors—friends who engage in problematic beh.

Which of the following is NOT a part of the criminal justice system? a. Correctional facilities (e.g. jails) b. Courts c. Enforcement (e.g. police) d. All are part of the system.

D. All are part of the sytem

Which of the following is true about victim offender mediation? a. VOM utilizes mediation rather than arbitration b. VOM has been successful in terms of satisfaction rates c. VOM emphasizes restorative rather than retributive justice d. All are true.

D. All are true

According to research, _________ can successfully assist individuals who have been victims of crimes. a. crisis intervention b. social support c. neighborhood justice centers d. All of these.

D. All of the above

Among the programs that appear to reduce recidivism is/are a. prison based education. b. returning the former prisoner to live at home or with relatives. c. housing and employment for the former prisoner. d. All of the above.

D. All of the above

Explanations for the crime victimizationparadox include a. the perception of urban environments as dangerous. b. the perception of the deterioration of social controls. c. a desensitization to the probability of crime. d. All of the above.

D. All of the above

Research has shown that _____________communities are prone to crime. a. disorganized b. unstable c. decaying d. All of the above.

D. All of the above

Which family patterns have been associated with LOWER probability of criminal behavior? a. Lowconflict b. High religiosity c. High cohesiveness d. All of the above.

D. All of the above

Has shock incarceration been demonstrated to be successful? a. Rearrest rates are often higher for "offenders" in boot camps compared to other forms of incarceration. b. Recidivism rates are often higher for "offenders" in shock incarceration programs compared to other forms of incarceration. c. In a study of three different programs, boot camps generally were less successful than more traditional "corrections". d. All of these are true.

D. All of these are true

The philosophical basis on which the present day legal system is based is that of a. reprehension. b. rehabilitation. c. restitution. d. retribution.

D. Retribution

What type of interaction with callers to crisis intervention hotlines results in the best outcomes for the caller (Mishara, 1998)? a. Nondirective (Rogerian) b. Directive c. Psychoanalytic d. Solutionoriented

a. Nondirective (Rogerian)

In community mediation, a. the mediator is neutral and facilitates discussion to find mutually acceptable solutions. b. the mediator acts like a judge; the mediator decides the outcome for the involved persons. c. the success rates are high but the satisfaction rates remain as low as those for courts. d. the mediator acts like a therapist; that is, focuses on emotional coping techniques.

a. the mediator is neutral and facilitates discussion to find mutually acceptable solutions.

The studies of mentor programs have shown that a. they can be detrimental if the mentor is inconsistent. b. they are usually ineffective. c. they must be requested by the youth in question. d. All of the above.

a. they can be detrimental if the mentor is inconsistent.

Research supporting the fearvictimization paradox indicates that a. young men, although most likely to be victimized, are least fearful of victimization. b. young women report being the most fearful yet are unlikely to be victimized. c. children, while being very fearful of crime, are unlikely to be crime victims. d. None of the above.

a. young men, although most likely to be victimized, are least fearful of victimization.

During crisis intervention, which order of responses results in successful outcomes? a. Responding to feelings, problemsolving, assessment b. Assessment, responding to feelings, problemsolving c. Assessment, problemsolving, responding to feelings d. No special order is effective; most calls result in successful intervention.

b. Assessment, responding to feelings, problemsolving

Which of the following is a protective rather than a risk factor for preventing delinquency? a. Media portrayals of violence and crime. b. Consistent prosocial standards within the community and family. c. Lack of commitment to a school which causes alienation. d. All of these paradoxically afford some degree of protection.

b. Consistent prosocial standards within the community and family.

__________ are programs designed to assist individuals in reducing extreme levels of stress related to crime victimization or other experiences. a. Emotionfocused coping programs b. Crisis intervention programs c. Victim offender mediations d. MST

b. Crisis intervention programs

What do preliminary data show about mentoring programs such as Big Brother/Big Sister? a. Children who are mentored are as likely to commit crimes as nonmentored children. b. Mentors seem to afford the child protective factors against problem behaviors. c. Mentored children are more likely to stay in school but also more likely to turn to drugs. d. Adult mentors report high satisfaction but mentored children report low satisfaction.

b. Mentors seem to afford the child protective factors against problem behaviors.

What has happened to the number of mediation programs in the U.S.? a. The programs were popular in the 1960s but are less popular now. b. The programs have witnessed phenomenal and continual growth. c. The number of programs stayed the same from the 1960s to the 1990s. d. The number of programs is actually on the decline, mostly due to cost.

b. The programs have witnessed phenomenal and continual growth.

In highcrime neighborhoods, citizens a. become involved for the sake of the general public. b. are least likely to become involved. c. are more likely to become involved. d. are especially interested in community policing.

b. are least likely to become involved.

Data suggests that juvenile correction facilities a. are effective deterrents to a life of crime. b. do not work, since over 50% reoffend. c. are much too lenient on their charges. d. do not have trained staff.

b. do not work, since over 50% reoffend.

In community mediation, a. the mediator renders a binding solution, much as a judge would. b. the mediator acts "neutral" while facilitating discussion among disputants. c. an agreement is usually reached, but the agreement does not hold up over time. d. the mediator can intercede in interpersonal disputes but not criminal disputes.

b. the mediator acts "neutral" while facilitating discussion among disputants.

Parental monitoring of youth appears a. to not make a difference in youth crime. b. to offset atrisk community based factors. c. to only work if the community context is orderly and supportive. d. to have a small effect on community chaos.

b. to offset atrisk community based factors.

The prison study by Zimbardo demonstrated that a. only normal young men can resist the pressures of the prison environment. b. students portraying the role of prison guards were less aggressive than those playing inmates. c. the pressures of prison transform individuals playing "guards" into abusers. d. the study is easily replicated because prison experiences are easy to simulate.

c. the pressures of prison transform individuals playing "guards" into abusers.

In a classic psychological study, Zimbardo and his colleagues (1973) developed a mock prison. They found that a. mentally healthy volunteers are quite immune to the effects of the prison experience. b. the prison experience is different for those incarcerated in authentic rather than simulated prisons. c. the prison experience can result in abusive behavior and negative emotional states such as depression. d. All of the above.

c. the prison experience can result in abusive behavior and negative emotional states such as depression.

What one set of factors appears most responsible for an individual being at risk for crime? a. Community factors b. Individual factors c. Familial factors d. Any of these is important.

d. Any of these is important.