HIS 102 - Chapter 16

What radical idea did Cesare Beccaria introduce in his 1764 treatise On Crimes and Punishments?

accused people are innocent until proven guilty

In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract, people can break the social contract with their rulers when their rulers ...

become tyrants

The scientific revolution contributed to the Enlightenment in which of the following ways?

by proving ideas with rigorous experiments

Pamphlets were especially available in places where there was little ?

censorship

In Spirit of the Laws, which country did Montesquieu theorized was dominated by a despot who controlled the water in a hot and dry climate?

china

Which group did the most to reveal intolerant and irrational policies of state churches?

christian humanists

In Spirit of the Laws, Montesquieu stated his belief that governments were formed in response to each country's?

climate, customs, and character

Which of the following played an important role in the exchange of political and commercial information in Enlightenment England?

coffee houses

The belief that God is nondenominational and reveals himself only in nature is known as?

deism

What method of gaining knowledge did John Locke propose in his 1690 book An Essay on Human Understanding?

designing experiments to test ideas

In An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, Adam Smith focused on discovering the laws of

economic behavior

In the realm of politics, what was the main goal of most Enlightenment thinkers?

ending political corruption

In The Social Contract, Jean-Jacques Rousseau attempts to identify natural laws that govern the ...

formation of societies

Why was Baruch Spinoza isolated from his Dutch Jewish community?

he had radical ideas

What caused John Locke to flee England for exile in the Dutch Republic?

his opposition to the crowning of a new king

Which of the following most likely sparked John Locke's lifelong interest in science?

his training as a doctor

What important discovery was made by Phillip Miller, the author of Gardeners Dictionary?

insects play an important role in plant pollination

While many Enlightenment thinkers felt people had to use logic to arrive at truths, Immanuel Kant believed that people could use ...

introspection

How did the French Encyclopedie reflect Enlightenment values and ideas?

it made knowledge accessible to all people

Why is Danial Defoe's Robinson Crusoe considered the first novel in English?

it was the first detailed account of the life of an ordinary man

How did absolutism contribute to the spread of Enlightenment ideas?

it weakened aristocratic and clerical pricileges

What did Enlightenment thinkers most appreciate about England's House of Commons?

its members were elected by people

How did Enlightenment ideas affect the food people ate?

lighter dishes became more popular

The anonymous author of The Treatise of the Three Impostors felt that the only way to understand God was to study ...

nature

the artistic style that flourished during the Enlightenment and focused in simplicity and the human form is known as ?

neoclassicism

Voltaire believed that people could come to know God by?

observing nature and history

In his "Second Treatise" what did John Locke say gave people the independence necessary to make free choices?

owning property

Absolutist rulers like Frederick the Great of Prussia and Joseph II of Austria

patronize innovation scholars

Which of the following best states the central argument of John Locke's "A Letter Concerning Toleration"?

people have the right to worship as they please

What is one major cause of the desire for individual and social improvement that marked the Enlughtenment?

religious warfare

What characteristic marked Voltaire's best-known essays and stories?

satirical caricatures

What important ideas did David Hume contribute to modern scientific thinking?

science should be open to self-criticism

Why did Maria Theresa enact the Enlightenment idea of universal elementary education?

she felt it would make her subjects better Christians and better workers

in his "Second Treatise" what did John Locke say that people gave up when forming social contracts an imposing laws on themselves?

some of their natural freedoms

Why was it difficult to promote religious tolerance during the Enlightenment in Spain?

the Catholic Church was opposed to the idea

Why was Montesquieu's Spirit of the Laws banned by the pope and outlawed in France?

the book was critical of religious intolerance

Which group tended to gain power when Enlightenment ideas were implemented by absolutist rulers?

the bureaucracies

What did the French call the Enlightenment?

the century of light

On what did Jean-Jacques Rousseau blame the social inequalities of his time?

the establishment of private property

Why did many French intellectuals dislike the king and the Catholic clergy?

the king and clergy resisted new ideas

In Montesquieu's Persian Letters, what did the two visitors to France think about Louis XIV and his courtiers?

the king was arrogant, and his courtiers were spoiled

Which social class generated most of the Enlightenment ideas in Western Europe?

the middle class

Why did David Hume challenge the miracles reported in the New Testament of the Bible?

the miracles violated the laws of nature

Which of the following values was not generally shared by Enlightenment thinkers?

the need to maintain the status quo

Which phrase refers to the virtual world where people from different areas, classes, and religions speak to each other on subjects of mutual interest?

the public sphere

Why did travel become more popular during the Enlightenment?

the roads and seas were safer

Which group did the most to advance the Enlightenment idea that the laws of nature applied equally to all part of the heavens and the earth?

the scientists

How did the Enlightenment affect the prominence of theology faculties at European universities?

they became less prominent

What was one characteristic of novels that made them more accessible to Enlightenment readers?

they could be understood without extensive education

Why didn't Peter the Great and Catherine the Great consider abolishing serdom?

they feared a revolt by the country's nobles

How did people's attitudes about music change during the Enlightenment?

they paid closer attention to the music

How were Dutch publishing houses instrumental in spreading Enlightenment ideas throughout Europe?

they produced radical publications in many languages

How did the increasing prosperity of the merchant class increase their exposure to Enlightenment ideas?

they were able to travel and buy goods from other lands

From the 1550s to the 1790s, exiles living in the Dutch Republic found that they could ?

write and experiment more freely

Which two countries were the world's most active slave traders?

- England - The Dutch Republic

Which of the following factors contributed to the growth of Enlightenment ideas in England?

- a thriving economy - a tolerant church - a sovereign parliament

Which two of the following are evidence of the supremacy of Italian opera during the Enlightenment.

- almost all operas were performed in Italian - most princes hired Italians as court composers

Adam Smith argued that states should do which of the following?

- avoid taxes and tariffs that limit the trade of goods - reject efforts to force the production of certain goods

Which tactics did Louis XV use to resist change in his Kingdom?

- censorship - spies

People who opposed the Enlightenment generally fell into which two categories?

- clerics - aristocrats

Adam Smith believed that doing away with guilds would result in which of the following?

- easier access to goods - a settling of prices at their natural levels

Which methods of gathering evidence did David Hume consider valid ways to establish truths about human nature or the world?

- experiments - data collection - observation

Which of the following factors encouraged the development of Enlightenment ideas in Western Europe?

- exposure to outside ideas - higher rates of literacy

Which of the following are reforms enacted by Joseph II of Austria that reflects Enlightenment ideas?

- he allowed freedom of the press - he increased religious tolerance - he made government more efficient

How did Montesquieu disguise his criticisms of the French court in Persian Letters?

- he attributed the criticisms to two travelers

Which three of the following actions of Prussia's Frederick the Great reflected Enlightenment?

- he modernized Prussia's bureaucracy - he reduced censorship and religious persecution - he improved the lands that came under his control

Which of the following are examples of Peter the Great's implementation of Enlightenment ideas in Russia?

- he modernized the military - he updated the alphabet - he founded new colleges

How does the hero of Candide decide to deal with a world riddled with ignorance and corruption?

- he retreats from the world as much as possible

The era of the Enlightenment was marketed by which of the following?

- increasing colonization - growing commerce - devastating warfare

The French physiocrats felt that the economy could be improved by which of the following actions?

- reducing marketplace restrictions - increasing agricultural production

Which of the following explain the beneficial effect of the 1707 Act of the Union on the Scottish Lowlands?

- the best farming land was located in the Lowlands - important port cities were located in the lowlands

Which of the following reasons limited the spread of Enlightenment ideas in the public sphere of Central Europe?

- the commercial elite were relatively poor - there were few urban centers

What made the radical changed of the Enlightenment possible despite most European's fear of change?

- the intellectual and cultural developments of the period

The Glorious Revolution occurred during which span?

1688-1689

Which Enlightenment thinker edited and wrote most of the entries in the Encyclopedie?

Denis Diderot

What major concessions did England make in the 1707 Act of the Union?

England agreed to open its market to Scotland

Voltaire admired...

England's constitutional monarchy

TRUE or FALSE: Most Enlightenment thinkers believed that people should trust the wisdom of traditional authorities?

False

TRUE or FALSE: David Hume believed that people could always arrive at the truth using reason and science.

False; Hume believed the human reason let to wrong answers and science often required revisions

Why did an increase in books printed in German help spread Enlightenment ideas in Frederick the Great's Prussia?

German was the language of most ordinary people

How does Jean-Jacques Rousseau's Emile become a virtuous, autonomous, free man?

He avoids church, the court, and the big city.

Why was Immanuel Kent object to David Hume's skepticism?

Hume suggested that there was no certain way to know the world

Adam Smith coined the term "_____ _____" to describe the natural process by which free markets control the distribution of goods, jobs, and benefits.

Invisible Hand

Which Enlightenment author argued that women should cultivate reason and purity of heart instead of beauty?

Mary Wollstonecraft

According to the anonymous author of The Treatise of the Three Impostors, who were the three impostors?

Moses, Jesus, and Mohammed

What did Voltaire admire most about Isaac Newton?

Newton's work reflected Voltaire's belief that truths should be universal

Why were people more open to the Enlightenment idea of individual and social improvement?

Revolutions in commerce, science, and military affairs made improvement seem impossible

What major concession did Scotland make in the 1707 Act of the Union?

Scotland gave up its provincial parliament

Which of the following best describes the attitude of a typical Scottish Highlander toward the 1707 Act of the Union?

Scotland traded independence for financial security

Enlightenment literature laid the groundwork for the ideas that women should devote themselves to the home while men looked after business. This idea is referred to as _____ _____.

Separate spheres

Which of the following best describes the average Scottish Highlander?

a catholic farmer

Which phrase would Adam Smith apply to a bakery where one person bakes all the cakes and another person decorates all the cakes?

a division of labor

What did Jean-Jacques Rousseau believe was the only real religion?

a person's private beliefs

What was the greatest Impediment to the spread of Enlightenment ideas in southern Europe?

a powerful church