Comm418 Exam 2
Nielsen Audio owns?
1. RADAR Radio's all dimension audience research (RADAR) -reports on national radio networks- uses 125,000 diaries from 48 weeks of year- for top 50 markets 2. ComScore -ratings for online radio (weekly cumes for aol radio, iheartradio online)
Percentage of TV households represented by 1 rating point
1.16 million
Ratings for paid religious programming?
Extremely low Ratings on 6am on Sunday televangelists(whoever the preacher is) is actually paying for full ½ hour spot- for full time slot Kennett Copeland
What is the 7-7-7 rule nowadays?
FCC relaxed ownership rules: now broadcasters may own TV stations that reach 35% of population
Rotating
rotating higher rating programs, then rotating in lower rated programs during other months
Counter- programming
offering something of a completely different appeal to pull viewers away from their competitors. NBC introduced Sunday Night Football to counter Desperate Housewives
Lead-in
places a strong series before a weaker series to give it a jump start
Syndicator
production company---> people that make the shows
Futures
projected episodes in TV series- not yet produced
what is the problem with mna? (Nielsen's Multi-network area report)
ratings have dropped so low that nielsen now keeps ratings a secret -permits press to report ratings for only the top 25 programs
Where does gameplay metrics data come from?
same 12,000 TV HH that have people meters -reports who is playing video games and console used -men 18-34 spend more money on video games than movies
What is monopoly?
sellers market
4 Major Comglomerates
(each TV network is part of a huge conglomerate) 1. Disney (owns ABC) 2. Viacom (owns CBS) 3. Comcast (owns NBC) 4. News Corp (owns FOX, MNTV, and CW
Strip Sampling
-airing new series on several different nights across their primier weeks in September
Clearance
- TV station (affiliate): airing the show at the time that the network is airing a show for the whole united stations
Focus Groups
-10-12 people in a controlled discussion each participants is paid $50 doctors or lawyers are paid $150 200,000 media-related focus groups conducted/ year -can be done by videoconferencing online
Tier/ Step deal?
-Different prices paid for syndicated show depending on which daypart it is aired Four tier agreement: prices paid are Morning- lowest Early Fringe- higher (4-7) pm Access- Highest (7-8 pm) (when TV station will give most expensive off network program) Late night- lower **Tier or step deals available only for first- run syndication, never for off- network syndicated shows- if sitcom fails in access time slow, station is stuck w/ very expensive alte night or morning show
What is performerQ?
-Katie Walsh had a very high performer q- aka very popular (on Grey's anatomy.. producers thought giving her her own show(Private Practice) would be smart **products are always hoping to create spin offs...example of Breaking Bad... Better Call Saul**
What does nielsen buzzmetrics do?
-Nielsen Buzzmetrics tracks blogs on specific products for advertising clients
What happened with Parents Television COuncil and FCC?
-PTC filed an indecency complaint w/ the FCC and urged it's members and concerned citizens to do the same after a 3 minutes strip club scence featuring lap dance -on two and half men (2008)
What does Nielsen use for ratings?
-People Meters Paper diaries week starts on Thursday and goes to Wednesday Nielsen pays $10 per diary returned -Set Top Meters
What happened in 2013 w/ Time Warner and CBS
-Time warner paid CBS $1 per subscriber in New York, Los Angeles, and Dallas for re-transmission fees; -CBS wanted to raise fees but time warner refused to pay, so time warner stopped carrying CBS-TV in New York, Los Angeles and Dallas for all of August 2013. -Time Warner lost battle, Now time warner is paying cbs $4 per subscriber for re-transmittting CBS' programs
McGoo
-a unit of laughter -measured in decibals
Stripping
-airing a show at exactly the same time mon- fri -you want a combo of both first run shows and off network shows
Spin-off
-based on TvQ- television quotient data -producers will give characters their own show if they seem to be very popular in the audience ex: Kate Walsh (Addison went from Greys to Private Practice) ex: Saul (Breaking Bad---> Better Call Saul)
What is technorati?
-blog tracking service-- tracks 55 million blogs in many languages-- mesasures what people say about individual companies
What does the standards and practices department handle?
-clears all programs, promos, and commercials before airing--- handles issues of nudity, sex, profanity, violence, smoking and drinking Parents Television Council: citizens' group that rates TV shows for sex and violence
What is Nielsen's Multi- Network Area Report(MNA)?
-covers 70 of the largest markets (only markets with O&O's of affiliates for ABC, CBS, NBC, or FOX -avoids distortion from markets with only 1 or 2 affiliates
What is a license fee?
-covers 75% of production costs, so TV producer must engage in deficit financing for other 25% -used to be problem when fin-syn rules were in effect; but now TV producer and networks are all part of the same corporation--- matters less -networks have joint ownership of programs--- networks get profits from syndication (actors, writers, and directors get only royalites)
What do reps not tell syndicators?
-how much TV station is willing to pay for series -prices it has already pair for other stations -other programs station might purchase -rep MUST NOT harm program director's negiotiating position -price of any off-network program is determined by supply and demand and NEGOTIATION negotiation- programs that are being sold don't have a set price- all negotiation
Death Slot
-if a network wants to kill a show, they're going to move it a to a time when the ratings are really low -for Big 4 networks... the death slot is fridays 8-11 PM
What is a rep?
-national sales organization that sells airtime for local TV stations -help local TV stations buy from larger national advertisers (like John Deere) -reps get 15%, company gets 85% -many TV stations have cut the program director position, and are using rep programmers
What's the problem with Focus Groups?
-not selected by random sample
Treatment of a show:
-outline of a new show
Bible of a show:
-outlines characters and their relationships and summarizes future script ideas-- how plot will develop over next 5 years
What is differential survey treatment? (DST)
-pays more to black and hispanic families to participate in ratings surveys -weights data for Nielsen Ratings (inaccurate)
Problems with Nielsen ratings for TV?
-short falls in sample size (some people don't mail back diaries) -50-67% of those contacted refuse to have a people meter in their homes -nielsen pays more money back to Hispanic viewers, but theyre still under represented -button fatigue- don't want to push a button every 15 min -people turn on tv for their dogs or when they leave the house -no one really knows how much attention viewers are really giving to a tv
What happened with President Trump Last week and the big 4 networks?
-so tired w/ fake news that he was going to ask the FCC to revoke or renew their licenses
What is DeadQ?
-someone famous dies but they still use them as a a character (kids get money everytime show airs- example of someone older who died but is still used for advertising)
Affiliate
-stations that have signed an affiliation contract -work with tv networks mostly bc they get high quality news... -can run what the program provides, but they have a say in what they want to run(don't have to air all)
Nielsen will not include a cable channel in sweeps unless it reaches _______ of TV HH in a market?
-unlres it reaches 20% of TV HH in market
Made for TV movies?
-very expensive, used during sweeps -pilots cost 5 to 10 million
Oligopoly? Examples of corporations that use oligopoly?
-very few owners, 3 or 4 companies that own a tv network -power is concentrated -not a monolopy.. like the big 4- group of elite companies that own -80% of major record labels in music market are an oligopoly -controlling interest in most cable networks -major movie studies -most of book publishing market -hundreds of magazines, newspapers
Ways to pay off-network shows?
1. Cash- you get all commercial spots, and your sales people get to sell all those spots. 2. barter- licensing of syndicated shows in exchange for commercial time Local TV stations don't have 30 second spots to sell.. recieved show from networks with 30 second spots already taken up. 3. Cash plus barter:(also called national time) TV station pays cash for show -some commercial time is sold, but some are taken)
How many radio stations in USA?
13,500 stations -largest markets (LA) have more than 80 stations
How did fin-syn get created?
1976: Department of Justice re-filed suit... after Nixon was out of office NBC settled first, then ABC and CBS followed -justice department won networks were not permitted to have a financial interest in any primetime programs (called financial interest and syndication rules)
How many commercials per hour on primetime?
20 minutes per hour of commercials
Average prime time rating for ABC, CBS, NBC, and FOX in 2011? in 2017?
2011- 2.9 average primetime rating 2017- 2.0 for big time networks
Number of episodes of a program produced per year
22 per year
Number of episodes of a program needed to strip a series
22x6 years= 132 episodes Producers want to play a series 5 days a week (to strip it.. mon- fri)
What are adjacencies?
30 second spot at the end of a show for tv stations "station break" "outside the show"
When is the viewing year for nielsen ratings and the off-season?
40 weeks (September through May) Off season= summer ( networks try to air pilots to experiment) -networks order 20-22 episode s each series *series must run 6 years to get 132 episodes- to be considered successful*
Pilot Testing
400 people sit in a "theatre"- watch pilots, press "positive" or "negative" buttons on arms of chairs participants recieve products (not cash) in return for filling out questionaire
What is considered primetime?
7-11 pm only on sundays Primetime monday through saturday: 8-11 pm
What is the 7-7-7 Rule?
7-7-7 rule says that corporations are allowed to own a total of 21 stations across US (7 radio, 7 cable, 7 tv)
How many transactions are there per year?
85 million transactions per year Nielsen gathers data from 3,500 retail stores across the country
How do you determine the cost of a program each time it is aired?
Amortization: Total cost is figured out as an operating budget monthly Different from straight-line: placing equal value on each run of an episode: 10,000/ episode for 5 runs= 2,000 each time it airs
What is Arbitron's report data's online format called?
Arbitrend
The best of the big four?
CBS is doing the best now for the best 20 years it was NBC(Friends- trying Will and Grace again)
What is CPM?
Cost Per Mille- cost of reaching 1000 household Ex: if you pay $50,000 for 30 sec spot for 10 million viewers... what is your CPM? 50,000/10,000,000 = x/100 50,000,000/10,000,000x= $5 cost of reaching 1000 households ex 2: You pay $90,000 for 30 second spot on Jimmy Kimmel... Jimmy Kimmel gets a rating of 15. Assume 100 million TV HH in USA... What is your CPM? .15/1= x/100,000,000=15,000,000 15,000,000/1,000=15,000 90,000/15,000=$6 CPM *A rating of 1= 1 million... a rating of 15=15,000,000*
CPP
Cost per point- how much money ad agencies are willing to pay for each rating point
What happened in 1974 w/ Monopsony power?
Department of Justice sued NBC, ABC, and CBS for monopsony power- charged that independent TV production studies were at a disadvantage because they only had 3 networks to sell their TV series to *Richard Nixon was really angry at three networks- didn't like the way the 3 networks were covering the vietnam war... so he want to department of justice and asked them to get in trouble
How are prices off of- network shows determined?
Determined by Blind Bidding: 1. Syndicator makes a trip to market, pitches a hit like 2 1/2 men to every station in market, and then faxes all stations asking for bid in 3 days. -local TV station is hurt- no sense of competition- have to offer absurd amounts bc they need these popular shows
TV shows that lasted 20 years?
Ed Sullivan Show Gunsmoke Wonderful World of Disney 60 Minutes **now a show lasting 5 years is a success**
Costs of producing prime-time programs such as sitcoms as compared with costs of producing reality programs?
Friends- $4.5 million per episode Reality show: $1.5 million per episode
How does google track microblog messages?
Google indexes "tweets" from twitter tracks micro blog messages
How much do TV writers get paid for half hour/ hour sitcoms?
Half hour- 50,000 Hour- 70,000
What is HUT and how is it calculated?
Households Using Televisions. Hut level is calculated by adding the households watching TV and dividing by the total number of HH with Televisons.
What is make-good?
If TV network does not get the rating guaranteed, networks must run spots for free until promised number of rating points is met advertisers---> network "you promised a rating of 2 and got a 1, so now you pay us to run spots- spots for commercials for free)
What is UNI?
In 2006- Nielsen began including Univision (UNI) in national audience measurements= 5 major networks (ABC, CBS,NBC, FOX and UNI)
What is considered the bible?
Nielsen's Viewers in Profile (viP) -"bible for local tv stations" basis for all advertising rates -210 markets
What happened with vertical integration in the 1990's with the FCC?
In the 1990's, the FCC lifted financial interest rules (fin-syn) that had prohibited TV networks from owning or have part-ownership in the programs they broadcast
What are first refusal rights?
Legal right of a network to "own" a program proposal while deciding whether to produce it or not--- network can hold onto an idea for years--- can be very unfair to a writer
Pre-testing pilots?
Now tv networks send pilots to viewers via streaming video- collect data online to determine if pilot will be popular
how does a small program like MNTV do programming?
MNTV reruns FOX programs and other syndicated shows
What is MNTV and CW?
MNTW= My network Television CW= Time Warner Warner Bros and CBS together
What is monolopy power? Monopsony power?
Monolopy power- seller's market If you're the only game in charge, you can charge whatever price you want. You're in charge. Monopsony power= buyer's market
NATPE
National association of TV program executives. Syndicators try and sell their shows to TV executives. best known licensing group - known for providing a legal and economic environment -ensures that artists get paid royalities
What is ASI entertainment?
One of the best- known companies conducting program tests. ASI researchers invite people into a testing theatre to watch a TV program, film, or commercial asking them to rate it by pushing "positive" or "negative" buttons attached to their seats (Pilot Testing)
What is Availability?
Open spots for advertisers to pay tv networks for commercials
What is Network Compensation?
Networks pay their local affiliates to air network programs -networks pay local TV stations bc there is more of an audience(networks could care less about people watching the program... they want them to watch the commercials) Networks(ABC,CBS,FOX,NBC money---> local affiliates)
What did nielsen do in 2005?
Nielsen added active/passive people meters -measure time- shifting up to a week after original broadcast -people using digital video recorders (DVR) to time- shift (tiVo is one brand)
How did Nielsen solve the problem of Ratings?
Passive PeopleMeters: Have infrared sensors that: -recognize individual viewers -record whether a viewers face is turned toward the TV
Measurement of TV viewing?
Peoplemeters: computer records all programs meters -time when TV set is on -channel to which it is tuned -hand- held remote inputs viewer's age and gender
Block Programming
Putting a block of similar genre programs together--sitcoms, animated sitcoms, dramas, reality, game shows, and so on. (for two hours)
Linch- pinning/ tent poling
focuses on a central strong show on the weak evening- hoping to use that show to hold or brace the ones before and after it -placed in the middle of primetime
What is pay cable?
Premium services (HBO) -Nielsen does not measure pay cable; it is measured according to "buy rates" -75% of all TV HH take at least one pay cable service
Re-transmission fees are another word for ?
Royalites -big 4 networks always creating content Cable companies (like time warner) royalty---> major network
How much do reality shows cost?
Reality shows cost 1.5 million per episode, but they have no life in off- network syndication -because it's a reality show.. you can't sell it in syndication... WHY? -They were really popular when live so there's no need to re-run them(off-network syndication) Original series that are produced for cable are so much less expensive... produced in non-union shops union shop= evveryone producing show is required to be a member of a union.. literally everyone that has something to do w/ shows production can not do anything unless they belong to some union.
What is unscripted programming?
Reality shows, news magazines, game shows(American Idol, Dancing w/ the Stars) -cost one-tenth as much as scripted shows (60 minutes, 20/20, primetime) -very inexpensive
Doubling
Recent. Playing the same program two times in a row, usually a rerun followed by an original (examples, Southpark, Cops). In some cases this involves placing programs on different nights.
How do local tv stations figure out how much to bid in negotiation?
Reps track reserve prices (asking prices) and reported prices in other markets- helps local TV station figure out how much to bid
What is residual?
Residual: when you create a character and they get their own show, producer who created them originally gets money
FCC lifted fin- syn and then what happened?
Rules in 1996: after 20 years -networks again may own the shows they broadcast -explosion of cable networks that people could watch in the 90's -this is why the FCC lifted fin-syn rules Effect: networks used their clout to put independent TV production studios out of business
What is ScanTrack National Electronic Household Panel? What does it measure? How?
Scantrack national electronic household panel: Owned by Nielsen -measures 30,000 TV HH. How? Scans barcodes to see what people bought.
Stunting
Scheduling specials adding guest stars scheduling hit films changing a series format **altering the regular program schedule at the last minute** Typically cost a lot of money so done rarely.
WHen are series sold to tv networks? What is this called?
Series are sold 2-3 years before TV stations can actually start airing them (2 1/2 men) -futures
Best genre for off-network syndication?
Sitcoms -attract women 25-49 -sitcoms do not sell as well on international market(humor is too topical) -Dramas sell better on international market
Seamlessness
Starting one series directly after the other ends without any credits (Seinfeld). runs the end of one program right up against the start of the next to avoid the channel change The Office starts the program before even running any opening credits to draw the viewer.
When is the greatest number of TV viewers?
Sunday Night
Who do syndicators make sales pitches to?
Sydnicators make sales pitches to reps -if rep likes a show, rep opens door to station's program direction -rep works for local stations, not the syndicator
What happened with vertical integration in 2004 with the FCC?
TV networks only air shows they have full or part ownership in
What is with TV networks and license fees nowadays?
TV networks own the shows, so license fee is irrelevant, but still used by accountants--- it tells network how much it must earn to break even -each episode is assigned a license fee= 75% cost of actual production
What is aftermarket?
TV production companies (syndicators) make extra money selling TV shows abroad, either w/ subtitles or dubbed -first sold in US, then sold overseas -think Friends, spanish w/ subtitles.
Syndicated Program
TV series sold to local TV stations for exclusive airing for a limited time -distributed via satellite or via Firewire
What happened w/ Time Warner in 2010?
TW Cable did not want to pay higher re-transmission fees to Fox O&O's in 9 major markets - so time warner stopped carrying fox-tv but lost battle -in the end, agreed to pay higher re-transmission fees
What is TVQ and what can it lead to?
Television quotient data. Measure the popularity/appeal (likeability) and familiarity of TV programs and performers(they use this to assess spin-off) -can lead to spin-offs of shows(better call saul is a spin-off breaking bad... ) -they keep the character, and give them their own show
Virtual Advertising
They edit in something to make it look like something that is not really there (adding in a picture of a coke can)
Hammocking
This is sticking a weak or new program in between two strong programs. Ex. the Apprentice in 2004 between Friends and ER.
Stacking
Three hours of more of the same genre (law and order episodes- all day long marathons)
Supersizing
Typically done during ratings periods known as sweeps; pulling questionable programs off the air and running longer specials of popular programs.
ideal demographic group for advertisers?
Urban Women 25 -49
What are TV network morning shows vehicles for?
Vehicles for promoting parent company's authors, cable shows and movies
What is vertical integration?
Vertical integration is when owners of TV production studios also own means of distribution- -beginning of production to point of us watching tv show
Person in the family who determines which TV programs the family watches
Women and children
Should a program director choose only barter programs?
You're not bringing in any money for advertising if you take all barter shows--> losing inventory -people who are selling airtime for you will hate you -cable networks compete with local tv stations for off-network shows... much easier for syndicator to sell program to one cable network instead of 210 markets
What is a clone?
a look- alike show on another network (Survivor was really popular- then Temptation Island, Big Brother...)
How many subscribers does Netflix hae?
almost 100 million
What is vertical monolopy?
another way to say vertical integration -you have control from where production process starts to end (production studios, who to hire, programs that fill scheduling)
AQH
average quarter hour- counts if listener is turned to a specific station for 5 minutes out of 15 minutes
Anchoring/ Lead off
beginning an evening with an especially strong program / sets the tone for the networks entire evening -can;t really call it anchoring unless 8:00 show has highest rating of the night
What happened when people started using DVR and tivo?
in 2005- Nielsen added active/passive people meters to get an accurate representation of habits of audience 2017- 40% of public had tivo or DVR- great threat to advertisers. -no one will watch commercials on TV -all satellite service subscribers get a DVR -advertisers so anxious about tiVo- response is to expand product placement or product integration
Station Reps?
national sales organization that sells airtime for local TV stations- airtime sold to national spot advertisers
Continuous season?
new season premiers in sept/ oct then run special programing for federal sweeps and introduce new season in march. Hard to argue there are clear seasons. Round of constant changes
Continuous season?
new series can be introduced in any time of the year
Rating?
number of active listeners to a station compared to the entire population of people w/ a TV 150,000(people in population that have TV) 20,000/150,000=13.3%
Share?
number of active listeners to a station compared to the number of ppl who already have tv turned on 20,000/50,000= .4x100= 40% If "people are asleep".. don't include them. Means that they don't have their tv turned on.
Cume
number of different persons who listen to a specific radio station during one week
What is chum?
shifting of prime- time schedule -moving a show out of it's time slot always hurts ratings -easy way for a network to kill a show
First Run Syndication
show created only for syndication- not aired twice on TV networks (Ellen, Dr. Phil, Judge Judy)
Domestic Syndication
shows that are sold in the United States as opposed to selling programs overseas (aftermarket)
Off-network syndication
shows that were first created for a TV network to air twice then to be sold to local TV stations (2 ½ men, Big bang theory)
What is appointment viewing?
soap opera viewers used to plan their day around their favorite soaps *not necessary anymore due to streaming*
demographics
statistical data relating to the population and particular groups within it(age, gender, race)
O&O
television or radio station that is owned by the network with which it is associated -don't have a say -owned and operated -they must run all of the programs that the station provides
Psychographics
the study and classification of people according to their attitudes and beliefs(religion, political affiliation) -lifestyle questions
Bridging
use of long form programs (usually one and a half hours or more ) that start during the access hour and continue into prime time -people really don't have a choice but to stay on that network - if they had flipped to a different network thy would have missed the first few minutes of that networks show
What is audience flow?
viewers "flow through" from one prime-time show to the next -if show got rating of 10 w/ audience, you would give at least 4 rating points of flow to the next show.
Declining value amortization
viewers decrease each time show is aired----> value decreases each time show is aired as well
Blunting
when a network chooses to match the competition by scheduling a show with identical appeal (opposite of counter programming) If this is going on, it usually opens an opportunity for a third competitor to counterprogram
Clones
when a show has a bunch of copy-cats that follow.. survivor.. and then there are a bunch of other survival shows that follow.
What is an oligarchy?
when tv production studios only have 3 networks to sell their TV series to