Community Health Exam 1

A community health nurse is partnering with several community members to resolve an identified problem of homelessness. One of the community members questions why there are so many people experiencing homelessness when the unemployment rate is below 3% in the community and surrounding area. What would be the nurse's best response to this question?

"There are several interrelating systems that lead to homelessness, including social, environmental, and personal biology."

The nurse administers childhood vaccinations at health clinic. What level of prevention is this? A) Primary B) Secondary C) Tertiary D) Terminal

A) Primary

What are the levels of focused practice as noted on the Public Health Intervention Wheel? (Select all that apply.) A) Nurse-focused practice B) Community-focused practice C) Systems-focused practice D) Provider-focused practice E) Individual-focused practice

B) Community-focused practice C) Systems-focused practice E) Individual-focused practice

What characteristics define a community?

A group that shares a common interest Encompasses a sense of member belonging Interaction among a group of people

What is the final step in the nurse's health assessment of a community? A) Analysis B) Interpretation C) Collection D) Validation

A) Analysis

On what does the nursing process in community health focus? (Select all that apply.) A) The individual only B) The population C) The client and family only D) The organization

B) The population

During an assessment, the community health nurse is gathering data to determine what characteristics and possible health needs are similar for all community members. Which framework will the nurse choose in approaching this assessment analysis? A) Problem-oriented B) Goal C) Familiarization D) Comprehensive needs

C) Familiarization Rationale: Familiarization data gathering begins with examining the information already available on the community and then gathers first-hand data to get a working knowledge of the community. The approach is best used in working with families, groups, organizations, or populations.

Public and community health nursing interventions focus on: A) decreasing inequities that affect population health. B) reporting crime statistics in the community. C) making observations about living situations. D) encouraging private school education.

A) decreasing inequities that affect population health.

While working in the free clinic, the public health nurse is assessing a migrant farm worker who has an infection on their right hand. The nurse cleans the wound, applies antibiotic cream, and wraps the area to keep it clean. The nurse is conducting an assessment to determine if the client has any contributing factors related to health disparities. Which of these are considered contributing factors to health disparities?

A diagnosis of schizophrenia, No means of transportation, Language barriers Rationale: Factors that positively influence health and health maintenance include safe housing; quality education; clean water, food and air; and social support.

Which statement about false negatives is accurate?

A false negative is when a client screens negative but in fact has the disease.

Which is the best description of an aggregate?

A group of individuals who are loosely connected with one another

A community epidemiologist wishes to conduct a study on a population of clients who are unhoused. Which research study would be most appropriate for this researcher to conduct?

A quantitative study comparing diabetes exacerbations with soup kitchen meals Rationale: Epidemiology is a field of public health science that focuses on the incidence and prevalence of disease or illness in a population. In this case, a quantitative study comparing diabetes exacerbations with soup kitchen meals is most relevant to this researcher's work.

A comprehensive assessment must consider the entire community and the various populations living in the community. Which example indicates a comprehensive assessment consideration? A) Adults and children living within 10 miles of the center of town B) Adult males who live in the particular county under assessment C) Participants of the local YMCA D) Individuals with heart disease

A) Adults and children living within 10 miles of the center of town Rationale: A comprehensive assessment collects all the information relevant to the community's health. It includes the demographics on the whole population and the community boundaries and identifies resources within the boundaries.

Which are strategies from the Public Health Intervention Wheel? (Select all that apply.) A) Advocacy B) Screening C) Case management D) Planning E) Health Teaching

A) Advocacy B) Screening C) Case management E) Health Teaching

Which variables are characteristics of an aggregate? (Select all that apply.) A) Are considered as a whole B) A group of people who occupy an area C) Are loosely associated with each other D) A group of distinct individuals

A) Are considered as a whole C) Are loosely associated with each other D) A group of distinct individuals

Which statement is true about community stakeholders? A) Community stakeholders should represent all groups in the community. B) Community stakeholders should represent only the weakest members of the community. C) Community stakeholders are exclusively informal leaders from the community. D) Community stakeholders should not have anything to gain or lose in the community.

A) Community stakeholders should represent all groups in the community. Rationale: Community stakeholders should represent all groups in the community and not just what is easily accessible to the nurse. They stand to 'gain' or 'lose' if the community health problem is addressed, and may include formal and informal leaders from faith organizations, schools, and area employers.

Which components of the nursing process provide direction for solving problems, managing nursing actions, and improving the health of communities? (Select all that apply.) A) Diagnosis B) Planning C) Evaluation D) Implementation E) Rehabilitation F) Assessment

A) Diagnosis B) Planning C) Evaluation D) Implementation F) Assessment

According to Healthy People 2020, social determinants of health should include which of the following? (Select all that apply.) A) Exposure to crime and violence B) Quality of schools C) Access to affordable transportation D) Air quality E) Having one's own bedroom

A) Exposure to crime and violence B) Quality of schools C) Access to affordable transportation D) Air quality

Which of the following factors contribute to health disparities? (Select all that apply.) A) Food deserts B) Poverty C) Type II diabetes mellitus D) Hypertension E) Discrimination

A) Food deserts B) Poverty E) Discrimination

What action does the nurse perform during the analysis stage of a community health assessment? A) Identify causal factors for health indicators. B) Identify key community stakeholders. C) Identify important survey questions. D) Identify the best way to conduct an assessment.

A) Identify causal factors for health indicators. Rationale: To complete the process of data analysis, the nurse should finalize and prioritize health indicators that will be addressed by the nurse/agency through interventions. For these select health indicators, the nurse should identify and understand casual factors.

What should the nurse consider when selecting health indicators in a community? A) If the indicators relate to standards published by national or state entities B) If the indicators correspond to the nurse's intuition C) If the indicators are approved by the community stakeholders D) If the indicators correspond to the nurse's expectations

A) If the indicators relate to standards published by national or state entities Rationale: It is useful for the nurse to select indicators that relate to national standards such as Healthy People 2030 or other standards published by national or state entities. A state's health department may have state-level health indicators.

To what historic public health achievements have community and public health nurses contributed? (Select all that apply.) A) Improvements in family planning and education B) A decrease in the spread of infectious diseases C) Implement sanitation laws D) An increase in healthier mothers and babies E) First to identify sanitation as a source of disease

A) Improvements in family planning and education B) A decrease in the spread of infectious diseases D) An increase in healthier mothers and babies

The community assessment process directly contributes data for development of community interventions that correlate best with which of the following interventions noted on the Public Health Interventions Wheel? A) Outreach B) Counseling C) Delegated functions D) Case management

A) Outreach

The community nurse is performing an assessment on a community related to an identified problem of obesity. Which approach is best to use for this type of community assessment? A) Problem-oriented B) General systems C) Comprehensive needs D) Familiarization

A) Problem-oriented Rationale: In the problem-oriented type of assessment approach, a single problem is identified and the community is assessed in terms of the specific problem.

The similarities between the nursing process and the epidemiologic process include: A) Evaluation only B) Goals only C) Planning and implementation only D) Entire ADPIE model

D) Entire ADPIE model

When would primary prevention be most effective?

Before the disease or injury occurs

Which factor is considered when determining social determinants of health?

Place of birth, Childhood experiences, Age, Employment history

Which factors contribute to the effectiveness of a health screening?

Acceptance by the community, Cost-effectiveness, Ease of administration, Acceptable degree of sensitivity Rationale: To screen effectively for the presence of these conditions, a test should be (1) cost-effective, meaning that the cost of producing and distributing the screening tool is justified by the positive effect on protecting the public; (2) easy to use; (3) available to large sectors of the population at risk; (4) sensitive and specific enough to identify true positives and true negatives; (5) backed by a health care infrastructure that can implement programs of care for people who have a verified risk of disease or physical challenge; and (6) acceptable to clients. The need for periodic screenings is an acceptable factor when necessary.

The community nurse is tending a booth at the county fair to provide informational brochures on how to apply for insurance and subsidies under the Affordable Care Act. What role is the community nurse demonstrating?

Advocate

A public health nurse is developing an educational brochure on diabetes for the community clinic. Which group has a higher propensity toward health disparities related to cancer and diabetes?

African American Rationale: African Americans have the highest rates of cancer and diabetes when compared to Americans in the other population groups listed. Other health problems for which they are at higher risk include cardiovascular disease, stroke, and infant mortality.

What is the goal of a community health assessment (CHA)?

Associating health needs with possible community resources , Effective assessment of existing community health problems , Prioritization of community-focused health interventions , Identification of community health resources Rationale: The goal of a CHA is to identify the community health problems that are the priorities for intervention as well as community resources available to address each health problem or need. Financing the interventions is not a CHA goal.

Health inequities often emerge among racial and ethnic groups. Which of the following races/ethnicities experience a higher prevalence of low birth weight babies? A) Asians B) Blacks C) Hispanics D) Whites

B) Blacks

What intervention addresses the creation of alliances among groups of people in the community aligned toward a common purpose of well-being? A) Collaboration B) Coalition-building C) Consultation D) Community organizing

B) Coalition-building Rationale: Coalition-building addresses the creation of alliances among groups of people in the community aligned toward a common purpose of well-being. This includes building social networks in existing infrastructure and enabling local leaders to promote awareness about health risks.

Which of the following are nursing actions that correlate with the assessment phase of the nursing process in community health settings? (Select all that apply.) A) Develop an evaluation plan. B) Conduct a windshield survey. C) Carry out focus group interviews. D) Mail community surveys to residents. E) Formulate interventions based on data.

B) Conduct a windshield survey. C) Carry out focus group interviews. D) Mail community surveys to residents.

Which intervention on the Public Health Intervention Wheel relates to specific and direct care actions provided by community health nurses under the direction of a health care practitioner, as allowed by law and includes any tasks a nurse assigns to appropriate personnel? A) Case management B) Delegated functions C) Consultation D) Collaboration

B) Delegated functions

The public health nurse is performing a community assessment. Which community-specific factors will the nurse consider when performing this assessment? A) Global influences such as foreign trade B) Physical characteristics C) Boundaries D) Internal influences such as the local economy E) Purpose of the community

B) Physical characteristics C) Boundaries D) Internal influences such as the local economy E) Purpose of the community Rationale: In preparing for a community assessment, the nurse will examine community-specific factors such as boundaries of the community, physical characteristics such as geographical location, characteristics of the population, and the purpose of the community.

Which framework views a community/family in the context of its own past? A) Epidemiologic framework B) General systems framework C) Developmental framework D) Functional framework

C) Developmental framework Rationale: The developmental framework collects information on a community or family from various points in time. This framework allows the community health nurse to assess how a community/family is influenced by single events and trends.

A community nurse is reviewing the disease statistics of a newly assigned area. What assessment framework is the nurse utilizing in assessing this community? A) General systems B) Developmental C) Epidemiologic D) Structural/functional

C) Epidemiologic

Which framework focuses on prevention of health problems within a community? A) General systems framework B) Functional framework C) Epidemiologic framework D) Developmental framework

C) Epidemiologic framework Rationale: The epidemiologic framework assesses who is a greater risk of injury, illness, or premature death.

Which epidemiologic causal attribution model was too linear in scope to adequately analyze patterns in disease and wellness?

Chain of causation Rationale: The chain of causation came to be understood as insufficient for identifying the causes of disease and wellness, or to determine emerging health threats because of the linear thinking embodied in the model.

Which framework views a community/family in the context of its organizations and purposes? A) Developmental framework B) General systems framework C) Epidemiologic framework D) Functional framework

D) Functional framework Rationale: The functional framework examines the component parts of the community or family and how these parts interact with other systems.

How is community diagnosis different from individual diagnosis? (Select all that apply.) A) Individual diagnosis establishes population, place, and time. B) Community diagnosis defines individual health care needs. C) Community diagnosis creates a tentative hypothesis. D) Individual diagnosis creates the goals for individual care.

D) Individual diagnosis creates the goals for individual care. Rationale: In individual diagnosis, health care needs and assets are identified, and goals and objectives for care are established. In community diagnosis, a problem is described by person, place, and time, a tentative hypothesis is formulated, and data are analyzed to test the hypothesis.

Which of the following best describes the primary purpose of a windshield survey? A) Determine the psychosocial and environmental assets of a community. B) Help the nurse understand the extent of the healthcare resources within the community. C) Identify the transportation and mobility needs of the community. D) Provide familiarity and context to the nurse who is new to a community and its members

D) Provide familiarity and context to the nurse who is new to a community and its members

Which statement is true about the stages of health prevention? A) Primary prevention prompts intervention to prevent or limit disability. B) Tertiary prevention seeks to avoid disease onset through increased resilience. C) Primary prevention detects disease before symptoms appear. D) Tertiary prevention seeks to improve the quality of life.

D) Tertiary prevention seeks to improve the quality of life.

What is the goal of primary disease prevention? A) To improve the quality of life B) To detect disease before symptoms C) To promote rehabilitation D) To avoid disease onset through increased resilience

D) To avoid disease onset through increased resilience

The occupational nurse would like to identify employees who are at risk for heart disease. The nurse has begun taking the blood pressure of all new employees with the intent of identifying early signs and symptoms so effective treatment can be sought. Which ethical principle does this represent?

Beneficence

The community nurse is providing education to a group of older teens at the local recreation center on how using chewing tobacco increases the risk of oral, esophageal, and pancreatic cancer. The nurse is utilizing which element of causation of noninfectious disease?

Biologic gradient Rationale: Biologic gradient refers to the relationship demonstrated with increasing levels of exposure to the causative agent and the corresponding increase in the occurrence of the disease.

The nurse involved in collecting the number of new COVID-19 cases and analyzing where they have occurred is participating in:

Biostatistics Rationale: Biostatistics is defined as the collection and analysis of public health data for a disease or concerning health issue in the community. Epidemiology examines the data and the variables collected for that health issue. Evidence-based practice would be used to gather information on how to prevent the spread of COVID-19, and rapid clinical appraisal would be used to evaluate the information gathered.

What is the fundamental criterion for making a screening mandatory?

Degree of physical harm resulting from the lack of screening

Which is an example of how an epidemiologist uses biostatics?

Determines whether there are cancer clusters in a chosen community Rationale: Cancer clusters occur when there seem to be an elevated number of cancers in a family or community. Epidemiologists who have knowledge of disease, biostatistics, and public and environmental health can use this information to investigate these suspected cancer clusters.

A public health nurse is providing education to pregnant teenagers on pregnancy nutrition. As part of the education, the nurse also encourages the clients to finish high school and go on to college when possible. What is the rationale for both the nutrition education and encouragement for continued education related to the determinants of health?

Education on health determinants can facilitate positive action, Low education levels are associated with poorer health and greater stress. Rationale: Determinants of health include personal biology, access to health services, income and social status, education, the physical environment, and social support.

Which are examples of tertiary prevention?

Encouraging a client with hypertension to continue a weight loss program, Developing a post-mastectomy exercise program to preserve function

Which is true of epidemiological studies?

Epidemiological studies are often impeded by the limited availability of data. Rationale: One of the challenges of epidemiological studies is the limited availability of data on many contaminants and their short-term and long-term effects on health. Other challenges of epidemical studies include their time-intensive nature and their sometimes inconclusive results in demonstrating causal connections between contaminants and illnesses.

A public health nurse has been assigned the task of finding the cause of a recent salmonella outbreak in the area. The nurse will use an epidemiologic method to complete this task. What is the nurse's best rationale for utilizing this method?

Epidemiology is used to identify patterns and trends in disease occurrence. Rationale: Epidemiology is used in community health as a method for assessing the health of a population, and it provides a frame of reference for investigating and improving practice. Epidemiology is also a science used to analyze and understand patterns of occurrence.

The terms "community," "aggregate," and "population" are interchangeable. T/F

F Rationale: A community is a form of an aggregate, but an aggregate lacks interaction with one another. An aggregate is a group of people with common characteristics. A population is a group of people who occupy an area; they may or may not interact with each other.

Community organizing is an intervention that seeks to generate solutions to problems through interactive problem solving. T/F

F Rationale: Consultation is an intervention that seeks to generate solutions to problems through interactive problem solving. Community organizing helps groups in the community identify common problems or goals.

In the public health intervention wheel, health teaching includes tertiary levels of prevention. T/F

F Rationale: Health teaching includes primary levels of prevention because the goal of teaching is to educate clients about healthy practices that increase resistance to disease, thereby preventing it.

In the Public Health Intervention Wheel, screening includes primary levels of prevention. T/F

F Rationale: Screening includes secondary levels of prevention because it is a planned effort to minimize the impact of disease once it is in effect.

Social determinants of health are not related to the health status of a client. T/F

F Rationale: Social determinants of health reflect social factors and the physical conditions in the environment in which people are born, live, learn, play, work, and age. Social determinants of health influence a wide range of health, functioning, and quality-of-life outcomes.

The nurse wants to use an experimental study to determine the effects of exposure to a chemical that is a suspected carcinogen. Which is true of experimental studies in epidemiology?

It is unethical to expose a person to an environmental risk. Rationale: The experimental study is considered the most conclusive form of study, but it is not the most widely used. They are difficult to create since it is unethical to expose people to an environmental risk, even if the exposed group may receive health benefits.

The community health nurse is using epidemiologic methods to conduct an investigation of a recent Escherichia coli (E. coli)-related sickness causing diarrhea in infants that were fed baby formula. Who investigated the relationship between sanitation and disease?

John Snow, Florence Nightingale Rationale: Florence Nightingale focused on the environment, and in particular sanitation. In identifying the source of cholera, John Snow traced the source of disease to an infected water supply.

A community and public health nurse has been assigned to develop and coordinate a community of solution on the issue of childhood obesity. Who should the nurse contact first?

Local school nurses in the community and the surrounding areas

Define Morbidity

Morbidity is the departure from a state of physiologic or psychological well-being.

What categories are considered when determining a nation's health indicators?

Morbidity, Risk factors, Health service coverage, Mortality Rationale: Health indicators are descriptors of the general health of a nation that are grouped into four categories: morbidity and mortality, risk factors, health service coverage, and health system resources. The cost of health resources are not considered.

The public health nurse found a total of 64 deaths from breast cancer for the year 2021 from a population of 34,000. The nurse determined the rate for the population was 188 deaths per 100,000 people. What does this measure represent?

Mortality

What term is used to identify the probability of death?

Mortality

Define Mortality

Mortality rate is the probability of death from any cause among the entire population within a given time frame.

What characteristic will the nurse consider when developing interventions for an aggregate group?

People may not interact with each other.

An occupational health nurse is checking employees' blood pressure at the annual benefits fair. The nurse has developed a questionnaire for employees to complete, including demographic data such as age, gender, and ethnicity, as well as tobacco use. What interrelated system in health is the nurse assessing with this questionnaire?

Personal biology Rationale: A person's age, race, and gender are all demographic data that can be collected and can influence a person's health behaviors.

A nurse working in the immunization clinic is performing research to determine if there has been a decrease in the incidence of COVID-19 since COVID-19 vaccines began to be administered in the community. In which step of the epidemiological process is the nurse involved?

Planning, implementing, and evaluating

A school nurse has identified a depression screening instrument to use for middle school students who are referred by the teaching staff. What ethical consideration should the nurse make prior to performing the screening of students?

The availability of resources if the student has a positive screening Rationale: Screenings are only effective if there are resources to which the nurse can refer the client. In providing early treatment, many problems can be reduced or avoided.

Identify one of the challenges faced in epidemiology.

There is limited availability of data on many contaminants and their effect on health. Rationale: Major challenges to most environmental epidemiology studies include: limited availability of data on many contaminants and their effect on health; limited understanding about how exposures to multiple contaminants may sicken people; and lengthy latency between exposure and illness.

A public health nurse is assigned a new area. In order to become more familiar with the area, the nurse will collect data regarding the health of the community. What sources of existing data will the nurse use to gather initial health-related data about the community?

Vital signs, Disease registries, Reportable diseases Rationale: Vital statistics are collected in every state and contain information on births, deaths, adoptions, divorces, and marriages. The nurse can look specifically at births and deaths to gain valuable information. States have developed laws or regulations to require health organizations and health care providers to report to the local health authority certain communicable infectious diseases.

Which term is used to identify an epidemiologic model that emphasizes the concept of multiple causation?

Web of Causation

Which characteristic of a system also applies to communities and health?

What affects one part of the system affects the system as a whole. Rationale: The characteristic of a system that also applies to communities and health is that what affects one part of the system affects the system as a whole. Systems are interrelated. The whole is greater than the sum of its parts, and health is related to an entire system.

The nurse planning a breast cancer intervention aimed at reducing mortality for a specific population of women should first:

collect data on when and how clients are screened. Rationale: Assessment is always the first part of the nursing process, and collecting data on when and how the population is screened may provide information leading to an increase in early diagnoses.

The web of causation was developed as a result of what health-related need?

Identification of the multiple factors causing chronic illnesses

In checking the absentee roster for the day, a school health nurse has found 26 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in a school population of 326, approximately 8%. What type of rate does this measurement represent?

Prevalence

Which of the following are common data sources for a community assessment? (Select all that apply.) A) School nurse interviews B) Editorials in the local newspaper C) State health department statistics D) Town hall meetings E) Governmental data sets

A) School nurse interviews C) State health department statistics D) Town hall meetings E) Governmental data sets

The nurse is unsure which members of a local community have been affected by exposure to chemical poisoning. What strategy from the Public Health Intervention Wheel should the nurse employ? A) Screening B) Surveillance C) Counselling D) Advocacy

A) Screening

The community and public health nurse is preparing a care plan for a client in the community. What factors in the community environment should the nurse consider that can affect a client's potential for health and wellness? (Select all that apply.) A) Size of health care facilities B) Air quality and number of pollutants D) Level of safety to walk or play outside E) Access to fresh foods and groceries

A) Size of health care facilities B) Air quality and number of pollutants D) Level of safety to walk or play outside E) Access to fresh foods and groceries

Which section of the Public Health Intervention Wheel focuses on significant health threats such as contagious diseases but is also used for other health events like chronic diseases, injury, and violence? A) Surveillance B) Health teaching C) Consultation D) Community organizing

A) Surveillance Rationale: Surveillance focuses on significant health threats such as contagious diseases but is also used for other health events like chronic diseases, injury, and violence.

Which strategies from the Public Health Intervention Wheel would be ideal for the nurse to use in the secondary prevention of disease or injury? (Select all that apply.) A) Surveillance B) Screening C) Case management D) Research E) Community organizing

A) Surveillance B) Screening C) Case management E) Community organizing

In the role of clinician, how can the nurse demonstrate levels of prevention in the field? (Select all that apply.) A) Taking scoliosis measurements B) Screening children for depression C) Administering immunizations

A) Taking scoliosis measurements B) Screening children for depression C) Administering immunizations Rationale: three unique emphases of the clinician role of the community nurse, including expanded skills, health promotion, and holistic care. As one of the expanded skills, screening is a useful instrument for early detection of specific problems.

Strengths-based nursing is focused on which of the following principles? A) Praise, dependence, and timeliness B) Empowerment, self-efficacy, and hope C) Sharing, joint decision-making, and mutual goal setting D) Self-care, economic independence, and making better choices

B) Empowerment, self-efficacy, and hope

The nurse is providing blood pressure screening at the local senior center. This is an example of which level of prevention? A) Health promotion B) Primary prevention C) Secondary prevention D) Tertiary prevention

C) Secondary prevention

Which is an example of primary prevention of injury? A) Providing rehabilitation after a head injury occurs B) Providing prompt care when a head injury occurs C) Teaching a client about the importance of wearing head protection when engaging in activities that may lead to head injury

C) Teaching a client about the importance of wearing head protection when engaging in activities that may lead to head injury Rationale: Providing rehabilitation after a head injury occurs is tertiary prevention. Providing prompt care when a head injury occurs is secondary prevention.

Why is volunteering as a nurse in an at-risk community an important activity? Choose the best answer. A) Volunteering makes the nurse feel empowered. B) Volunteering is inexpensive and easy to coordinate. C) Volunteering as a nurse brings low-cost medical and nursing expertise to the at-risk community. D) Volunteering as a nurse ensures that more people are assisted when needed.

C) Volunteering as a nurse brings low-cost medical and nursing expertise to the at-risk community.

Which level of prevention has a focus on minimizing disability and restoring function?

tertiary

Which nurse was the first to use biostatistics to identify patterns of disease, injury, and death for preventative health purposes?

Florence Nightingale Rationale: Florence Nightingale was one of the founders of epidemiology and the first health care worker to use biostatistics to identify and track deviations in disease patterns.

A community health nurse is working with the nearby Native American reservation to develop a program to reduce the health disparities this population faces. What is a known health disparity among these individuals that the nurse will want to address?

HTN Rationale: Native American adults have twice the rate of diabetes when compared to non-Hispanic White American adults. They also face higher rates of tuberculosis, alcohol misuse disorder, unintentional injuries, suicide, and homicide.

What is the source for established national objectives and health outcomes that guide health promotion in the United States?

Healthy People

Which factor is a part of the interrelated environment system?

Housing, Safety, Adequate fresh water

A public health nurse is developing an educational program on the Zika virus for a community based on the information found on the county health website and comparing the number of persons (1,237) in the community. The nurse found there were six new cases in the past month in the county. The rate was computed as 0.005%. What type of rate does this measurement represent?

Incidence

Define Incidence

Incidence rate measures the probability that people without a certain condition will develop that condition over a period of time.

The community health nurse has identified a high rate of obesity in school-age children within the community. The nurse completes a community assessment and finds the median income in the area is $28,000 for a family of four. In what interrelated system will the nurse document this finding?

Income Social Status

Which groups are susceptible to health disparities?

Individuals partaking in drug treatment programs, Unemployed individuals, Runaway teenagers, People who did not finish high school, People who belong to ethnic or racial underrepresented groups

The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services maintains supervision over data collection associated with which vital statistics?

Infant mortality, Diabetes, Cardiovascular disease, Immunizations Rationale: The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has identified six areas that it oversees. These areas are (1) infant mortality, (2) cancer screening, (3) cardiovascular disease, (4) diabetes, (5) HIV/AIDS, and (6) immunizations. Asthma is not included in their oversight.

While working in a reproductive health clinic, the nurse notices a significant increase in chlamydia infections among Hmong teenagers. The nurse began to make some initial inquiries of the Hmong community members about sexual health practices. What type of study is the nurse engaging in?

Informal observation Rationale: Any group encountered by the community health nurse can trigger an informal observational or scientific study. An informal observational study could contain informal inquiries about the increase in infections among community members.

Define Prevelence

Prevalence rate measures the number of people in a given population who have an existing condition at a given point in time.

The community nurse is educating older adult clients at the local senior center on home safety to prevent falls. Which level of prevention is the nurse practicing?

Primary

What issues are addressed in the study of epidemiology?

Research regarding states of illness, A body of knowledge concerning specific states of health, Factors that determine health in humans, Methods of sharing illness among humans Rationale: Epidemiology is the study of the distribution and determinants of states of health and illness in human populations; it is used both as a research methodology to study states of health and illness and as a body of knowledge that results from the study of a specific state of health or illness. Cost versus benefit is not a recognized issue.

A school nurse is checking the students in the seventh grade for scoliosis. What type of assessment is scoliosis testing?

Screening

When considering community health assessment, which intervention is an example of secondary prevention?

Screenings

Despite local and state air quality policies, the local steel smelting mill has been emitting toxins at night into the air. The residents are concerned about the potential health ramifications; in particular, lung complications. The community nurse has developed an early detection process that includes a lung function screening test. Which level of prevention has the nurse activated?

Secondary

A public health nurse is administering a tuberculin test to a hospital employee. What type of screening is this test?

Selective Rationale: A mass screening is the screening of a large number of people to detect signs and symptoms early to prevent the spread of disease or illness.

Which variable is most likely to influence the health of a community?

Social determinants of health

A public health nurse is developing a program based on the goals of the government initiative Healthy People. Which are health indicators the nurse may use as a part of the program?

Substance abuse, Tobacco usage, Exercise frequency Rationale: Healthy People is an ambitious government health initiative with a specific agenda for improving the health of all Americans. According to its premise, the health of the individual is inseparable from the health of the larger community. The achievement of its goals is determined by measuring and comparing many health indicators, such as weight, activity level, lifestyle choices, and environmental and social factors.

In the Public Health Intervention Wheel, case management includes secondary levels of prevention. T/F

T Rationale: Case management includes secondary levels of prevention because managing disease can prevent it from worsening.

Health teaching is used in conjunction with virtually all interventions. It is frequently implemented in conjunction with or sequentially to counseling and/or consultation. T/F

T Rationale: Health teaching is used in conjunction with virtually all interventions. It is frequently implemented in conjunction with or sequentially to counseling and/or consultation.