HIS 102 - Chapter 16
What radical idea did Cesare Beccaria introduce in his 1764 treatise On Crimes and Punishments?
accused people are innocent until proven guilty
In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract, people can break the social contract with their rulers when their rulers ...
become tyrants
The scientific revolution contributed to the Enlightenment in which of the following ways?
by proving ideas with rigorous experiments
Pamphlets were especially available in places where there was little ?
censorship
In Spirit of the Laws, which country did Montesquieu theorized was dominated by a despot who controlled the water in a hot and dry climate?
china
Which group did the most to reveal intolerant and irrational policies of state churches?
christian humanists
In Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu stated his belief that governments were formed in response to each country's?
climate, customs, and character
Which of the following played an important role in the exchange of political and commercial information in Enlightenment England?
coffee houses
The belief that God is nondenominational and reveals himself only in nature is known as?
deism
What method of gaining knowledge did John Locke propose in his 1690 book An Essay on Human Understanding?
designing experiments to test ideas
In An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith focused on discovering the laws of
economic behavior
In the realm of politics, what was the main goal of most Enlightenment thinkers?
ending political corruption
In The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau attempts to identify natural laws that govern the ...
formation of societies
Why was Baruch Spinoza isolated from his Dutch Jewish community?
he had radical ideas
What caused John Locke to flee England for exile in the Dutch Republic?
his opposition to the crowning of a new king
Which of the following most likely sparked John Locke's lifelong interest in science?
his training as a doctor
What important discovery was made by Phillip Miller, the author of Gardeners Dictionary?
insects play an important role in plant pollination
While many Enlightenment thinkers felt people had to use logic to arrive at truths, Immanuel Kant believed that people could use ...
introspection
How did the French Encyclopedie reflect Enlightenment values and ideas?
it made knowledge accessible to all people
Why is Danial Defoe's Robinson Crusoe considered the first novel in English?
it was the first detailed account of the life of an ordinary man
How did absolutism contribute to the spread of Enlightenment ideas?
it weakened aristocratic and clerical pricileges
What did Enlightenment thinkers most appreciate about England's House of Commons?
its members were elected by people
How did Enlightenment ideas affect the food people ate?
lighter dishes became more popular
The anonymous author of The Treatise of the Three Impostors felt that the only way to understand God was to study ...
nature
the artistic style that flourished during the Enlightenment and focused in simplicity and the human form is known as ?
neoclassicism
Voltaire believed that people could come to know God by?
observing nature and history
In his "Second Treatise" what did John Locke say gave people the independence necessary to make free choices?
owning property
Absolutist rulers like Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria
patronize innovation scholars
Which of the following best states the central argument of John Locke's "A Letter Concerning Toleration"?
people have the right to worship as they please
What is one major cause of the desire for individual and social improvement that marked the Enlughtenment?
religious warfare
What characteristic marked Voltaire's best-known essays and stories?
satirical caricatures
What important ideas did David Hume contribute to modern scientific thinking?
science should be open to self-criticism
Why did Maria Theresa enact the Enlightenment idea of universal elementary education?
she felt it would make her subjects better Christians and better workers
in his "Second Treatise" what did John Locke say that people gave up when forming social contracts an imposing laws on themselves?
some of their natural freedoms
Why was it difficult to promote religious tolerance during the Enlightenment in Spain?
the Catholic Church was opposed to the idea
Why was Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws banned by the pope and outlawed in France?
the book was critical of religious intolerance
Which group tended to gain power when Enlightenment ideas were implemented by absolutist rulers?
the bureaucracies
What did the French call the Enlightenment?
the century of light
On what did Jean-Jacques Rousseau blame the social inequalities of his time?
the establishment of private property
Why did many French intellectuals dislike the king and the Catholic clergy?
the king and clergy resisted new ideas
In Montesquieu's Persian Letters, what did the two visitors to France think about Louis XIV and his courtiers?
the king was arrogant, and his courtiers were spoiled
Which social class generated most of the Enlightenment ideas in Western Europe?
the middle class
Why did David Hume challenge the miracles reported in the New Testament of the Bible?
the miracles violated the laws of nature
Which of the following values was not generally shared by Enlightenment thinkers?
the need to maintain the status quo
Which phrase refers to the virtual world where people from different areas, classes, and religions speak to each other on subjects of mutual interest?
the public sphere
Why did travel become more popular during the Enlightenment?
the roads and seas were safer
Which group did the most to advance the Enlightenment idea that the laws of nature applied equally to all part of the heavens and the earth?
the scientists
How did the Enlightenment affect the prominence of theology faculties at European universities?
they became less prominent
What was one characteristic of novels that made them more accessible to Enlightenment readers?
they could be understood without extensive education
Why didn't Peter the Great and Catherine the Great consider abolishing serdom?
they feared a revolt by the country's nobles
How did people's attitudes about music change during the Enlightenment?
they paid closer attention to the music
How were Dutch publishing houses instrumental in spreading Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe?
they produced radical publications in many languages
How did the increasing prosperity of the merchant class increase their exposure to Enlightenment ideas?
they were able to travel and buy goods from other lands
From the 1550s to the 1790s, exiles living in the Dutch Republic found that they could ?
write and experiment more freely
Which two countries were the world's most active slave traders?
- England - The Dutch Republic
Which of the following factors contributed to the growth of Enlightenment ideas in England?
- a thriving economy - a tolerant church - a sovereign parliament
Which two of the following are evidence of the supremacy of Italian opera during the Enlightenment.
- almost all operas were performed in Italian - most princes hired Italians as court composers
Adam Smith argued that states should do which of the following?
- avoid taxes and tariffs that limit the trade of goods - reject efforts to force the production of certain goods
Which tactics did Louis XV use to resist change in his Kingdom?
- censorship - spies
People who opposed the Enlightenment generally fell into which two categories?
- clerics - aristocrats
Adam Smith believed that doing away with guilds would result in which of the following?
- easier access to goods - a settling of prices at their natural levels
Which methods of gathering evidence did David Hume consider valid ways to establish truths about human nature or the world?
- experiments - data collection - observation
Which of the following factors encouraged the development of Enlightenment ideas in Western Europe?
- exposure to outside ideas - higher rates of literacy
Which of the following are reforms enacted by Joseph II of Austria that reflects Enlightenment ideas?
- he allowed freedom of the press - he increased religious tolerance - he made government more efficient
How did Montesquieu disguise his criticisms of the French court in Persian Letters?
- he attributed the criticisms to two travelers
Which three of the following actions of Prussia's Frederick the Great reflected Enlightenment?
- he modernized Prussia's bureaucracy - he reduced censorship and religious persecution - he improved the lands that came under his control
Which of the following are examples of Peter the Great's implementation of Enlightenment ideas in Russia?
- he modernized the military - he updated the alphabet - he founded new colleges
How does the hero of Candide decide to deal with a world riddled with ignorance and corruption?
- he retreats from the world as much as possible
The era of the Enlightenment was marketed by which of the following?
- increasing colonization - growing commerce - devastating warfare
The French physiocrats felt that the economy could be improved by which of the following actions?
- reducing marketplace restrictions - increasing agricultural production
Which of the following explain the beneficial effect of the 1707 Act of the Union on the Scottish Lowlands?
- the best farming land was located in the Lowlands - important port cities were located in the lowlands
Which of the following reasons limited the spread of Enlightenment ideas in the public sphere of Central Europe?
- the commercial elite were relatively poor - there were few urban centers
What made the radical changed of the Enlightenment possible despite most European's fear of change?
- the intellectual and cultural developments of the period
The Glorious Revolution occurred during which span?
1688-1689
Which Enlightenment thinker edited and wrote most of the entries in the Encyclopedie?
Denis Diderot
What major concessions did England make in the 1707 Act of the Union?
England agreed to open its market to Scotland
Voltaire admired...
England's constitutional monarchy
TRUE or FALSE: Most Enlightenment thinkers believed that people should trust the wisdom of traditional authorities?
False
TRUE or FALSE: David Hume believed that people could always arrive at the truth using reason and science.
False; Hume believed the human reason let to wrong answers and science often required revisions
Why did an increase in books printed in German help spread Enlightenment ideas in Frederick the Great's Prussia?
German was the language of most ordinary people
How does Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile become a virtuous, autonomous, free man?
He avoids church, the court, and the big city.
Why was Immanuel Kent object to David Hume's skepticism?
Hume suggested that there was no certain way to know the world
Adam Smith coined the term "_____ _____" to describe the natural process by which free markets control the distribution of goods, jobs, and benefits.
Invisible Hand
Which Enlightenment author argued that women should cultivate reason and purity of heart instead of beauty?
Mary Wollstonecraft
According to the anonymous author of The Treatise of the Three Impostors, who were the three impostors?
Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed
What did Voltaire admire most about Isaac Newton?
Newton's work reflected Voltaire's belief that truths should be universal
Why were people more open to the Enlightenment idea of individual and social improvement?
Revolutions in commerce, science, and military affairs made improvement seem impossible
What major concession did Scotland make in the 1707 Act of the Union?
Scotland gave up its provincial parliament
Which of the following best describes the attitude of a typical Scottish Highlander toward the 1707 Act of the Union?
Scotland traded independence for financial security
Enlightenment literature laid the groundwork for the ideas that women should devote themselves to the home while men looked after business. This idea is referred to as _____ _____.
Separate spheres
Which of the following best describes the average Scottish Highlander?
a catholic farmer
Which phrase would Adam Smith apply to a bakery where one person bakes all the cakes and another person decorates all the cakes?
a division of labor
What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe was the only real religion?
a person's private beliefs
What was the greatest Impediment to the spread of Enlightenment ideas in southern Europe?
a powerful church