Communications

Language mirrors reality.

False

Which of the following does your textbook recommend as a way to generate emotional appeal in a persuasive speech?

Let emotional appeal grow naturally out of the speech content.

____________ is the pattern of sound in a speech created by the choice and arrangement of words.

Rhythm

Which of the following statements is most clearly directed at the need issue in a persuasive speech on a question of policy?

Tanning beds can cause serious medical problems, including eye burns, blood-vessel injuries, and skin cancer.

Which of the following is the most concrete and specific?

White House

The more ____________ a word, the more ambiguous it will be.

abstract

A speech that gives thanks for a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

acceptance speech

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute. ex. How can we take my opponent's proposed education bill seriously? After all, he flunked out of high school.

ad hominem

Dolores is preparing visual aids for her speech about resources available to the Latino/Latina community and has decided to use a handout. When should she distribute it?

after the speech

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas.

antithesis

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove that a change from current policy is necessary.

burden of proof

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

casual reasoning

A visual aid that summarizes a large block of information, usually in list form.

chart

Research has demonstrated that visual aids, when used well, can increase a speaker's

clarity, confidence, credibility

Which of the following is the most general and abstract?

communication

One advantage of using video in a speech is that it involves less work than other kinds of visual aids.

false

To persuade my audience to become regular blood donors" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech seeking passive agreement.

false

When preparing a visual aid, you should use ALL CAPS because it is easier to read.

false

When preparing charts and graphs, you should use a large number of colors in order to grab your audience's attention.

false

A visual aid used to show statistical trends and patterns.

graph

Language that does not stereotype, demean, or patronize people on the basis of gender, race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, or other factors.

inclusive language

The credibility of a speaker before she or he starts to speak.

initial credibility

Strong evidence can

inoculate listeners against counterpersuasion, increase the persuasiveness of a speech, and enhance a speaker's credibility.

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion.

reasoning from specific instances

Which of the following is the third step in Monroe's motivated sequence?

satisfaction

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

terminal credibility

Using inclusive language is an important part of being an audience-centered public speaker.

true

Using visual aids can help a speaker combat stage fright.

true

Usually you should use only two fonts on any single presentation technology slide—one for the title or major headings, another for subtitles or other text.

true

"To persuade my audience that discrimination on the basis of genetic traits is unfair" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ___________.

value

In the visualization step of Monroe's motivated sequence, the speaker

visualizes the benefits of the speaker's solution to the problem.

____________ is a five-step method of speech organization that follows the process of human thinking and leads the listener step by step to a desired action.

Monroe's motivated sequence

Reasoning in which a speaker compares two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second. ex. Because the crime-reduction policy I propose has worked successfully in New York, Houston, and New Orleans, we can be confident that it will work here as well.

analogical reasoning

"Divided there is little we can do; united there is little we cannot do" is an example of

antithesis.

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

appeal to novelty

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

appeal to tradition

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable. ex. As we have seen, the trend is for companies to reduce long-term research and development costs in order to increase short-term profits. Since so many companies are doing this, it must make good business sense.

bandwagon

Discourse that takes many more words than are necessary to express an idea.

clutter

A speech that pays tribute to a person, a group of people, an institution, or an idea.

commemorative speech

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker's solution to a problem is preferable.

comparative advantages order

A speaker's credibility is affected above all by how the audience regards the speaker's

competence and character

When using Monroe's motivated sequence to organize a persuasive speech on a question of policy, the action step should be placed in the

conclusion

The more ____________ a word, the more specific it will be.

concrete

The ____________ meaning of a word is what the word suggests or implies.

connotative

The meaning suggested by the association or emotions triggered by a word or phrase.

connotative meaning

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

derived credibility

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist. ex. We should build a new high school or children in this community will never get into college.

either-or

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

ethos

"To persuade my audience that eating yogurt prolongs human life" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of ____________.

fact

An error in reasoning.

fallacy

A persuasive speech on a question of fact is essentially the same as an informative speech.

false

An excellent way to improve your credibility as a speaker is to use fancy, complicated words rather than familiar words.

false

Because persuasion aims to change the beliefs and/or actions of listeners, speaking to persuade is one of the few cases in which a speaker does not need to consider her or his ethical obligations.

false

Distributing handouts is usually an excellent way to present visual aids during a speech.

false

Evidence is more likely to be persuasive if it is familiar to the audience.

false

It is crucial to fit all the information you want your audience to retain on a single chart.

false

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second. ex. I usually eat spaghetti for dinner the day before an exam, but I ran out of spaghetti the night before the calculus final. That's why I got a C.

false cause

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence. ex. I watched a Hong Kong film in class last week, and it was extremely violent. When I mentioned this to my friend, she said that she, too, had seen a violent Hong Kong film. Apparently, all Hong Kong films are violent.

hasty generalization

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

invalid analogy

the denotative meaning of a word is

its literal meaning or dictionary definition.

What is a major factor to consider when deciding whether to use an object as a visual aid?

its size

Whenever you give a persuasive speech on a question of value, you need to

justify your value judgment against a set of standards or criteria.

If you were delivering a speech about unemployment and wanted to show changes in the unemployment rate over the last decade, you should use a ____________ graph.

line

A graph that uses one or more lines to show changes in statistics over time or space.

line graph

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker.

logos

When using presentation technology, you should

make sure your text and images are easy for everyone in your audience to see, check the equipment ahead of time to make sure it is working properly, and give yourself extra time for preparation and rehearsal.

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy.

need

Regardless of whether your aim is to encourage passive agreement or immediate action, you must deal with three basic issues whenever you discuss a question of policy. What are they?

need, plan and practicality

"Our mission is to serve justice, to right wrong, and to protect democracy" is an example of

parallelism

In a persuasive speech to gain ____________, the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of that policy.

passive agreement

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

pathos

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy

plan

A question of ____________ deals with whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

policy

A method of organizing persuasive speeches with main points of identifying an issue, analyzing it, and trying to solve it.

problem cause solution order

A method of organizing persuasive speeches with two main points of dealing with an issue and trying to solve it.

problem-solution order

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

question of fact

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

question of policy

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

question of value

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

reasoning

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a particular conclusion.

reasoning from principle

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion. ex. How can we be so concerned about ethics in political campaigns when there are serious problems in the long-term stability of Social Security?

red herring

If you want to use a photograph as a visual aid for a speech, your textbook recommends that you

show the photograph to the audience by using presentation technology.

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented. ex. Once we accept money from soft-drink companies for exclusive rights to sell their products in our high schools, it won't be long until businesses are deciding what courses should be taught and what teachers should be hired.

slippery slope

A speech that introduces the main speaker to the audience.

speech of introduction

A speech that presents someone a gift, an award, or some other form of public recognition.

speech of presentation

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience to take action in support of a given policy.

speech to gain immediate action

A persuasive speech in which the speaker's goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

speech to gain passive agreement

The most important question to ask when assessing analogical reasoning is whether

the two cases being compared are essentially alike.

Persuasive speeches on questions of value are usually organized in

topical order

"To persuade my audience that Congress should revise the laws governing medical malpractice" is a specific purpose statement for a persuasive speech on a question of policy.

true

A pie graph should ideally have from two to five segments.

true

Inaccurate use of language can harm a speaker's credibility.

true

Language that is appropriate for some occasions may not be appropriate for others.

true

Monroe's motivated sequence is most useful for speeches that seek immediate action.

true

No matter what kind of evidence you employ, it will be more persuasive if you state it in specific rather than general terms.

true

Sometimes you can use your own body as a visual aid.

true

The fallacy of false cause is often known by its Latin name, post hoc, ergo propter hoc.

true