COMMS 1 FINAL
Chapter 5: what is the next step after topic selection ?
Topic Selection Narrow Your Topic nezt? Choose a General Purpose and Focus
Describe the elements of the Toulmin Model of Reasoning, and explain how each element functions within a persuasive speech. (read page 238)
Toulmin Model of Reasoning - depicts a type of reasoning common in the US Qualifiers: words or phrases that limit or narrow the scope of the claim (in most cases, in males beteween 7and10, usually) Grounds, data, or evidence: materials support your claims Warrants: assumption that justifies or logically links the evidence to the claim (vitamins provide, power, perkiness, energy, assumed that audience wants that) Backing; 4. Backing: additional reasons to support or defend a warrant (bring in scientific evidence or testimonials to strengthen the "perkiness in vitamins" Rebuttal: assumes your listeners have questions that begin with the word BUT
Critical Thinking Questions to ask yourself:
What is this speaker's goal? • Is this speaker trustworthy? • Is he or she knowledgeable about this topic? • Does this message make sense? • Where does the supporting information come from? Are those sources reliable? • What will I gain or lose if I adopt these ideas? • What problems, if any, go along with this position? • Am I being unduly swayed by my emotions?
Chapter 10: What questions does a good introduction answer?
What's this all about? Why should i listen? Why should I listen to you? What will you cover?
Chapter 1: Define Culture
an integrated system of learned beliefs, values, attitudes, and behaviors that a group accepts and passes along from older to newer members.
Describe collectivist cultures
are born into strong, cohesive in-groups that protect them and to whom they are loyal. They may feel uncomfortable if they, and not the group, are singled out for an honor, and they try to avoid shaming others. Many Latin American and Asian countries score highest on collectivism America is individualistic depend more on themselves and their immediate families.
Chapter 17: What theory states that if our behaviors fail to match our beliefs, we typically experience discomfort until we either alter our beliefs to match our behaviors or alter our behaviors to match our beliefs?
cognitive dissonance theory
Know the various connectives and what they do.
connectives: words, phrases, and sentences that lead from one idea to another and unify the various elements of the speech 1) signpost: WORDS SUCH AS FIRST AND NEZT INTRODUCE POINTS. Phrases like for ezample and as a result 2) transitions: summarize where you've been and where you're going in the speech 3) internal preview; brief statement of the subpoint you'll develop under a main point - three main points in the intro 4) internal sumary; brief summary of the point and the point you made in the speech - in the conclusion
How are content outlines and speaking outlines different?
content outlines: shows the structural elements of the speech- intro, body, conclusion and the logical elements of speech (major ideas, supporting material) Speaking outlines: writes key terms from your content outline on a standard sheet of paper
What do critical listeners do?
critical listening: listening that requires you to reflect and weigh the merits of messages before you accept them - analyze evidence, ponder implications, and evaluate merits of various appeals rather than accept them unreflectively
chapter 6: what items are included in a demographic analysis ?
demographic analysis; identifying audiences by populations they represent, such as age or ethnicity items included: - age, religious affiliations, ethnicity, and seggs / gener. orientation / relationship status others; - socioeconomic status - group affiliations - region instead of stereotyping listeners, try to be more inclusive model that recognizes which demographic characteristics are more significant to your topic and situation
Chapter 12: What is the difference between denotative and connotative meanings?
denotative: the meaning you find in a dictionary (literal) --> chocolate food produced from cacao seeds connotative: the emotional overtones the words carry --> smooth sweet delicate treat
Understand various domain suffixes and describe what each suffix tells you about the website.
educational (.edu) - educational institution - con: could be a students paper commercial (.com) - making money and profit - use with caution government (.gov) - government agency with an agenda military (.mil nonprofit organization (.org) - need for donations forgien (ca. for canada, .jp for japan)
Be able to describe each of Aristotle's three types of proofs and explain how each one functions in a speech. (read pages 215-224)
ethos: appeal to the speaker's status or authority -- used to describe author credibility pathos: appeals to the emotions -- can be used for persuasion and connecting/engaging with audience (anecdotes, language, etc) logos: appears to the audience's reason - statistics and facts to bring credibility to argument stated by author
What is terminal credibility ?
final impression listeners have on a speaker a balance between the reputation you brought to your speech, the expertise you demonstrated as you spoke, and the overall information your audience has or might learn about you or your topic.
What are the canons of rhetoric?
five major categories of good speech making DDIMS 1) invention (creating speech content) 2) disposition or arrangement (organizing speech materials) 3) style (choosing effective language) 4) memory (learning the major ideas) 5) delivery (actually performing the speech)
Chapter 13: What does visual aid do?
help the listeners process your information through more than one modality - provide sensory support for those who learn best by seeing, hearing, or doing you are adapting to audience diversity
Define ethics and give examples of mistakes that would make someone less than ethical
moral principles that govern a person's behavior or the conducting of an activity Unethical Dialogue: 1) demonize the other side or show it negatively 2) insult or offend the deep moral commitments of others; bringing up dark moments from a group's history Unethical listeners: - For example, students who challenge the instructor or other students with whom they disagree can make a learning situation stressful and difficult. - Arriving late and leaving early, noisily packing up before class ends, - texting, reading other materials, surfing the Internet, or having side conversations may seem relatively minor, but they can add up to create a climate that interferes with both your and other students' ability to listen and learn.25
be able to identify an ezample of a well-written preview statement.
or short summary of the major points you'll use to develop your thesis. three major points Linnea previewed her speech like this: I will explain some problems associated with coffee production, show how Fair Trade certified products provide a solution, and challenge you to take action to promote and consume only fairly traded products
Compare and contrast the differences between oral style and written style.
oral style: dynamic, interactive, short/simple vivid words, shorter sentences/fragments, repetition of words and ideas, less formal, more engaging written style: static, more complex words, longer more complex sentences, more formal/precise language, less repetitions, not able to emphasize meanings verbally
be able to identify ezample of a well-written specific purpose statement
page 88 read write about audience response "to persuade, to inform, to introduce'
be able to identify an ezample of a well-written thesis statement
page 89 read
define rhetoric
"the strategic use of communication, oral or written, to achieve specifiable goals." --> For centuries, critical thinking has been linked with the study of rhetoric
Be able to describe an example of the transactional model of communication.
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Explain the Theory of Reasoned Action by giving an example to show how it works in actual situations. 245
*adds a social dimension to motivation* people are moved to act not only by inconsistencies between their behaviors and beliefs, but also by how they think others will perceive their actions and by whether or not they believe they can act successfully links behavioral intentions with attitudes, subjective norms, and perceived behavioral control - assumes we rationally weight costs and benefits of our actions example: a speaker urges a listener to donate blood and additionally motivates them by including specific information about where and when to find the bloodmobile on campus *in picture*
Chapter 14: What is a major challenge with manuscript delivery?
- can be boring if read in a way that does not engage the audience
What are the canon of invention?
- choose a topic - consider the audience and the setting - identify your purpose - gather speech materials
What should be considered when preparing a speech ? ***
- choosing a topic - consider audience and setting - identify your purpose - speech materials - organization of content 5) Organize your idea in a way that is easy to understand 6) Choose suitable language
What are some nervous gestures that should be avoided?
- fidget with hair - bite your lip - scratch your face - twist ring/tap notecard on table - folding arms across your chest
What are some ways to establish to personal credibility?
- subject-related experiences, interests, and research findings that show your expertise - your major, courses youve taken, a movie that sparked your. interest in the topic
What are the different techniques to gain attention in speech introduction?
1) Ask a question 2) Provide a Vivid description 3) Begin with a Quotation 4) Use an Audio or Visual Aid 5) Begin with an example 6) Startling Numbers 7) Current Event 8) Involve Audience Physically 9) Use Humor
what nonverbal behaviors while listening could makes someone a less competent listener?
1) Bad posture 2) No eye contact 3) Sitting far away from the speaker 4) Movements: fidgeting, shuffling papers or playing with pen
Chapter 9: know the traditional patterns that can be used to organize your main point, and when each is best to use **read page 139-142**
1) Chronological Organization - puts points in sequential order 2) Cause-Effect or Casual Organization - ezplains reasons for (cause) and implications (effects) of a subject 3) Problem-Solution Organization - discuss harmful problem and tells ways to solve it 4) Pro-Con Organization - reports on arguments both for and against an issue 5) Spatial Organization - arranges points by place or location 6) Topical Organization - makes each point a subtopic of the subject
What are the parts of the introduction?
1) Gain Attention 2) Reason to Listen 3) Establish Your Credibility 4) Preview Your Ideas
Describe and provide examples of the four general speech purposes.
1) To inform: - increase your audience's understanding by explaining describing, or teaching about your subject ie. lectures, how-tos, reports, announcements, introductions 2) To persuade: - attempt to convince, motivate, or reinforce cultural ideals. ie. selling products, argue for ideas, request donations, campaign for candidates 3) To entertain: - want listeners to laugh at humorous portrayal of a subject. ie. comedy routines, special occassions like dinner speeches 4) To commemorate: special occasion speeches highlight and reinforce cultural ideals ie. tributes, toasts, awards, eulogies
What are good reasons to study public speaking?
1) emphasize critical thinking 2) focus on skills that are important in professional ,civic, and personal contexts.
What are the canon of disposition or arrangement
1) introduction 2) speech body 3) conclusion
Describe the four different methods of speech delivery and the situations when each method is most beneficial.
1) memorized delivery - the lost canon. fully memorized speech without any aids --> not recommended at all 2) manuscript delivery - write out your entire speech and the read it to your audience. - helps remember ideas --> formal talks (not really classroom or workplace speeches) 3) impromptu delivery - spur of the moment with little advanced preparation - not really for class room but common for workplace settings or social events or to say "a few words" 4) extemporaneous delivery - gather materials, organize them carefully, and jot down key ideas on notecards to jog memory during the talk - BEST for classroom and workplace settings
what three things do our behaviors line up with?
1) our attitudes, both our beliefs and feelings about the topic 20 our subjective norms: our perceptions of what people who are important to us think we should do 30 our perceived behavioral control; our opinion about our ability to accomplish the behavior in question
What are the 5 elements of listening
1) receiving sounds 2) discriminating or distinguishing among them 3) focusing attention 4) assigning meaning to the sounds 5) remembering the information.
What is the function of the conclusion?
1) signal the end 2) summarize main points 3) provide psychological closure (often by reference to the intro) 4) end with impact
When do you need to cite your source?
1. Exact quotes and facts from your source 2. Someone else's ideas, even if you put them in your own words 3. Each sentence in a long paragraph if it isn't clear that they come from the same source 4. facts, theories, stats
What are the five steps in Monroe's Motivated Sequence? How can each step be addressed in a persuasive speech? 246 *write this on paper*
1. attention step: in introduction 2. need step: show direct relationship between audience and problem (why should you listen) 3. satisfaction step: propose a solution to satisfy need (in body) 4. visualization step: propose a realistic scenario to show outcome of your solution (in body) 5. action step: call to action in conclusion
List briefly define at least four kinds of logical fallacies. *maybe write each one down with an ezample on a paper*
1. unsupported assertion: offering a claim without any evidence 2. bandwagon: an appeal to popular reason instead of offering evidence 3. ad hominem: an attack against the source, not the evidence or reasoning 4. false analogy: comparing two things that are not similar enough to warrant the comparison
Identify different types of visual aids and know when it is best to use each. read page 166 real
3D: when a listener needs to experience a subject or see it demonstrated - objects, models, people 2D: to support concepts and are for more practical circumstances that just require a visual addition - text based, image based visuals, charts, diagrams, drawings, and maps Video: you can clarify ideas dramatically or memorably Audio: for hearing the sounds you are explaining (musical topic, talking about animal sounds, etc)
What is ethical dilemma?
A situation in which moral claims conflict with one another. No decision is completely right over the other. Listening Ethically example: ie. For example, when you hear someone saying something you know to be false or arguing for a viewpoint that does not seem well reasoned, what should you do? Should you respectfully confront the speaker in front of others? Should you prepare another speech to present more accurate information or provide a different perspective? Should you ask questions that help other listeners detect the misinformation or bias? Should you disrupt the speech by heckling— by interrupting or shouting down the speaker?
Which logical fallacy involves an attack. against the source of information, not the evidence or reasoning coming from the source?
Ad hominem (personal attack)
Chapter 8: What is expert testimony?
Claims from scholars, elected officials, scientists, who's career success and reputation in their field. ie. expert testimony that would fit well in a speech about therapy horses their reputation provides good support for a claim unexpected testimony is powerful too = democrat pro-lifer for example
What are credible peers and laypeople
regular people who firsthand knowledge on subject to provide good supporting information
What is the speech-thought differential?
speech though differential: the difference between he rate you think (about 500 words per minute) and the average speaking rate (about 150 words per minute)
What hinders listening while taking speech-thought differential into account? *read this page over again*
speech though differential: the difference between he rate you think (about 500 words per minute) and the average speaking rate (about 150 words per minute) during Listening 1) Taking small departures from the communication line. Small departures can distract and hinder your comprehension, but they can also help you follow a message if you use them to produce your own examples. 2) Going off on a tangent. distracted thoughts 3) Engaging in a private argument with the speaker in your head 4) Taking large departures from the communication line
Chapter 2: What is communication apprehension?
the fear or dread of negative responses you might experience because you speak out It is the dread of possible negative reactions you might experience when you communicate
Chapter 16: What is persuasion?
the symbolic process in which a communicator intentionally creates an argument in an attempt to convince others to change their attitudes or behaviors in an atmosphere of free choice
More examples of unethical speakers !
Ethical principles fall into two major categories: democratic and dialogical Someone who is less ethical 1) someone who settles for surface understanding on a topic 2) someone who exaggerates a problem, twists evidence, show misleading stats 3) someone who does NOT practice civility (a social virtue grounded in courtesy that chooses to understand and work with others)
Distinguish between figurative analogies and literal analogies.
Figurative analogies: connect less familiar images to well-known images by highlighting similarities between otherwise dissimilar things --> require listeners to apply their imagination and integrate likeness
example of terminal credibility getting messed up
For instance, if your listeners eventually discover that some of your information was incorrect or slanted or that you don't act in ways that support your ideas, they will lose confidence in you and your terminal credibility is damaged. A good example is a high-profile member of the clergy or of the business community who once had great audiences until he or she was uncovered as a fraud.
How can you avoid plagiarism?
Give credit whenever you use somebody else's words, ideas, or creative works directly—whether you take them from library resources, the Internet, films or television shows, audio recordings, advertisements, letters from friends, or elsewhere. • Provide sources for information learned in interviews, conversations, or email. • Tell your audience the source of unique words and phrases that are not your own. • Identify the sources of diagrams, illustrations, charts, photographs, and figures.
Describe what makes a visual aid effective, and what could be ineffective.
Ineffective: overstimulating, draws away from presentation, colors are distracting, draws your attention away, lacks content Effective: good use of charts, pictures and graphs, easily readable font/color, not too overstimulating, not TOO many words on slides
Chapter 4: What hinders listening? *read page 69 70 for more indepth answer* read it once at least
Linguistic barriers 1) Language differences 2) Vocabulary Differences Cultural Barriers 1) cultural allusions: reference to historical, literary, and religious sources that are culturally specific *examples seen on pg. 69). Personal Barriers 1) physical factors: hearing loss, sleep deprivation, hunger 2) Physiological factors: fight with a friend or a big test coming up can keep you from listening 3) Receiver apprehension: anxiety that people experience while listening to messages that make you uncomfy 4) lack of interest 5) STEREOTYPING and PREJUDICES : puts people into a categories and then assumes they fit it.
What is listening?
More than hearing the active mental process in which you interpret messages to understand and respond to them
Chapter 3: What is empathy?
Showing compassion and willingness to identify emotionally with others in an attempt to understand others perspectives
Quoting someone's opinion in a speech will only be effective if, what?
THE AUDIENCE VIEWS THEM AS CREDIBLE ON THE TOPIC - including opinions from experts, credible laypeople that are knowledgable and experienced to support conclusions n
Chapter 11: When you create your content outline, what should you do first?
Begin with a heading
Chapter 7: What does the acronym "MAP" in the MAPit strategy stand for?
M: message A: author or source P: purpose
What question are important to ask yourself when making an audiovisual aid plan?
which learning preferences do these visuals support? Is it necessary? Is it interesting but not essential? Is the image relevant to the words, or is it merely decoration? Will it help maintain attention? - what concepts do I need to support - what type of aid should I use (three or two dimensional, audio or video)
What questions can you ask yourself to make sure you're an ethical listener?
• Do I keep myself informed about significant issues by exposing myself to a number of arguments, or do I listen only to the side with which I already agree? In short, do I listen with an open mind? • Do I fulfill my ethical responsibilities to other listeners by not distracting them? • Do I fulfill my responsibilities to speakers by letting them know they are being heard? • Do I encourage speakers to meet ethical standards? This may mean that I ask for further information about their sources or that I point out relevant information they omit. • Do I evaluate my feedback to make sure my responses are civil and well reasoned?
