COMMS TEST

Recently Hamid has been getting really frustrated with his roommate. Whenever Hamid tries to talk to him, his roommate immediately stands up and starts cleaning up the house or flipping through channels on the television. According to the lecture on Charisma--Sensitivity and Power, what aspect of listening does this violate?

Eliminate distractions

It's Casilda's first day of dance class and she is trying to make new friends. A girl named Vera keeps telling jokes to make the class laugh and seems to know everyone. Casilda decides to do her stretches next to Vera the next day and enjoys being around her in class. According to the lecture on Charisma-Credibility for what reason does Casilda want to be around Vera more?

Exposure

Jasleen has just recently gotten into a relationship. Her partner often discusses past relationships with her, but Jasleen does not know if she should share that information with her partner because she is worried it might be too soon in the relationship. According to Chapter 2, what dialectical tension is Jasleen demonstrating?

Expression-Nonexpression

Randy just moved to Germany to live with his long-distance boyfriend. He loves his new home, but he notices that a lot of people he meets will make him feel dumb for not speaking German fluently. According to Chapter 4 and relationship styles, which of Randy's needs is not being met?

He has no one respecting his competence

Rio recently met Margorie in his English literature class. Rio has plans to go eat dinner with a group of his friends and decides to invite Margorie. At dinner, Margorie makes several statements such as, "I probably shouldn't stay out too late" and "I'm ready to leave whenever." According to Chapter 3, what stereotype of introversion does this represent?

Hedging: a word or phrase that makes a statement less forceful or assertive

Propositions about communication

1) You cannot not communicate 2) Meanings are in people 3) Communication is irreversible - Once something is said, it can never be erased. 4) Communication is functional - Giving/receiving information - Persuading/influencing - Affinity (likeness) - Identity (a function of words affecting self esteem) - Entertainment 5) Communication is a tool 6) Communication is learned 7) Communication is both intentional & unintentional 8) Communication is contextual 9) Communication has both content & relational aspects 10) Communication = Relationship

Louis and Harry work together on a daily basis and have to navigate their relationship. Louis is always helping Harry with errands, is one of Harry's most supportive friends, and sometimes gets frustrated if Harry spends time with other people. According to Chapter 3 and The Role of Interpersonal Needs, which interpersonal need is Louis demonstrating?

High affection

credibility

1. Competence (moderate-high) a. product: about topic b. Process: communicating about topic 2. Composure (moderate) a. can be composed or under composed, need a happy medium 3. Trustworthiness (high) a. reliable - finish what you started - master your small commitments (big commitments required, small commitments are normally fallen through) b. honest - mean honesty is not good - put a spotlight on your mistakes - covering up kills opportunities c. good will - dont be creepy d. vulnerable - trust is important - something to give or lose 4. Extroversion (moderate-high) 5. Sociability (high) a. never embarrass yourself b. be aware of secret tests - take in data before decisions - you cant not communicate - different people have different tests - everyone is an accountant c. have social presence - own the room (father of the bride) - socially confident (self affirmations, no desperation, calm confidence in crisis, immediacy, appearance matters, tad bit more formal, strong posture) be tactful - social agility is vital, you're right vs i know, compliments matter, support those in need of it.

Enduring relationships

1. Duration (spending time together) 2. Frequency (seeing each other often, but not spending much time together) 3. Variability 4. Revelation 5. Mesh 6. Mutually independent (better together for functionality) 7. Anxiety reduction (security) 8. proximity (want to be around them) 9. Relationships as systemic 10. Historicy Punctuation (periodic events) 11. Uniqueness (something special makes more endurable) 12. Momentum and trajectory 13. Ritual and reciprocity - Rituals: Community, comfort and predictability, reflection and transition, memorability 14. Intimacy - physical, mundane, and emotional (kindness and generosity) - shared structure, rules, and language 15. Self-Expansion

Why Perceptions Differ

1. Each person's perceptions of others are structured by his or her own cultural conditioning, education, and personal experiences. 2. Sometimes perceptions differ because of what we choose to observe and how we process what we've observed. 3. Sometimes we see only what we want to see or don't see what may be obvious to others because of our own needs, desires, or temporary emotional states. - Selective perception: Sensing (e.g., seeing or hearing) only a portion of available information, often due to cognitive or emotional biases.

Relationship Styles

1. Individuals must know people who share their concerns; otherwise, they may develop feelings of social isolation or boredom. 2. They must know people they can depend on in a pinch; otherwise, they may develop a sense of anxiety and vulnerability. 3. They must have one or more really close friends, with ready access to those friends; otherwise, they may experience emotional isolation or loneliness. 4. They must know people who respect their competence; otherwise, they may manifest a decreased self-esteem.

The Processes of Perceiving Others

Implicit personality theory: A theory that suggests people believe that certain personality traits are likely to co-occur. Stereotyping: Formulating an overgeneralized belief about a particular category or group of people. Stereotype inductively: Inferring individuals' personality or group membership based on their specific features. Stereotype deductively: Inferring individuals' specific features based on their personality or group membership. Attribution theory: A theory that suggests people are motivated to explain others' behavior, particularly when the behavior is unexpected and/or negative. Fundamental attribution error: The tendency to overestimate the influence of dispositional factors in other people's behavior and overestimate the role of situational factors in one's own behavior. - concerned with whether a specific behavior is due to a person's personality (typically recurring patterns of behavior) or whether it is due to the situation or circumstances impinging on the person. Self-serving bias: The tendency to interpret one's own behavior in more positive, generous ways than others' behavior.

Ramiro and Teresa met in a coffee shop eight years ago, and have been dating ever since. When reflecting on their relationship, Ramiro tells Teresa that if she hadn't complimented him on his t-shirt that day, he might not have kept coming back to the same coffee shop. According to the Centrality of Communication lecture, which key concept is Ramiro referring to in this example?

Importance of First Exchange

ulio has the flu and has been home alone all week. Usually, he hates talking on the phone, but one night he calls his friend and says, "Hey! Do you have time to chat? I've been so bored and lonely this week! It's driving me crazy!" According to chapter 5, which impulse that pushes people together best describes what Julio is experiencing?

Impulse to receive stimulation

Raquel just moved to Austin from out-of-state. Her three roommates are strangers to her, but they already knew each other from high school. Whenever they sit in the living room together, it seems like they only talk to each other and not to her. According to the lecture on Selectivity, what principle of the listener's needs are her roommates neglecting?

Inclusion

The Influence of Interpersonal Needs

Inclusion: The state or condition of being part of a whole. - In order to avoid such situations, we need to construct our lives so that others will include us in their activities. Control: The power to direct other people's behavior or the course of actions. - Each of us needs the feeling that sometimes we're in charge of a situation; at other times, we want others to be in charge and don't mind assuming a more submissive posture. Affection: The feeling of liking or caring for someone or something. - To like and be liked by others is important to our interpersonal health. Even though we may find it momentarily distasteful, the opposite of affection—hostility, coldness, anger—can also be important for us. - Immediacy: The degree of liking between communicators; the verbal linkage of the speaker with the content of his or her communication. The degree of liking between communicators gives us some additional behavioral indicators. Immediacy is the verbal linkage of the speaker with the content of his or her communication

Interpersonal Needs Across the Lifespan

Infancy and Childhood Interpersonal needs are reflected in our behavior from the day we are born. In fact, some scholars believe our evolutionary heritage provides us with an inborn yearning for contact or inclusion with our world. Adolescence Adolescence is a bridge between two very different life stages—childhood and adulthood. Teenagers and young adults often feel conflicts related to the life pattern they are leaving behind and the uncertainty of the one to come. -Acceptance: Seeing another person as favorable; embracing or approving of another person. -Challenge: Calling another person to engage in a competition or test. Adulthood Just because we are labeled an "adult" does not mean we behave similarly to all others who wear this label. Our behaviors and our values as adults are influenced by a multitude of factors, including the degree to which our needs were satisfied when we were children. The Older Adult Interpersonal needs continue to change throughout the period of later life too. Older adults may experience several different need patterns. Certainly the inter-personal needs of a recently retired couple that is active and healthy will differ greatly from those persons who are socially isolated and physically dependent on others.

Eleri and Lillian are roommates. Eleri is a sophomore and plans to resign the lease and stay in their current apartment. Lillian, on the other hand, is graduating this year and plans to move to Des Moines, Iowa for her new job. One day, Eleri and Lillian were at the pool in the apartment complex and heard a rumor that the landlord was increasing rent by $150 per month. Eleri was really frustrated and anxious about this rumor, but Lillian did not seem to be that concerned. According to the Rumors and Gossip Lecture, which aspect of managing rumors does this illustrate?

Information importance

Interaction Stages

Initiating: The stage that incorporates all those processes enacted when we first come together with other people. 1. The kind of relationship and whether the participants have been through this stage before. Stranger: "Hello. Nice to meet you." Friend: "Hey dude. What's up?" 2. The time allowed for interaction—passing each other on the street versus a formal appointment. 3. The time since last greeting—regreeting a person you saw just five minutes before versus greeting a relative at the airport who visits once a year. 4. The situational or normative constraints—meeting in the library versus meeting at a rock concert, or meeting in person versus meeting online. 5. The special codes of particular groups—fraternity handshake. Experimenting: The stage during which we being interacting with another person to find out more. - Bases for prediction: Different levels of information from which people can make predictions about others in interpersonal encounters. 1. It is a useful process for uncovering integrating topics and openings for more penetrating conversation. 2. It can be an audition for a future friendship or a way of increasing the scope of a current relationship. 3. It provides a safe procedure for indicating who we are and how another can come to know us better (reduction of uncertainty). 4. It allows us to maintain a sense of community with our fellow human beings. Intensifying: Stage of development in which partners have become "close friends" and the relationship becomes intensified. 1. Forms of address become more informal—first name, nickname, or some term of endearment. 2. Use of the first person plural becomes more common—"We should do this" or "Let's do this." One study of married couples found that the use of "we" was more likely to be associated with a relationship orientation, while the use of "I" was more likely to be associated with a task orientation or the functional requirements and accomplishments of marriage.16 3. Private symbols begin to develop, sometimes in the form of a special slang or jargon, sometimes using conventional language forms that have understood, private meanings. Places they've been together, events and times they've shared, and physical objects they've purchased or exchanged, all become important symbols in defining the nature of developing closeness. Such items or memories may be especially devastating and repulsive reminders if the relationship begins to come apart unless the symbols are reinterpreted ("I like this diamond ring because it is beautiful, not because he gave it to me") or put in a different perspective ("It really was fun when we did ways he was a jerk"). 4. Verbal shortcuts built on a backlog of accumulated and shared assump-tions, expectations, interests, knowledge, interactions, and experiences appear more often; one may request a newspaper be passed by simply saying, "Paper." 5. More direct expressions of commitment may appear—"We really have a good thing going" or "I don't know who I'd talk to if you weren't around." Sometimes such expressions receive an echo—"I really like you a lot." "I really like you, too, Elmer." 6. Increasingly, one's partner will act as a helper in the daily process of understanding what you're all about—"In other words, you mean you're. . ." or "But yesterday, you said you were. . . ." Integrating: Stage when relationships reach a point at which the two individual personalities begin to fuse or coalesce. - Coupling: Coupling involves giving another person your self-symbols and/or bringing the other's self-symbols into alignment with your own. - Integrating: Stage when relationships reach a point at which the two individual personalities begin to fuse or coalesce. 1. Attitudes, opinions, interests, and tastes that clearly distinguish the pair from others are vigorously cultivated—"We have something special; we are unique." 2. Social circles merge and others begin to treat the two individuals as a common package—one present, one letter, one invitation. 3. Intimacy "trophies" are exchanged so each can "wear" the other's identity—pictures, pins, rings. 4. Social media profiles represent the coupling—social media profile pictures include the partners together, and the two people's depiction of the relationship online becomes similar.21 5. Similarities in manner, dress, and verbal behavior may also accentuate the oneness. 6. Actual physical penetration of various body parts contributes to the perceived unification. 7. Sometimes common property is designated—"our song," a joint bank account, or shared Netflix and Spotify accounts.22 8. Empathic processes seem to peak so that explanation and prediction of behavior are much easier.23 9. Body rhythms and routines achieve heightened synchrony.24 10. Sometimes the love of a third person or object will serve as glue for the relationship—"Love me, love my rhino collection." Bonding: Stage in which a public ritual announces to the world that commitments have been formally contracted. Differentiating: Stage involving a process of disengaging or uncoupling. Circumscribing: Stage in relationships during which information exchange markedly decreases in both breadth and depth. Stagnating: Stage at which relational counterparts stop trying to talk about many topics of conversation because they "know" how the interaction will go. Avoiding: Stage at which communication is specifically designed to avoid the possibility of face-to-face or voice-to-voice interaction. 1. Avoidance—preventing an interaction episode from happening and reducing interaction during an encounter. 2. Disengagement—hiding information about self, using a disengaged communication style, and interacting less personally. 3. Cognitive dissociation—disregarding messages, derogating the other person, showing cognitive and emotional detachment. Terminating: Stage at which relational partners recognize that they are no longer part of a distinct relational unit. -Distance: A reflection of detachment, remoteness, or lack of intimacy. -Disassociation: An indication that individuals are preparing for their continued life without their partner — increasing concern for their own self-interests and emphasizing differences.

interdependent

Interdependency among the communication dimensions means that changes on one dimension will prompt changes on others.

The Influence of New Media and Communication Technologies

Internet compulsion: An irresistible urge to have access to and use the Internet

Synchronized communication

Involves conversations that are smooth flowing, effortless, spontaneous, relaxed, informal, and well coordinated.

Difficult communication

Involves interactions in which participants experience strain, difficulty, and awkwardness.

Personalized communication

Involves revealing information that most people do not know, the use of multiple channels for communication, and the exchange of unique or private meanings.

Recently, Teresa has been watching a lot of TikTok. She sees a lot of girls wearing claw clips in their hair and using more accessories to dress up casual clothes. She wasn't sure about this style at first, but now that she sees it everywhere she has started to like it and decided to buy some of the clothes and accessories she sees on TikTok. According to the lecture on Charisma—similarity and attraction, what correlate of physical attraction does this describe

Learning norms of appearance

Movement: In, Out, and Around Stages

Movement Is Generally Systematic and Sequential Movement May Be Forward Movement May Be Backward Movement Occurs Within Stages Movement Is Always to a New Place - On-again/off-again relationships: Relationships in which the partners cycle between periods of being together and being broken up.

How Communication Changes as Our Relationships Develop

1. Narrow-Broad: During the process of coming together, we would predict communication that shows a gradually increasing amount of talk and a gradually increasing variety in the topics explored. This has been called the "breadth" of interaction. Breadth just means the range of topics you discuss and how much information about those topics you reveal. - Breadth: The range of topics you discuss and how much of those topics you reveal. 2. Public-Personal This dimension is also referred to as the "depth" of social interaction. When we first start talking to people, the things we say most likely reflect our public personality. - Depth of social interaction: Describes the extent to which the conversation includes information that is private or personal. - Depth of social interaction: Describes the extent to which the conversation includes information that is private or personal. 3. Stylized-Unique: The process of constructing a more intimate relationship eventually reaches a point at which we are interacting with the other person as a unique individual rather than as a member of a particular society. - Stylized behavior: Communication practices or behaviors that are conventional and acceptable to many people. 4. Difficult-Efficient: As a relationship grows and more of the other person is revealed to us, there will be increased accuracy, speed, and efficiency in our communication. Early stages in a relationship hold greater possibilities for less accurate communication and slower progress because we rely so heavily on stereotyped behaviors and fewer channels of communication. 5. Rigid-Flexible: Flexibility simply refers to the number of different ways any given idea or feeling can be communicated. The more advanced the stage of growth, the greater the flexibility. 6. Awkward-Smooth: As knowledge of the other person increases, predictive ability also increases, which leads to greater synchronization of interaction. Each participant is well aware of mutual roles and plays them out in a smooth, complementary fashion. - Meshing: When mutual knowledge results in smooth, complementary interaction 7. Hesitant-Spontaneous: Meeting new people is naturally accompanied by hesitancy. We can make some general predictions about how most people react in this situation, but caution is the byword when little information on a specific person is available. 8. Overt Judgment Suspended: Overt Judgment Given Although our first impressions of another person probably involve a number of covert judgments, these evaluations are usually unspoken until the relationship reaches a more advanced stage.

Gossip Characteristics

1. Negative or Positive (positive more likely in public/workplace) 2. Highly efficient (moves quickly) 3. Involving/ interesting 4. Measure of integration (intimacy, confidence, in-group) 5. Short-lived 6. Extroverts do more 7. Evaluative Consequences (women: gossip about appearance/ relationships. men: gossip more about themselves)

physcial attraction

1. Perceived (not a reality) 2. Normative (depends upon norms of society) a. time period (fashion of the times, trends) b. social group (dress to be part of a group/belong to that group) c. culture (cultural norms within ethnic group) d. setting (funeral, wedding, party, etc.) 3. Affects perceptions (same people can wear different clothes/makeup and it can affect perception): causes judgements 4. Correlates of physical attraction a. matching (predominant dresser effect) b. compensation (money for looks) c. esteem (how we judge ourself) d. age and gender bias (women allowed to be attractive for less amount of time than men are) e. manipulating appearance (maintain relationship, degrading others attractiveness)

Five Important Misconceptions About Communication in Relationships

1. The Assumption of Consistency - "But that's not what you said yesterday." 2. The Assumption of Simple Meaning - "Well, you said it, so you must have meant it!" - Words do provide us with some information, but meanings are derived from so many other sources that it would hinder our effectiveness as a partner in a relationship to rely too heavily on words alone. 3. The Assumption of Communicator Independence - "It wasn't my fault." - Many times we talk about our relationships with people as if we had no relation or connection to them—as if our behavior had nothing to do with what our partner said or did. In actuality, however, we have a lot more to do with our partner's responses than we may wish to acknowledge. - Response matching: A tendency for people to react to others' communication behaviors with similar behaviors. 4. The Assumption of Obvious Causation - "You can't fool me. I know why you said that." - Sometimes people's motives are fairly clear, but often they aren't. Many times, people's behaviors and statements can be ascribed to more than one motivation. 5. The Assumption of Finality - "That settles it." - If something is "finished," it no longer requires the same effort, attention, and concern. As a result, we some-times act as if something is finished in order to set other priorities for our avail-able time and energy.

Verbal Greetings

1. Verbal salutes—"Good morning." 2. Direct references to the other person by name, nickname, or personal pronoun—"Hi, babe!" or "Jeremiah!" 3. Questions of personal inquiry—"What's new with you?" or "How ya doin'?" 4. Verbalizations expressing a desire to continue a past relationship—"Long time no see" or "Nice seeing you again." 5. Compliments—"You're looking great." 6. References to here-and-now surroundings—"May I get you another drink?" or "Can you tell me who did that painting?" 7. References to people or things, outside the immediate interaction set-ting—"How do you like this weather we're having?" 8. References to the other's behavior—"I noticed you were sitting all alone over here." 9. References to oneself—"Boy, have I had a rough day!" or "Hi, I'm Mark Knapp." 10. Apologies—"Excuse me, but . . . " 11. Unexpected, humorous, or whimsical phrases designed to break the ice—"How's your love life?" or "This is the best drink I've had since breakfast." 12. Immediate topic initiation that usually excludes any preliminary com-ments—"The reason I wanted to talk to you . . . " 13. Single words or vocalizations that are essentially content free—"Well!" or muted grunting sound.

Perceived Sensitivity

1. listening - listen to tell someone else what was said - eliminate distractions - reformulate: personal summary - limit counterarguments - grasp hidden messages (told vs. not told) 2. understanding - people need you to understand, not agree 3. empathy - sharing emotions of others - compassion having powerful feeling for someone suffering - sympathy is not empathy - marketing senitivity

attraction

1. task attraction (how attractive that person is to work on projects/ tasks) 2. social attraction (fun to be around) 3. physical attraction (most important on first impressions)

It's Callou's first day of college and he's nervous about making friends. His first class is Economics 101, and he meets two people. He adds their names to his phone, and beside their names puts "ECON." According to the Model of Communication lecture, this categorization is known as what?

A schema

Affordances

A state of being correctable, changeable, or modifiable. - Asynchronicity: A quality that occurs when objects or events exist or happen at two differnet times. - Surveillance: Close monitoring or observation. Being well-known -Passive strategies: Strategies that are indirect; for example, watching, listening, and observing.

Communication interdependence theory

A theory that explains the associations between the rewards and costs of interpersonal communication and people's expectations for, and satisfaction with, their interactions.

Relationship characteristics

A. Contracts 1. Implicit vs. Explicit 2. Relational expectations - short term: if you fail to meet these, the relationship will probably not continue - long term: need to meet them equally (i do as much as you, equitably (i do what seems fair), or average (on average, i do this) 3. Violations - Dissatisfaction - Coping strategies a. Problem focused (taking direct action, seeking support, reflection) b. emotional coping (acceptance, self-blamed) c. down regulation B. Complementary vs. symmetry - locus of control external <------------> Internal - fail you deflect succeed you take credit C. Fairness (socially impacted) 1. Outcome fairness - OA/IA - Fairness is really this OA/IA = OB/IB - comparisons impact our outlook on fairness 2. Interactional Fairness - the want to be heard and have input registered 3. Procedural fairness - How people cope with getting laid off - no one said it was unfair -seniority sets place in stone - if you believe the procedure was fait, then you will never complain

Why stereotype?

A. Efficient (impossible to meet everyone) B. Ego Defense (makes accuser feel better) C. Anger and aggression ( propaganda/war help) D. Conformity (go along with it)

Relational Contradictions

A. Idealization vs. Realization B. Dependence vs. Independence C. Honesty vs. Dishonesty D. Optimality vs. Satisfaction E. Love vs. Comfort F. Altruism vs. Selfishness G. Privacy vs. Openness H. Happiness vs. Non-happiness I. Attention vs. Smothering J. Hope vs. Acceptance L. Security vs. Adventure (stability vs. novelty)

Relational Control

A. Least interest - fear of being single makes you less attractive B. Alterations - more power in having alternatives gives more control C. Scarcity - increases buisness/personal value (even in attributes) D. Rewards - gifts/assets E. Resources - accessibility to different resources provides power - resources that people trade: - in our relationship, who has more: a. money b. eduaction c. job d. smarter e. attractive f. higher status

Selectivity

A. selective exposure - Involvement (being present) - Proximity (a show playing after the bachelor will be viewed more) - Supportive beliefs (liberal to CNN conservative to FOX) - Utility/ value (useful to them, useless things don't help you) - Reinforcement (make you feel good about yourself) B. Selective attention - Novelty (new things get our attention) - Concreteness (physical stimuli are easier to pay attention to) - Fewer competing stimuli (limits distractions, not as many factors to devote attention) - Momentum and speed (rushing and overlooking things. Also gets you involved in the beginning to withstand attention) - Utility (Useful to you: practical) - Positive affect (Things that support your beliefs cause you to pay more attention to them) C. Selective perception - Understand biases (self interest shapes what we see and hear) - Reduce Ambiguity (unclear things skew perceptions) - Use redundancy (repetition helps perception) - Focus on listeners needs a. control (controlling situations) b. Inclusion (influences perception based on belonging) c. affection (yearn for likeness) d. efficacy (purpose/contribution) - Focus on listeners schemas (the way they think) D. Selective Retention - Redundancy and repetition (repeating the wrong thing can make it sound true) - Visual superiority effect (seeing over hearing more beneficial, images instill memories) - Utility - Bias (remember things based on your biases) - Primacy/ Recency (beginning/end) - Salient (relevant): Make it relevant to their lives

Josiah knows his girlfriend Katerina doesn't treat him well, but he refuses to break up with her. When his mother asks him why, he explains, "Katerina has had 4 boyfriends before me and she could easily get another, but she's my first girlfriend... what if I can't find anyone else?" According to the lecture on Relational Control, which of the following principles of control is keeping Josiah from leaving Katerina?

Alternatives

While at swim practice, Tish's teammate mentions hearing about new rules for student testing that will be enforced at the local high school. At first, she doesn't pay attention because Tish is homeschooled. Then, someone mentions that the rules could apply to everyone in the state of Texas, whether homeschooled or not, and Tish is very interested. According to the Rumors and Gossip lecture, which aspect of managing rumors does this demonstrate?

Ambiguity

Greetings and Relationships

Attenuation rule: A conversational rule suggesting that the expansiveness of a greeting will gradually subside with each subsequent greeting. 1. Sighting, Orientation, and Initiation of the Approach. 2. Distant Salutation. This is the "official ratification" that a greeting sequence has been initiated and who the participants are. A wave, smile, or call may be used for recognition. Several types of head movements were noted. One, the "head dip," has also been observed in other situations as a marker to transitions between activities or shifts in psychological orientation. This movement was not observed if the greeter did not continue the approach. 3. Approach. As the greeters continued to move toward each other, gazing probably helped signal that channels were cleared for talking. An aver-sion of this gaze, however, was seen just prior to the close salutation stage. Grooming behavior and one or both arms positioned in front of the body also were observed at this point. When the participants were within ten feet of each other, mutual gazing, smiling, and a positioning of the head not seen in the sequence thus far were seen. The palms of the hands were sometimes turned toward the other person. 4. Close Salutation. As the participants negotiated a standing position, ritualistic comments such as "Hi, Will! How ya doin'?" were heard. And, if the situation called for body contact (handshakes, embraces), it would occur at this time. Eyebrow flash: A distinct up-and-down movement of the eyebrows which is barely detectable.

Kota gets home and sees that her girlfriend is making them dinner already. She thinks to herself "wow, my girlfriend is such a caring person." However, a few months later, after experiencing relationship problems, Kota sees her girlfriend making them dinner and thinks "she's only making dinner because she didn't want to eat my food." According to Chapter 5, which theory does this demonstrate?

Attribution theory

Fiza isn't sure what is wrong in her relationship. Recently, her partner has been difficult to get in touch with. And when she does get in touch with them, they always seem to come up with an excuse for why they cannot make plans or talk. According to Chapter 2, what interaction stage is Fiza likely in?

Avoiding

Last week, Naseem went on a first date and it was incredibly uncomfortable. However, after a few more dates, Naseem felt like their conversations got easier as he got to know them better. According to Chapter 1, which dimension of communication does this demonstrate?

Awkward-Smooth

After Monique graduated from UT, she moved to Chicago to begin her career. While she was there, she met Joe, another recent graduate of UT. They hit it off immediately and decided to go to a watch party this Saturday for the football game. According to the lecture on Charisma -Similarity and Attraction, what component of similarity does this demonstrate?

Background similarity

Kyle was just hired to babysit for a family in Austin. On his first day, the parents give him basic instructions to put the kids to bed at 8pm and feel free to watch TV after. When they get home, they notice the toys were never picked up. Although this wasn't part of the basic instructions, the parents have decided not to hire Kyle back. According to the lecture on Charisma-Credibility which sociability skill did Kyle not follow?

Beware of secret tests

When Sam walks into her Statistics class she hears the students next to her whispering. She asks what's wrong and they say they've heard a rumor that there will be a pop quiz today. Sam is instantly anxious since she has not prepared for a quiz. According to the Rumors and Gossip lecture, which type of rumor is this?

Bogies

Mackenzie is attending her online class. During the middle of class, her Wi-Fi cuts off and she has to spend 10 minutes getting back online. Once she gets back online and in class, she feels like she has missed a lot of information. According to the lecture on Ensuring Message Quality, what part of the Communication Model was interrupted?

Channel

Stereotypes

Characteristics - Over generalized (applies to everybody) - Extreme (takes things to the highest extent) - mostly negative (even positive things can be interpreted as negative) - simplistic (athletes dumb; doesn't depend on sport or scholarship- no "it depends") - kernel of truth (clearly not accurate but might have been true at one small point in time) - self-conformity (makes people adhere to them) Lead to expectations - actions reflect and create stereotypes, create expectations we insist on keeping - what you notice and think - language (wizard vs. witch, tailor vs. seamstress, gender terms with negative female connotation) - classroom (first experience forms response) - creates behavior expectation Learning stereotypes - Family - Friends - Media - Limited observation

Communication Rules

Communication rule: A followable prescription that indicates what communication behavior (or range of communication behavior) is obligatory, preferred, or prohibited in certain social situations. Communication norm: An accepted way of communicating that most people agree with.

Affinity-seeking strategies

Communication strategies that individuals use to get others to like and feel positively toward them.

Relationship Messages

Content level: The specific information or references that a message conveys. Relationship level: The message about the message, which tells us how to interpret the content and tells us what kind of relationship the two people have in this situation.

Rebecca hates choosing where to eat. Whenever she is asked where she wants to go for dinner, Rebecca always replies with "I don't care, you pick." According to Chapter 3, what Interpersonal Need does this represent in Rebecca's life?

Control

Forms of Address

(1) formal-impersonal: he formal forms of address are generally used with strangers, new acquaintances, and those we perceive to have greater status than we do. (2) ambiguous formality: In the process of our life growth, our growth in school, or in our careers, we will periodically reach points at which the perception of ourselves, relative to another in a particular situation, is vague. (3) informal: he informal forms of address are usually derived from a person's first name—Sam is an informal form of Samuel. (4) intimate-affectionate: he intimate-affectionate form represents the least formal of the forms used to address others. Ordinarily, this form is reserved for close friends or intimates.

comforting strategies

- Dont minimize what the other is feeling - Avoid problem solving - Reflect, validate, and ask - Stop being the cheerleader - Dont offer unsolicited advice, people are mostly wanting

Coping with gossip about yourself

- Ignore - Deny - Label it as gossip - Question the motives - Go to source - Use support groups - Find more information - Distract

Enhancing the clarity of your messages

- The dairy associations huge success with the campaign "got milk" - Coors put its slogan turn it loose into spanish, read as suffer from diarrhea

Why gossip?

- fun and interesting - status: make the person with the gossip seem important (to know things provides you power) - hurt and revenge (reputational warfare) - record keeping: how things used to be kept track of - control: we gossip to feel i control and important - relational maintenance: solidarity/similarity, socializing newcomers - protect others and holding others accountable: protect others by keeping them away from certain people

Spontaneous rewards

-Recognize people in unexpected places - Show up for things that matter to them - appreciate what they do even when its not what you want - follow through with gifts - do small things that matter to them - make yourself important to the most important people in their lives - remember small things about them - make celebrations last (memoralize them) - thank people frequently - dont be negative, it takes everything away

The Role of Interpersonal Needs

-Symmetrical relationships: Relationships characterized by each participant exchanging the same sort of behavior; an equal relationship. -Complementary relationships: Relationships based on different and complementary behaviors; for instance, one person controls while the other submits, one person leads and the other follows.

Why do we say what we do?

-managing an impression: we wanna look good, we want people to like us, warmth and competence (are you nice and smart?)- safety also here -reduce uncertainty by making predictions: try to predict who this person is based on what they talk about

Levels of predictions within initial reactions

Cultural Sociological Interpersonal

Coral is starting to date again, and she decides to use dating apps. She begins chatting frequently with a girl named Kalie, and she begins sharing about her struggles with work. Kalie responds by saying "You can always count on me to listen and support you!" According to Chapter 6 and affinity-seeking strategies, which does Kalie use here?

Demonstrating concern and caring

Disclaimers

Disclaimer: Communication strategies that acknowledge that a rule is going to be broken 1. Hedging. This conveys that what follows is tentative and I'm willing to accept other views: "I'm no expert, of course, but . . ."; "I haven't thought this through very well, but . . ."; or "Let me play the devil's advocate here." 2. Credentialing. This conveys that I know you'll react unfavorably to what I'm about to say, but I'll try to establish special credentials that will soften that reaction: "Don't get me wrong, I like your work, but . . ." or, "I'm not prejudiced, some of my best friends are . . ." 3. Sin Licenses. This conveys that I know you'll react negatively, but that's the way it has to be: "What I'm going to do is contrary to the letter of the law but not its spirit". 4. Cognitive. This conveys that I realize you may think I'm losing touch with facts or reality, so I'll acknowledge the fact, thereby showing I am in control: "I know this sounds crazy, but . . ." 5. Appeal for Suspended Judgment. This conveys that I know you're going to be tempted to react unfavorably, but wait until you hear the whole story: "I don't want to make you angry by saying this, but I hope you will wait . . ." or "Hear me out before you explode."

rumors and gossip

Negative: Bogies reflect feared or anxiety provoking outcomes. Wedge drivers intended to divide group loyalties and undermine relationships Positive: Pipedreams reflect hopes and desires

Nathaniel went to the doctor yesterday with some symptoms related to the common cold. After talking with his physician, his physician asked, "What questions can I answer for you now?" According to the lecture on Ensuring Message Quality, what type of question did this physician ask?

Open-ended question

Ensuring Message Quality

Organize message - know your purpose - drop what's unimportant (only if you're absolutely sure) - chunk what is important Redundancy improves memorability - always offer multiple examples (create different ways) - beware of seductive details (these distract from the core meaning) - offer visual and create concepts (images solidify messages. Images are more important than data sometimes) - follow the tell-show-do method (auditory, visual, physical) Focus on listeners schema - category people have for organizing information; schema help us remember information. People have categories in their heads that adhere to them that allow them to remember specific information. Can be affected by gender Ask Questions - open ended vs. closed ended - advice vs. question (everyone wants to be an advisor, no one wants to be interrogated) - be interested, avoid controversial narcissism- use appreciation probes - empowering questions (not "why are sales down" but "how can we raise sales" - avoid taking position too soon

Sasha comes home from school every day and always tells her roommates about her day. Her roommates don't mind, but her stories never seem to flow. Sasha never really has a point to make and seems to tell every single tiny detail. According to the lecture on The Communication Model, what area of Ensuring Message Quality is Sasha struggling with?

Organizing the message

Messages from the Mass Media

Our behavior makes a contribution to what appears in the mass media, and the images portrayed in the mass media have an impact on our everyday expectations and behavior. Images of what relationships are like and how people should communicate in them are also featured in the daily messages we receive from television, magazines, music, books, and movies.

Rene decides to stop at Cold Stone Creamery after school one day for an ice cream cone, and she thinks it is the best ice cream cone she has ever had. She tells everyone about Cold Stone and goes everyday after school. While on vacation she sees a Cold Stone and goes in for her favorite treat. However, the ice cream is horrible and the cone tastes very different. According to the Stereotypes lecture, which characteristic of stereotyping does this demonstrate?

Over-Generalized

Romeo and Juliet are eating together at a banquet with their friends, and Juliet orders steak. As she's cutting her steak, Romeo jumps in and tells her that she needs to hold her fork properly in order for the steak to be cut properly. She gives him a stern look, and doesn't talk to him for the rest of the night. According to Chapter 6 and communication rules in relationships, which did Romeo break?

Partners should not criticize one another in public

Linda and Bob are on a road trip and want to find somewhere to stop for lunch. Bob has heard of a great, hometown burger joint, but Linda wants to stop at McDonalds instead. She is worried that the burgers from this smaller joint won't be good, and she feels safer eating at McDonalds. According to Chapter 4, this demonstrates the perception of:

Perception of Familiarity

Our Perceptions of Communication Environments

Perceptions of Formality - Formality: A relatively strict adherence to rules or conventions. Perceptions of Warmth - Warmth: A sense of comfort, affability, or hospitality. Perceptions of Privacy - Privacy: Confidentiality; a freedom from being observed or disturbed by others. Perceptions of Familiarity - Familiarity: Being well-known, recognizable, or understood. Perceptions of Constraint - Constraint: A feeling of being limited or restricted. Perceptions of Distance - Distance: A reflection of detachment, remoteness, or a lack of intimacy.

Trey calls his friend, Sue, who he hasn't seen in a few weeks and says, "Hey Sue, it's been a while. If you're free this afternoon, I can stop by your office and catch up!" Sue says, "Sounds great! But not my office, it's got these horrible fluorescent lights and the chairs are just awful. Let's go to the Coffee Bean and sit in those big comfy chairs by the window. It's just feels nicer for a chat." According to Chapter 4, which Perception of Communication Environments best represents Sue's preference?

Perceptions of warmth

Small talk

Polite conversation about unimportant or uncontroversial issues.

First and Last impressions

Primacy: The state of being first or primary. Recency: The state of being most current or proximate.

Jack and Rose decide to go out for dinner. They didn't plan on getting dessert afterwards, but as they are exiting the restaurant, Jack sees an ice cream place across the street. He points it out to Rose, and they decide to get ice cream before heading home. According to the Selectivity lecture and selective exposure, for what reason did they decide to get ice cream?

Proximity

Yousaf is an out-of-state student at UT. Despite the distance, he talks to his family almost every night and stays up to date on everything going on. He is extremely close to his family and feels like he is right there with them. According to the lecture on Enduring Relationships, what relationship characteristic does this scenario describe?

Proximity

Sianna is auditioning for the University of Texas at Austin dance team. She thought her audition went really well, but when she asked her mom what she thought, she said "Everyone did their best." According to the Propositions about Communication lecture, what type of contextual communication does this represent?

Psychological Context

Vaughn really wants to take the day off work Friday to visit his sister in Alabama. As he's working, his boss says, "Vaughn, unfortunately if you don't finish those weekly reports by Thursday I won't be giving you Friday off." According to the lecture on Charisma and perceived power, which base of power does this example demonstrate?

Punishment

Every day in high school Spanish class, Beatrice's teacher made the class recite the Pledge of Allegiance in Spanish. Now, almost a decade later, Beatrice can still recite the Pledge of Allegiance in Spanish. According to the lecture on Selectivity, what principle of selective retention does this demonstrate?

Redundancy and Repetition

Sanya used to dance as a little girl. At her dance studio, she would watch the older girls and admire how beautiful they were when they danced. She couldn't help but hope that one day she would be able to dance like those girls. According to the lecture on Charisma-- Sensitivity and Power, what aspect of perceived power does this demonstrate?

Referent- Motivates one person to communicate with another. It is initiated by a cue such as sights, sounds, emotions, and objects. The nurse who knows what stimulus initiated communication is able to develop and organize a message more effectively.

Abel has been wanting to ask Carole out to dinner for a date. When he asks her, he says "Hey Carole, we should go to dinner tomorrow night," and touches her arm. According to the Propositions about Communication lecture, what aspect of communication does his nonverbal gesture of touching her arm represent?

Relational Aspect

Self-disclosure

Revealing personal or private information about oneself to another person.

The Rhetoric of Hello

Scripts: Sequences of actions that we carry out automatically, with very little thought.

Marsh is at a pool party with friends and family when a child starts choking on their food. Everyone starts to panic and scream, but Marsh walks over and performs the Heimlich maneuver, saving the child. Everyone is amazed and comments on her great charisma. According to the lecture on Charisma and sociability skills, which aspect of good social confidence does this demonstrate?

Self affirmations: the act of affirming one's own worthiness and value as an individual for beneficial effect

Doina is hanging out with her friends when one of them starts asking about their astrological signs. Her friend tells Doina that she is a Libra and Libras' focus on keeping the peace. At first, Doina doesn't feel that way, but over time she finds herself avoiding arguments and stopping fights between her sisters and friends. According to the Stereotypes lecture, which characteristic does this demonstrate?

Self-Confirming

Corban does not want to go to his homecoming dance because he thinks high school dances are dumb. People keep telling him that they've heard he's going to the dance with Monique, so finally after a month of hearing this, he asks her. According to the Rumors and Gossip lecture, which characteristic of rumors does this display?

Self-confirming

Finlay and Millie are best friends. When asked about Finlay, Millie always says that Finlay makes her a better person and that she wouldn't be who she is today without Finlay. According to the lecture on Enduring Relationships, what relationship characteristic does this friendship describe?

Self-expansion

Analyzing Our Own Needs and Those of Others

Self-fulfilling prophecy: When an individual's expectations or predictions become true simply because the individual believes they are true and behaves as if they are true. Many things may act as barriers to accurate perceptions of others' needs: (1) The other person may wish to conceal his or her needs. (2) The same verbal and nonverbal behavior may be associated with two very different needs—an overbearing person can be reflecting high control and confidence or deep-seated anxiety and insecurity. (3) The process of selective interaction (interacting only with those like us) may prevent us from experiencing and being able to understand a broad spectrum of needs. (4) We sometimes place undue weight on momentary behavior patterns—we may observe people soon after they have been mistreated, when their self-presentation is focused on making the necessary corrections, and make judgments based on our observations.

When Ezra stays after soccer practice to help pick up the cones, he thinks of himself as a very helpful person. However, when his teammate Shannon stays after to pick up the cones, he thinks she is just trying to get extra play time. According to Chapter 5 and perception, Ezra's thoughts demonstrate:

Self-serving bias

perceived power

Seven bases of power 1. Punishment: repercussions through a threat (works short term, teaches avoidance) 2. Reward: granted access through acheivement (dependent upon rewards, breeds attraction) - intrinsic: things that you love, internal rewards - extrinsic: external rewards, doing it for external reward - would you quit your job if you won the lottery - never give extrinsic rewards for intrinsic situations (paying kids for making good grades, rewards for honesty) 3. Assigned: Power is assigned in certain environments, cops have power in a uniform but off-duty they have none. Parents- "because I told you so" 4. Referent: Power you have because someone wants to be like you. Want to be like your idols regardless if what they do is good or bad 5. Wisdom: different than expertise, power through experience. 6. Network (not who you know, but who knows you): power through knowing someone in a particular environment 7. informational (content and process): knowing things that people need to know

Jennifer loves the ballet and has been planning to go for months by herself because she knows her friends don't like it. However, her friend Lawrence decides to buy a ticket and go with her, because even though she doesn't personally like the ballet, she knows Jennifer has been really excited about it. According to the lecture on Charisma and spontaneous rewards, which aspect of this type of reward is demonstrated here?

Show up for things that matter to them

Two professors are known for teaching chemistry at UT Austin. Both are incredible teachers who have extensive knowledge in their field and share a deep love for science. However, the majority of students prefer one professor over the other because they not only have great knowledge of Chemistry, but they are incredible at teaching it to others. According to the Propositions about Communication lecture, this demonstrates that :content and relationship are happening:

Simultaneously

José is complaining to his mom that his sister leaves her dirty clothes on the floor in the bathroom. José's mom responds by saying, "I know that this is not what you want to hear, but you also leave your dirty clothes on the floor a lot too." According to Chapter 6 and disclaimers, which did José's mom use in this situation?

Sin licenses

Brandon works at a pool as a lifeguard during the summer. His friend, Camille, is extremely energetic and can sometimes be seen running laps around the pool even though it is over 100 degrees outside. She knows all of the employees and makes working at the pool really fun. According to the lecture on Charisma—Similarity and Attraction, what type of attraction does this demonstrate?

Social attraction

Seeing or Hearing Yourself in Others

Spiral of reciprocal perceptions: A concept suggesting that individuals simultaneously observe others, are observed by others, and are influenced by both sets of observations. Perceptual anesthesia: A distortion in what individuals sense due to their inner drives. Chain of reciprocal events: A series of behaviors that are elicited and returned mutually by partners. Self-fulfilling prophecy: When an individual's expectations or predictions become true simply because the individual believes they are true and behaves as if they are true. Pollyanna Principle: The tendency to perceive and remember good, positive, pleasant objects and events more accurately than bad, negative, unpleasant ones. Negativity effect: The tendency to place greater emphasis or weight on negative information or events than positive ones.

Interpersonal Needs of Women and Men

Stereotype of What Men and Women Think About: A number of scholars describe gender differences in communication by noting that men tend to value instrumental behavior, emphasize individual achievement, and focus on activities, whereas women tend to value affective behavior, emphasize relationships, and focus on communication.

Jamie and Lindsey met at a football game and quickly became friends. When Lindsey was describing Jamie to her parents, she said, "Talking to Jamie is just effortless." According to Chapter 1, what perception of communication behavior is Jamie describing?

Synchronized Communication

Phantom-other technique

Technique in which the researcher asks subjects to evaluate people they think are real but are actually made up to vary in key ways (e.g., being very similar or very dissimilar to research participants).

Kya is frustrated with her partner. While discussing her frustrations, she says, "You don't ever do work around the house anymore." According to Chapter 1, what misconception about communication in relationships is Kya making?

The Assumption of Consistency

Getting Together

The Impulse to Receive Stimulation - Many times we seek encounters with others simply to get excitement, variety, or a change of pace from an existence that may be temporarily stale. The Impulse to Express Experiences - A divorced friend of the senior author recently spent the better part of an hour telling him how great it was to be alone and how much he enjoyed the solitude. The Impulse to Assert Oneself - No matter how we choose to define it, our identity, or our self, is largely the result of testing its potential components against other people. The Impulse to Enhance Enjoyment of Certain Activities - Sometimes the desire to encounter others is associated with an event or an activity that is more fun with others than alone. Conditions That Facilitate or Impede Initial Interactions - Most times, we meet and talk with others without thinking about the surrounding circumstances. Our failure to carefully consider these circumstances, however, doesn't prevent them from affecting our relationships.

Ego depletion

The idea that self-control draws on limited mental resources that can be used up.

Matching hypothesis

The tendency of individuals to select a partner who is similar to them with regard to physical attractiveness.

Social Exchange Theories

Theories contending that (1) in social relationships, we are constantly exchanging resources (e.g., love and status); (2) these resources are evaluated by us as rewarding or not; and (3) people have a tendency to seek those things that will be rewarding to them. Equity: The notion that relationships progress in the most satisfying manner when the the ratio of benefits to contributions is similar for both of partners. Equality rule: The idea that relational satisfaction is highest when each partner is perceived as contributing equally and benefiting equally. Need-based rule: The idea that equity is not as important as exchanging resources according to the respective needs of the partners. Rewards: The pleasures, satisfactions, and gratifications that people enjoy due to their relationship. Costs: Factors that reduce the enjoyment of being in a relationship and interacting with one's relational partner. Analysis of the Current Encounter: For any given encounter, you might assess the rewards and costs and ask yourself whether the rewards were greater than the costs. Analysis of Past Encounters: Our past experiences in a relationship influence how we think about new experiences with this person. In some ways our sense of rewards and costs can be thought of as a type of bank account. Analysis of Future Encounters: Finally, we may ask ourselves whether it will be rewarding to interact with this person in the future. What will be the relative rewards and costs derived from interacting at our current stage of the relationship? -Norm of reciprocity: The strong tendency on the part of human beings to respond in kind to the behavior they receive. -Imitation: Specific type of reciprocated response that follows soon after the initial response and closely mimics the initial behavior. -Emotional contagion: Largely unconscious tendency for people who interact to be affected by each other's emotions in such a way that their emotions converge. Rewards and Costs in Enduring Relationships: 1. First, the value of both rewards and costs may increase as the relation-ship becomes more intimate. 2. Second, intimates exchange a greater variety of resources than do casual acquaintances. 3. Third, intimates are more likely than acquaintances to tolerate periods when costs exceed rewards. 4. Fourth, some rewards and costs of intimates may need to be analyzed as a couple rather than as two individuals. 5. Fifth, since intimates in long-term relationships have many events over many years to consider in any assessment of overall rewards and costs, it is likely that intimates may find it more difficult to specifically account for an overall feeling of deficit or surplus in rewards and costs.

Dialectical Theory

Theory for which the primary tenet is relational change takes place as the result of trying to resolve the inevitable tensions of relationship life. Integration-Separation: Relationships require that each partner remain an individual while at the same time merging that self with his or her partner. Obviously, intimate relationships require more integration than those of casual friends, which, in turn, makes this an especially critical dimension for intimates. Expression-Nonexpression: Even though beginning relationships are often characterized as efforts to seek information from another and provide information about yourself to this other, a counterforce cautions against revealing too much too soon. Stability-Change: In order to be comfortable with another person, a certain amount of predictability is necessary.

Alexa was looking at old pictures with her mom. She couldn't help but laugh at the teased hair, neon eyeshadow, and shoulder pads her mom wore in every picture. When Alexa pointed out how awful the style looked in the pictures her mom shrugged and said, "well, that was the 80's." According to the lecture on Charisma—similarity and attraction, what makes this type of attraction normative?

Time period

Attitudes Toward Self-Fulfillment

Up until the late 1950s, most Americans adhered to what has been called a "giving/getting" compact with society; that is, you get out of the system only as much as you put in.

Last week, Taslima had a networking event for her internship. She really didn't want to go because her internship was virtual and she had not met anyone at the company yet. However, at the event she met someone who has connections at the company that she has always dreamed of working for. According to the Centrality of Communication lecture, what reason for why people meet and talk does this example demonstrate?

Utility

Abhi is in a relationship with Heidi. He likes her a lot, but recently he has felt like they do the same thing every day. Even though they have been dating for a while, he has never seen her interact with his friends or interact with her family. This makes him nervous, especially knowing that the holidays are coming up. According to the lecture on Enduring Relationships, what relationship characteristic are Abhi and Heidi struggling with?

Variability

Triangulating

Verifying data or information with several different methods or sources of data.

Popular Literature

Vision I, prominent from the 1950s to the early 1960s, presented life in this society as relatively unchanging and consistent. If you wanted to be an interpersonal success, all you had to do was learn the ten easy steps and apply them to almost any situation. Vision II These guidelines reflected a changing society. The idea of a single ever-effective standard for success was abandoned. Life and relationships were recognized as constantly changing entities. Vision III articles represented a "softening" of the previous two visions. For instance, rather than present a strong orientation toward others (Vision I) or toward the self (Vision II), Vision III often took the middle ground, providing readers with relationship-oriented reasons for engaging in self-oriented behaviors Coping with these issues may be the substance of today's society and the content of what historians might call Vision IV.

Maria and Laura were paired up for a group assignment, and have been spending time after class working together. They never spoke before this, so Maria is hesitant to share some aspects of her personal life with Laura. According to the Centrality of Communication lecture regarding why we say what we do, which three things will Maria likely need to see in Laura before she feels comfortable disclosing information?

Warmth, competence, and safety

importance of first exchange

Why do people meet and talk Proximity- talk to people you see and are around more often Appearance- looks play a large part in who we talk to Utility- talk to people because we need what they know Loneliness- We have a need to connect (a lack of social interaction creates a neurological craving similar to hunger... we hunger for talk) - Difference between solitude and loneliness.

Labels concept

Words we assume everyone has the same meaning for. This can skew interpretations and cause misunderstandings in society. Longhorns hand sign misconstrued in Norway "glorifying satan" Punctuation points to points in time to go back on.

hyperdermic theory of communication

associating certain visual cues to similar actions. For example watching spongebob will make you dumb, watching power rangers will make you violent.

At the end of the soccer season, Dominique needs to submit a review for her coach. She says that her coach was both very knowledgeable about soccer and very good at teaching her and her teammates how to play. According to the lecture on Charisma-Credibility, which dimension of credibility does this display?

competence

Dimensions of Charisma

credibility, similarity, attraction, perceived sensitivity, perceived power

Brianna is going to get her first tattoo and she brings along her big sister, Monica. Monica has gotten many tattoos before, so when Brianna starts to cry, she grabs her hand and says, "I know, it sucks." According to the lecture on Charisma and perceived sensitivity, what does this example demonstrate?

empathy

similarity

implicit egotism (unconscious preference for things similar to self) - even small similarities cause more affinity. - why? reinforcing, predictable, social harmony Components 1. background similarity - provides affinity 2. Attitude similarity 3. optimal similarity - ask opinion from people who know more, but similar in all aspects aside from that. Media and marketing manipulating fashion through media affects charisma (attraction in childhood) - parents -friends

Bridget comes home from her first date with a girl to find her mom in the kitchen. Her mom asks how the date went, and Bridget says, "Ugh, we argued a bit." Bridget's mom looks concerned and says, "You really shouldn't argue on the first date. I know you see your father and I argue a lot, but we've been together 25 years." According to the lecture on Relational Control, which of the following contracts explains why fights are okay for Bridget's parents?

long term

charisma

personal appeal or attraction; magnetism. Why study it? Likely to agree with people you like the most.

external noise

physical sounds that interfere with communication. can get up and move

Communication model

process whereby one stimulates meaning in the mid of another through verbal/ nonverbal means

Communication Model

source: communicating messages, finding what to say is the encoding process message: specifics can be misinterpreted sometimes, gender differences in interpretation of certain words. Experts have vocabulary and can encode for the right words than normal people channel: means through which you communicate: visual, audible, smell. The more channels you use, the more effective the communication is. Facetime vs. letters receiver: person who receives the message, reacts to the message. feedback: Noise: distracts us from messages

Patterns of Work

the patterns of work that you and others practice in this society will affect the way your relationships develop. We've examined only two possible forces: employment of both relationship partners and changing work environments. Economists and business forecasters suggest that in the future more couples will be working in their homes. The implications of this prolonged proximity to family members will certainly affect the conduct and expectations for these relationships.

internal noise

thoughts, emotions, and physical sensations that interfere with listening. Cannot easily get away from it

Managing Rumors

• Anxiety: both situational and personality because you are scared • Ambiguity: make sense of things because you don't know what's going on • Decrease the ambiguity and you'll decrease the ambiguity • Credibility of the rumor: o Who tells you- if you trust them you'll spread it o Repetition- if you hear it frequently you'll spread it o Like Obama website "fight the smears"- brought up rumors and gave evidence as to why it wasn't true

what about those times when people talk to each other (or third parties) directly and specifically about their relationship?

• People talk about relationships as work—the effort involved, the sacrifices, the energy needed, and so on. • People talk about the commitment associated with relationships. This involves both the commitment necessary to begin a relationship and the commitment needed to sustain it. • People talk about relationships as involvement. Involvement is reflected in such things as the time spent together, the quantity and quality of the talk, and sharing. • People talk about their relationships as unique or special. • People talk about relationships in terms of manipulation. Manipulation is the control of one's partner for one's own gains. • People talk about relationships in terms of consideration and respect. • People talk about their relationships as a developing journey of discovery. • People talk about their relationships as a game. • People talk about their relationships as risky and potentially dangerous. • People talk about their relationships as uncontrollable forces. • People talk about their relationships as a system of bargaining and trade-offs.

reducing stereotypes

• They don't go away easily; but you can control what you think • Note how people differ, find their uniqueness • Note inadequacies of generalizations (be surprised by people) • Find similarities with you • Increase contact • Increase familiarity

Coping with gossip about others

•Preemptive positive evaluation- "Sarah is really pretty" add positives and the gossip stops •Affirm an actual comparable fact- "he was with me last night" give facts about why its not true •Sarcasm- Be sarcastic and it takes away worth •Change topic- Make it irrelevant by changing the topic