Communications Midterm
androgynous
having both male and female characteristics
The Many Meanings of "I Love You"
may mean wish, desire, submission, conquest - "it is never the word itself that tells the real meaning here" - it is how the words are said
identity
one's sense of self. one's perception of oneself.
Negotiation
part of sense making that occurs when people influence one another perceptions and try to achieve a shared perception
Organization
process of selecting Infos and arrange them in a meaningful way
High-Context Cultures
relies less on words, more on nonverbal - have to be there - interested in social harmony, more ambiguous - ex. Asian and Middle Eastern cultures
"I" statements
statements that use the word "I" as the subject - accepts responsibility for actions and emotions
"it" statements
statements that use the word "it" as the subject - defers responsibility from self
"we" statements
statements that use the word "we" as the subject - implies that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and the receiver of the message
"you" statements
statements that use the word "you" as the subject - places the blame on the other person
"but" statements
statements with the word "but", which negates what's being said, ex. "You're really great, but we should stop seeing each other."
halo effect
the tendency to attribute positive qualities to physically attractive people
self serving bias
the tendency to perceive oneself favorably
Semantic Rules
the ways that speakers of a language give meaning to a word
Linguistic Relativism
the worldview of a culture is shaped by the language it speaks
Gender Differences in Style
women ask more questions and use greater amounts of powerless language - men are more direct and tend to more judgemental in word choice
The relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself is called your
Self concept
Telephone calls are asynchronous
False: A asynchronous is when you take long to open an email, message, ect.
Social scientist have concluded that most people can only sustain about 1500 relationships. True or False?
False: Because some relationships are superficial. We can only sustain 10 to 5 relationships.
" The right to be forgotten" means you don't have to worry aboutcontent that your contribute to social media.
False: Everythingthat we post on social media stays in social media, thats why we have to becareful of what we post.
Hyperpersonal communication speeds up getting to know another person which is always beneficial. True or False?
False: Its not always benefitial because soemtimes when people see eachother face to face its not always the same.
Leaner messages are always less effective than richer messages. True or False?
False: Leaner messages can also be effectivewhen you don't want to show your apperence ect.
The environment that communicators occupy are
Feilds of experience that affect how they understand others' behavior.
"Reference groups" are
Groups against which a person compares him/herself.
If you want to change your self concept you should
Have realistic expectations and perceptions
In individualistic cultures, a view of the self would involve all of the following except
High value on tradition
In what ways has effective interpersonal communication helped me?
It has helped me in everyday conversations with my family and friends. It brightens my day and continues to foster the bonds that I have built, and helps me create new ones. It helps me relate to someone when we have common interests or helps me discover something new about someone. It has also helped me process different situations or problems. Also, it has helped me see new perspectives.
All the following are true of the self-concept except that
It is changing
Divergence
Language mannerisms that empathize a communicator's differences from others.
Emotive Language
Language that conveys the sender's attitude rather than simply offers an objective description.
Behavioral Language
Language that describes observable behavior.
Abstract Language
Language that is vague and general rather than concrete and specific.
Describes messages that are stark from lack of nonverbal communication.
Leanness
Pragmatic Rules
Linguistic rules that help communicators understand how messages may be used and interpretedRe in a given context.
"We" Language
Statement that implies that the issue is the concern and responsibility of both the speaker and receiver of a message.
"It" Statements
Statements that replace the personal pronoun "I" with the less immediate word "it," often reducing the speaker's acceptance of responsibility for the statement.
The condition when communication are all connected in real time.
Synchronicity
Blogs send personal information to many people at a time, a quality referred to as "mass personal" True or False?
True: Yes blogs can send messages to many people at a time.
97% of all text messages are opened True or False?
True: Yes they are opened but people can take long to reply becaue text messages are asynchronous.
Online groups that gather around shared interests.
Virtual community
The degree to which online information is controllable by the person being described.
Warranting Value
Powerless Speech Mannerisms
Ways of speaking that may reduce perceptions of a communicator's power.
Hedges
a powerless speech mannerism, ex. "I'm kinda disappointed..." - "I guess we could..."
Disclaimers
a powerless speech mannerism, ex. "I'm not sure, but..." - "I probably shouldn't say anything, but..."
Intensifiers
a powerless speech mannerism, ex. "I'm really upset" - "I'm very happy"
Polite Forms
a powerless speech mannerism, ex. Sir, Ma'am
Hesitations
a powerless speech mannerism, ex. Um, ah, er, well
Rising Inflections
a powerless speech mannerism, ex. the way your voice rises in pitch, like at the end of a question
Behavioral Language
a semantic rule: specific language, ex. You are upset with me for not taking out the trash.
Equivocal Language
a semantic rule: statements that have more than one commonly accepted definition, ex. Family Catches Fire Just in Time
Static Evaluation
a semantic rule: statements that lead to the assumption that people are consistent and unchanging - watch for "is", ex. "She is crazy." "He is a flake."
Abstract Language
a semantic rule: vague language, ex. You are cranky.
Relative Words
a semantic rule: words that gain their meaning by comparison, ex. The tortoise is slow compared to the hare and fast compared to the snail.
gender role
a set of expected behaviors for males or for females
Stereotype
a simplified description applied to every person in some category
Abstraction Ladder
a tool that shows how the same statement can be described at various levels of specificity and abstraction, ex. You are cranky - You are mad at me - You are mad because of something I did - You are upset with me for not taking out the trash
Interpretation
after selecting and organizing perceptions, we interpret the Infos
The abundence of nonverbal cues that add clarity to a verbal message.
Richness
Which of the following is most clearly an example of qualitatively interpersonal communication?
Royce asks his friend Jane about her sick child.
Semantic Rules
Rules that govern the meanings of language as opposed to it structure.
Syntactic Rules
Rules that govern the ways symbols can be arranged, as opposed to the meanings of those symbols.
Punctuation
determination of causes and effects in a series of interactions
Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis
Theory of linguistic relativity in which language shapes a culture's perceived reality.
Tag Questions
a powerless speech mannerism, ex. "...don't you think?" - "...isn't it?"
Pillow method
- I'm right, you're wrong - both right/wrong - your right, I'm wrong - the issue isn't important - there us truth in all perspectives
Someone who is a " significant other" is
A person whose opinion we especially value
Abstraction Ladder
A range of more to less abstract terms describing an event or object.
"But" Statements
A statement in which the word "but" cancels out the expression preceding it.
"I" language
A statement that clearly identifies the speaker as the source of a message.
"You" Language
A statement that expresses or implies a judgement of the other person.
Identity and communication are related in that we
A. gain an idea of who we are from the way others communicate with us.
Research has shown that comunicators achieve effectivness by
Adjusting their behaviors to the person and situation.
Self-concept
All our thoughts and feelings about ourselves. The relativly stable set of perceptions each individual holds of themselves.
Equivocal Language
Ambiguous language that has two or more equally plausible meanings.
Refers to the delay between the time from when a message is sent to when it is received.
Asynchronous
Ethnocentrism
Belief in the superiority of one's nation or ethnic group.
According to Chapter one, all of the following are attributes needed to communicate successfully with people from different cultures except A. Motivation B. Tolerance for ambiguity C. Friendliness D. Open-mindedness E. Knowledge and skill
C. Friendliness
Almost all messages have A. a content dimension. B. a relational dimension. C. both content and relational dimensions. D. no dimensions unless the communicators intend them to.
C. both content and relational dimensions.
Skillful, intergrated communicators are characterized by
Communicating competently without needing to think constantly about how to behave.
Politness
Communicating in ways that save face for both senders and receivers.
The authors describe some of the social needs we strive to fulfill by communicating as
Control and affection
High-Context Cultures
Cultures that avoid direct use of language, relying instead on the context of a message to convey meaning.
Low-Context Cultures
Cultures that use language primarily to express thoughts, feelings, and ideas as directly as possible.
Malicious acts that harass victims online.
Cyberbullying
All of the following elements are included in the transactional communication model introduced in Chapter one except A. Message B. Environment C. Channel D. Sender E. Noise
D. Sender
4 parts to a Complete "I" Statement
Describes (not necessarily in this order!): 1. the other person's behavior 2. your interpretations 3. your feelings 4. the consequences that the other person's behavior has for you
Occurs when communicators express themselves with minimal caution and self-monitoring.
Disinhibition
Which is an example of "noise" as the term is defined in your text? A. Someone tapping a pencil while you're trying to talk B. A headache that interferes with you listening C. Feelings of anger directed toward a partner D. Preoccupation with another topic during a lecture E. All of the above
E. All of the above Someone tapping a pencil while you're trying to talk A headache that interferes with you listening Feelings of anger directed toward a partner Preoccupation with another topic during a lecture
Strategies you can use to develop a more mindful and competent style of intercultural communication include A. Reading B. Passive observation C. Self-disclosure D. Talking to experts E. All of these
E. All of these Reading Passive observation Self-disclosure Talking to experts
An interpersonal relationship differs from an impersonal one because A. we share our thoughts and feelings with each other. B. the other person's life affects ours. C. we are sad when the relationship changes or ends. D. we find the time spent in the relationship rewarding. E. all of the above.
E. all of the above. we share our thoughts and feelings with each other. The other person's life affects ours. we are sad when the relationship changes or ends. we find the time spent in the relationship rewarding.
You want to let a close friend know how much she/he means to you in a way that is sincere and doesn't embarrass either of you. Following the advice on communication competence in your text, you would A. follow the approach that you saw another friend use successfully, assuming it would work for you. B. avoid sending any message until you were sure it would be well received. C. try to follow exactly the approach you used successfully with others in the past. D. react in the way that first occurred to you. E. consider a variety of alternatives, choosing the one that you think will be most successful under these circumstances
E. consider a variety of alternatives, choosing the one that you think will be most successful under these circumstances
According to your text, teens message an average of once a minute for at least 8 hours a day. True or False?
False
Communication competence is a trait that people either possess or lack. True or False?
False
Identity management occurs only in face to face interactions. True or False?
False
Just as judges instruct juries to disregard some statements made in court, we can reverse or erase the effects of communication interactions in everyday life. True or False?
False
People with high self esteem tend to disapprove of others more than people with low self esteem. True or False?
False
Personality traits are largely a result of genetics rather than socialization. True or False?
False
Shared understanding and clarity are the most important goals in achieving successful communication. True or False?
False
The self-concept is a constantly changing set of perceptions that others have of you. True or False?
False
An accelreated discussion of personal topics and relational development beyound what normally happens in face to face interaction.
Hyperpersonal communication
Reflected appraisal
The theory that a person's self-concept matches the way the person believes others regard him or her.
Set of civil behaviors that apply to social media.
Netiquette
According to your text " ego-boosters and busters" are
People or messages that influence the self concept positivly or negativly
The kind of person you believe yourself to be is called the
Perceived self
Linguistic Relativism
The notion that the worldview of a culture is shaped and reflected by the language its members speak.
Percieved self
The person we believe ourselves to be in moments of candor. It may be identical with or different from the presenting and desired selves.
Convergence
The process of adapting one's speech style to match that of others with whom the communicator wants to identify.
Narrative
The stories we use to describe our personal world
Static Evaluation
The tendency to view people or relationships as unchanging.
Chapter One indicates that effective interpersonal communication is strongly linked to good health, social happiness, and career success. True or False?
True
Compared with face to face interaction, online communication tends to limit the control we have over managing impressions True or False?
True
People who think highly of themselves are likely to think highly of others too. True or False?
True
Research indicates that mediated communication offers an advantage for identity management. True or False?
True
The ability to speak and listen effectively can mean the difference between succeeding and failing a job. True or False?
True
The influence of significant others becomes less powerful as we grow older. True or False?
True
The self concept is extremly resistant to change True or False?
True
The self-concept is a relatively stable set of perceptions you hold of yourself. True or False?
True
The transactional model of communicaton suggest that communication usually send and receive simultaneously. True or False?
True
Sychronicity is the condition when communicatorsare all connected in real time.
True: For example facetime, Skype ect.
Disinhibition refers to the tendency of online communication to express themselves with less caution and self-monitoring.
True: People can alsobe very honest and direct when sending a message.
Gender Differences in Content
Women - more likely to discuss family, friends, health, personal matters Men - more likely to discuss music, celebrities, business
Relative Words
Words that gain their meaning by comparison.
Emotive Language
a form of disruptive language - choosing words that reflect your opinion, ex. thrifty vs. tightwad - extrovert vs. loudmouth - eccentric vs. crazy
Fact-Inference Confusion
a form of disruptive language - jumping to conclusions without checking the fact, ex. "Why are you so mad at me?" "I'm not mad at you. Why are you so insecure?"
Fact-Opinion Confusion
a form of disruptive language - treating opinions like facts during a coversation, ex. Fact - You keep interrupting me. Opinion - You're a control freak.
Gender Differences in Reasons
both interested in building relationships - however, men are more interested in making conversation fun - men "like" to talk, women "need" to talk
Convergence
changing one's speech pattern to fit into a group
Divergence
changing one's speech pattern to seperate from a group
Gender Differences in Communication
content, reasons for communicating, conversational style
People who have high self esteem
expect to be accepted by others.
People who have low self esteem
expect to be rejected by others.
sympathy
seeing another person situation from your point of view
Selection
selection of impressions we will attend to.
Empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
interpersonal communication
the exchange of thoughts, feelings, and beliefs between two or more people
Syntactic Rules
the grammar of a language
Attribution
the process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of others
perception checking
the process of verifying your understanding of some message, situation, or feeling.
Low-Context Cultures
try to be direct as possible - message is clear in the words - don't have to be there - ex. American and W. European cultures
Identity Management and Naming
unique names cause problems - they make it harder to adjust to society - stigma does not fade with age, all people are averse to unusual names
Some of the characteristics that make relationships more interpersonal than impersonal are
uniqueness, irreplaceability, and interdependence.
Pragmatic Rules
unstated, social rules that determine how we interpret the words said in various situations and contexts
Powerless Speech Mannerisms
ways of speaking that reduce one's appearance of power and authority
