COMP EXAM

Transtheoretical model of behavior change

The transtheoretical model posits that health behavior change involves progress through six stages of change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination.

Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy/Albert Ellis

Therapist uses rational arguments to directly challenge client's unrealistic beliefs and expectations. Rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) is a type of therapy introduced by Albert Ellis in the 1950s. It's an approach that helps you identify irrational beliefs and negative thought patterns that may lead to emotional or behavioral issues

Addiction theories and concepts

There are a variety of psychological approaches to the explanation of drug dependence, including emphasis on learning and conditioning (behavioural models), cognitive theories, pre-existing behavioural tendencies (personality theories), and models of rational choice.

Strengths Perspective

This perspective can provide structure and content for an examination of realizable alternatives, for the mobilization of competencies that can make things different, and for the building of self-confidence that stimulates hope

Know how to identify and recognize threats to internal validity

Threats to internal validity include: -History -Maturation -Attrition or mortality -Selection of subjects -Instrumentation -Testing -Regression

•Focuses on targeted outcome objectives of the program, e.g.:

To have 75% of the graduates of the program employed in jobs that pay above minimum wage by the end of the fiscal year. This is an outcome objective because it focuses on how you want clients to be affected or changed by being in the program—their employment opportunities increase. To have program participants report significantly lower levels of depression (as measured by the Beck Depression Inventory) at the conclusion of the 10 week therapy group. This objective focuses on the change that you want to happen—clients will be less depressed.

Traditional conservative and liberal values perspectives

Traditionalist conservatism, also referred to as classical conservatism, European conservatism, traditional conservatism or traditionalism, is a political and social philosophy emphasizing the need for the principles of a transcendent moral order, manifested through certain natural laws to which society ought to conform in a prudent manner Liberals espouse a wide array of views depending on their understanding of these principles, but they generally support free markets, free trade, limited government, individual rights (including civil rights and human rights), capitalism, democracy, secularism, gender equality, racial equality, internationalism, ...

Erikson's theory of psychosocial development and 8 stages of maturation/Erik Erikson

Trust. Independence. Initiative. Accomplishment. Identity. Relationships. Contribution. Reflection.

non-probability sampling methods -do not use random selection

Types of Sampling and Selection Strategies Convenience-Select cases based on their availability for the study. Typical Case-Select Cases that are known beforehand to be "typical" and not to be extreme Snowball-Group members identify additional group members to be included in the sample Quota-Sample selected that yields the same proportions as the known population on easily identified variables.

Unequal Government Regulation

Unequal Government Regulation involves laws and regulations that purposefully or otherwise create conditions that obstruct, limit, or deny a group(s) access to the same opportunities and resources, relative to the rest of society. These laws can intentionally (explicitly) or unintentionally (implicitly) create the conditions for social injustice. Areas in which government policy often gives rise to social inequality and injustice include: -Voting Laws (i.e. redistricting and voter ID) -Policing Laws (i.e. traffic, search and seizure, and drug scheduling) -Environmental Laws (i.e. clean water and air, industrial waste disposal) -Health Care Laws (i.e. insurance mandates and coverage eligibility) -Education Laws (i.e. public school segregation and integration) -Labor Laws (i.e. worker's rights, occupational health and safety)

SUMMARY OF VARIABLE TYPES AND STATISTICS

Univariate: NOMINAL: frequencies, percentages, mode --NUMERIC:median, mean Bivariate: --BOTH VARIABLES NOMINAL: crosstabs (Chi-square) --INDEPENDENT VARIABLE NOMINAL, DEPENDENT VARIABLE NUMERIC: --Independent t-tests : comparing the means of two independent groups --Paired t-test: comparing pre-and post test means --1 way anova (comparison of means) BOTH VARIABLES NUMERIC: correlations Multivariate -ALL NOMINAL: loglinear regression -INDEPENDENT VARIABLES NOMINAL, DEPENDENT VARIABLE NUMERIC: analysis of variance -ALL NUMERIC: multiple regression

Differences between universal and selective service provisions

Universal benefits and services are benefits available to everyone as a right, or at least to whole categories of people (like 'old people' or 'children'). Selective benefits and services are reserved for people in need.

what statistics you would use for data analysis?

What would you use to summarize the demographics of your subjects? What would you use to examine a relationship between 2 nominal variables? How would you compare the mean scores of your experimental and comparison groups?

Social Action

actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around In sociology, social action, also known as Weberian social action, is an act which takes into account the actions and reactions of individuals (or 'agents'). According to Max Weber, "Action is "social" insofar as its subjective meaning takes account of the behavior of others and is thereby oriented in its course."

Cost-benefit

analysis is typically not done in social work, since there is often not a straight-forward way to quantify the benefits to clients, their families, and society in terms of dollar values.

Objectives

are specific, measurable (like operational definitions), and frequently referenced by a date for completion Example: if the goal is to serve more clients, objectives might be: 1. To increase the number of clients served by the program by 10% by the end of this fiscal year. 2. To decrease the number of program dropouts by 10% by the end of this calendar year. (These would both be process objectives)

Know that the research designs that are the strongest and most rigorous

are those that control most effectively for threats to internal and external validity

adult development

changes that take place within individuals as they progress from emerging adulthood to the end of life

evidence-based practice

clinical decision making that integrates the best available research with clinical expertise and patient characteristics and preferences

Impact of Stress, Trauma, and Violence

Zeanah stressed that adverse experiences will have a negative impact on brain development and that threats, abuse, and violence lead to an excessive activation of fear circuitry and stress response systems, which will then compromise normal brain development.

Stages of Change/Prochaska and DiClimente

[Episode 53] Today's podcast is on Prochaska and DiClemente's (1983) Stages of Change Model. This model describes five stages that people go through on their way to change: precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, and maintenance.

Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC)

a "negative income tax" that provides income to very poor individuals in lieu of charging them federal income taxes The earned income tax credit (EITC) provides substantial support to low- and moderate-income working parents, but very little support to workers without qualifying children (often called childless workers). Workers receive a credit equal to a percentage of their earnings up to a maximum credit.

Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

a federal law enacted as a component of the 1994 violent crime control and law enforcement act and intended to address concerns about violence against women. the law focused on improving the interstate enforcement of protection orders, providing effective training for court personnel involved with women's issues, improving the training and collaboration of police and prosecutors with victim service providers, strengthening law enforcement efforts to reduce violence against women, and increasing services to victims of violence

cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT)

a popular integrative therapy that combines cognitive therapy (changing self-defeating thinking) with behavior therapy (changing behavior)

Classic Experimental Design

a research design that has equivalence, an experimental and a control group, and a pretest and posttest Classic experimental design- uses random assignment, an experimental, a control group, pre-testing, and post-testing. Comparison group- a group in quasi-experimental designs that receives "treatment as usual" instead of no treatment. Control group- the group in an experiment that does not receive the intervention.

family life cycle

a set of predictable steps and patterns families experience over time he series of stages that occur in the life history of any given family, with such stages typically including marriage (or coupling), raising children to independent young adulthood, and retirement.

Civil Rights Movement

a social movement in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s, in which people organized to demand equal rights for African Americans and other minorities. People worked together to change unfair laws. They gave speeches, marched in the streets, and participated in boycotts.

Feminist Theory

a theoretical approach that looks at gender inequities in society and the way that gender structures the social world

Food Stamps (SNAP)

a voucher issued by the government to those on low income, exchangeable for food.

Narrative Family Therapy

White and Epston. Narritive metaphor focuses on self-defeating cognitions. consider alternative ways of looking at their problems Narrative therapy is a method of therapy that separates a person from their problem. It encourages people to rely on their own skills to minimize problems that exist in their lives. ... People give these stories meaning, and the stories help shape a person's identity.

Sexual Development Theory

hypothalamus restricts the making of GnRH up until puberty - and lifted at puberty at puberty GnRH is made by hypothalamus --> LH and FSH made and released by the anterior pituitary --> sex hormones female and male In Freudian psychology, psychosexual development is a central element of the psychoanalytic sexual drive theory. Freud believed that personality developed through a series of childhood stages in which pleasure seeking energies from the id became focused on certain erogenous areas

psychodynamic theories

modern-day approaches that view personality with a focus on the unconscious and the importance of childhood experiences

Erik Erikson

neo-Freudian, humanistic; 8 psychosocial stages of development: theory shows how people evolve through the life span. Each stage is marked by a psychological crisis that involves confronting "Who am I?"

post-test only design

participants are randomly assigned to independent variable groups and are tested on the dependent variable once -The posttest-only control group design is a research design in which there are at least two groups, one of which does not receive a treatment or intervention, and data are collected on the outcome measure after the treatment or intervention

Transference and Countertransference

patient's views of therapist are influenced by patient's views of important others in their life, and vice versa (e.g., respond to therapist as if you were responding to your nagging mother) Understanding Countertransference. Just as transference is the concept of a client redirect feelings meant for others onto the therapist, countertransference is the reaction to a client's transference, in which the counselor projects his or her feelings unconsciously onto the client.

Social Welfare Policy

policy that provides benefits to individuals, either through entitlements or means testing.

missio statements

define the overall purpose of a program or policy and provide a general guide for decision-making.

behavioral therapy

focuses on changing behavior by identifying problem behaviors, replacing them with appropriate behaviors, and using rewards or other consequences to make the changes

Sampling Theory

focuses on the generalizability of descriptive findings to the population from which the sample was drawn -Sampling theory is the field of statistics that is involved. with the collection, analysis and interpretation of data gathered. from random samples of a population under study. The application. of sampling theory is concerned not only with the proper.

Crisis Theory

formulated to explain how people respond psychologically and behaviorally when they cannot cope adequately with stressors Crisis theory, concerning the causes and consequences of the tendency for the rate of profit to fall in a capitalist system, is now generally associated with Marxist economics. Earlier analysis by Jean Charles Léonard de Sismondi provided the first suggestions of the systemic roots of Crisis.

social welfare programs

government programs that provide the minimum living standards necessary for all citizens

brief therapy

psychotherapy provided in a short time frame, usually between three and five sessions Brief therapy is a type of counseling that is time limited and present oriented. Brief therapy focuses on the client's presenting symptoms and current life circumstances, and it emphasizes the strengths and resources of the client. The therapist in brief therapy is active and directive.

Interdisciplinary collaboration

sharing of evidence-based practice and skills by several disciplines as an integration strategy with clients and families in homes and other healthcare settings

Skills of Policy Advocates

skills/competencies for policy advocacy: •analytic skills (Analytical skill is the ability to deconstruct information into smaller categories in order to draw conclusions. Analytical skill consists of categories that include logical reasoning, critical thinking, communication, research, data analysis and creativity.) •political skills (Developing political skills will foster relationships at work and build trust among colleagues and superiors. Good political skills involve excelling in four key areas: networking, social astuteness, interpersonal influence and sincere overtures. ... Talking about politics could have detrimental effects in the workplace.) •interactional skills (Interaction skills are a soft skill set that includes tactful communication, mediation, and diplomacy. BABOK[1] divides interaction skills into three broad areas: facilitation and negotiation, leadership and influencing, and teamwork.) •value-clarification skills (Values clarification is a psychotherapy technique that can often help an individual increase awareness of any values that may have a bearing on lifestyle decisions and actions. This technique can provide an opportunity for a person to reflect on personal moral dilemmas and allow for values to be analyzed and clarified.)

Construct validity

the extent to which variables measure what they are supposed to measure -convergent (Convergent validity is supported when the construct of interest correlates with other constructs with which according to sound theory it is supposed to be correlated.) discriminant (Discriminant validity speaks to the degree to which your instrument can discriminate between the construct of interest and other constructs. In EFA, for example, you want to see all of the items related to a given construct load strongly on a single factor and weakly on all other factors.) -factor analysis (Factor analysis is a statistical method used to describe variability among observed, correlated variables in terms of a potentially lower number of unobserved variables called factors. For example, it is possible that variations in six observed variables mainly reflect the variations in two unobserved variables.) To summarize: convergent, discriminant, and content validity are components of construct validity. Factor analysis, either EFA or CFA are techniques that can be used to find (or not find) support for convergent and discriminant validity. Further, it is unfortunate that the two types of factor analysis are named "Exploratory" and "Confirmatory" because both of them can be used for either purpose.

Learned helplessness/Martin Seligman

the hopelessness and passive resignation an animal or human learns when unable to avoid repeated aversive events Learned helplessness is behavior exhibited by a subject after enduring repeated aversive stimuli beyond their control. It was initially thought to be caused from the subject's acceptance of their powerlessness: discontinuing attempts to escape or avoid the aversive stimulus, even when such alternatives are unambiguously presented. Upon exhibiting such behavior, the subject was said to have acquired learned helplessness.[1][2] Over the past few decades, neuroscience has provided insight into learned helplessness and shown that the original theory actually had it backwards: the brain's default state is to assume that control is not present, and the presence of "helpfulness" is what is actually learne

aging process

the natural occurrences in the body that produce the changes associated with growing old Three major psychosocial theories of aging--activity theory, disengagement theory, and continuity theory--are summarized and evaluated.

Reframing

the process of redefining events and experiences from a different point of view

theoretical framework

the structure of a study that links the theory concepts to the study variables; a section of a research article that describes the theory used Ideally, theoretical frameworks guide the selection and development of outcome objectives and assessment tools to measure them. Evidence based practice in clinical social work provides guidelines for treatment goals and assessment measures for clients of different ages, cultural groups, and presenting issues or symptoms.

Social Learning Theory

the theory that we learn social behavior by observing and imitating and by being rewarded or punished Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior.

Child Development Theory

theory that development is complete once one reaches adolescence. (endorsed by Sigmund Freud and Jean Piaget) (vs. Life span development theory)

Cognitive therapy/Aaron Beck

therapy that teaches people new, more adaptive ways of thinking and acting; based on the assumption that thoughts intervene between events and our emotional reactions Cognitive therapists help clients to recognize the negative thoughts and errors in logic that cause them to be depressed. ... Beck (1967) identified three mechanisms that he thought were responsible for depression: The cognitive triad (of negative automatic thinking. Negative self schemas. Beck initially focused on depression and developed a list of "errors" (cognitive distortion) in thinking that he proposed could maintain depression, including arbitrary inference, selective abstraction, over-generalization, and magnification (of negatives) and minimization (of positives).

family therapy

therapy that treats the family as a system. Views an individual's unwanted behaviors as influenced by, or directed at, other family members

Progressive Era

time at the turn of the 20th century in which groups sought to reform America economically, socially, and politically

Assessment methods and techniques:

use of psychological and educational tests. Methods to assess motivation, resistance, and readiness to change. Cultural, social, and societal factors related to assessment.

Gestalt Therapy (Fritz Perls)

uses conversational techniques (empty chair/2 chair techniques). to allow patient to present interpersonal conflict w/o need for transference. confront "empty chair" Gestalt therapy was developed by Fritz Perls, with the help of his wife at the time, Laura Perls. ... The goal of Gestalt therapy is for the client to collaborate with the therapist to increase personal awareness and actively challenge the roadblocks that have been getting in the way of healing until now

Identity issues in adolescents

A distorted or unrealistic perception of oneself. Lack of congruent behaviors and values in different settings. Self-worth relies on the opinions of others

Steps in Conducting a Cost-Effectiveness Study

1.Operationalize "success" for your program or policy (outcomes) .2.Prepare to gather program outcome data—retrospective, prospective, comparison to another program? 3.Gather client outcome data - typically involves gathering data on former clients to determine success rates. 4.Compute program costs - total costs for operating program: personnel costs, facility costs, insurance, direct and indirect costs, etc. 5.Compute cost - effectiveness ratio: total costs divided by number of client successes. Comparing two modes of treatment is probably the most common type of cost-effectiveness study in social work settings. If the outcomes for a group of 5 clients per social worker are the same as for a group of 8 clients per social worker, having 8 clients per group is more cost-effective—costs are the same, but client success is higher so the cost-effectiveness ratio is lower. Costs ÷ # of successful clients = cost-effectiveness ratio This type of evaluation is useful for social workers who can frequently show that social services are very cost-effective compared to services provided by other disciplines.

Karen Horney

1885-1952; Field: neo-Freudian, psychodynamic; Contributions: criticized Freud, stated that personality is molded by current fears and impulses, rather than being determined solely by childhood experiences and instincts, neurotic trends

From NASW Code of Ethics: Ethical Standards 6. Social Workers' Ethical Responsibilities to the Broader Society

6.01 Social Welfare Social workers should promote the general welfare of society, from local to global levels, and the development of people, their communities, and their environments. Social workers should advocate for living conditions conducive to the fulfillment of basic human needs and should promote social, economic, political, and cultural values and institutions that are compatible with the realization of social justice. 6.04 Social and Political Action(a) Social workers should engage in social and political action that seeks to ensure that all people have equal access to the resources, employment, services, and opportunities they require to meet their basic human needs and to develop fully. Social workers should be aware of the impact of the political arena on practice and should advocate for changes in policy and legislation to improve social conditions in order to meet basic human needs and promote social justice. (b) Social workers should act to expand choice and opportunity for all people, with special regard for vulnerable, disadvantaged, oppressed, and exploited people and groups. (c) Social workers should promote conditions that encourage respect for cultural and social diversity within the United States and globally. Social workers should promote policies and practices that demonstrate respect for difference, support the expansion of cultural knowledge and resources, advocate for programs and institutions that demonstrate cultural competence, and promote policies that safeguard the rights of and confirm equity and social justice for all people. (d) Social workers should act to prevent and eliminate domination of, exploitation of, and discrimination against any person, group, or class on the basis of race, ethnicity, national origin, color, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity or expression, age, marital status, political belief, religion, immigration status, or mental or physical ability.

Prejudice

A judgment or opinion that is formed on insufficient grounds before facts are known or in disregard of facts that contradict it. Prejudices are learned and can be unlearned.

Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA)

A law passed in 1997 that reaffirmed the need to forge linkages between the child welfare system and other systems of support for families, and stresses that the child's health and safety shall be the paramount concern in determining what is reasonable and consistent with the plan for timely, permanent placement of a child

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to give special attention to or compensatory treatment for members of some previously disadvantaged group. Affirmative action refers to a set of policies and practices within a government or organization seeking to increase the representation of particular groups based on their gender, race, sexuality, creed or nationality in areas in which they are underrepresented such as education and employment.

Person-in-Environment

A practice-guiding principle in social work that highlights the importance of understanding an individual and individual behavior in light of the environmental contexts in which that person lives and acts.

social welfare

A nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.

Family Sculpting

A nonverbal experiential technique that consists of physically arranging members of a family in space, which reveals significant aspects of their perceptions and feelings about one another.

Client/client system contracting and goal setting

A social worker and client work together to develop a contract (intervention or service plan), including an agreement on its implementation or the activities used to help a client attain his or her goals.

Functional Family Therapy

A therapeutic approach based on systems theory, cognitive theory, and behavioral principles in which clients are helped to understand the function or interpersonal payoff of certain of their behaviors as a prelude to substituting more effective ways to achieve the same results.

Kinship bonds and corresponding extended family forms are cultural dimensions that are important to consider in family practice with diverse families. Which of the following aspects of practice may be most affected by how these dimensions are defined?

A. Confidentiality. B. Defining family boundaries. C. The family's social status. Answer: Both a. and b. (Confidentiality may be affected by the need for an interpreter; family systems and roles of family members may differ according to social and cultural norms)

Permanency planning

An effort by child-welfare authorities to find a long-term living situation that will provide stability and support for a maltreated child. A goal is to avoid repeated changes of caregiver or school, which can be particularly harmful to the child. Permanency planning is the process of assessing and preparing a child for long term care when in out-of-home placements such as kinship, foster care or institutions. A care plan must centre on what is in the child's best interests, and therefore requires an ongoing assessment of the child and her needs.

Stereotype

An exaggerated or distorted belief that attributes characteristics to members of a particular group, simplistically lumping them together and refusing to acknowledge differences among members of the group.

Agents of Oppression

Agents of oppression are members of the dominant social groups in the United States, privileged by birth or acquisition, which knowingly or unknowingly exploit and reap unfair advantage over members of groups that are targets of oppression. Agents of oppression are also trapped by the system of institutionalized oppression that benefits them and are confined to roles and prescribed behaviors. In United States culture, agents have the power to define the "norm" for what is reality and they see themselves as normal or proper, whereas targets are likely to be labeled as deviant, evil, abnormal, substandard, or defective.

Ally

An ally is a person whose commitment to dismantling oppression is reflected in a willingness to do the following: -Educate oneself about oppression; -Learn from and listen to people who are targets of oppression; -Examine and challenge one's own prejudices, stereotypes, and assumptions; -Work through feelings of guilt, shame, and defensiveness to understand what is beneath them and what needs to be healed; -Learn and practice the skills of challenging oppressive remarks, behaviors, policies, and institutional structures; -Act collaboratively with members of the target group to dismantle oppression.

Adlerian Family Therapy

An approach that is based on the premise that parents and children often become locked in repetitive, negative interactions based on mistaken goals that motivate all parties involved.

Social Security Act

(FDR) 1935, guaranteed retirement payments for enrolled workers beginning at age 65; set up federal-state system of unemployment insurance and care for dependent mothers and children, the handicapped, and public health

Adolescent Development

- Rapid physical growth and change - Peers become almost more important than parents - End of adolescence is unclear: Adulthood only begins when established adult relationships and adult work patterns Field theory is a blend of cognitive, social, and biological forces. The physical changes at puberty are the easily observed changes of adolescence. These theories portray the adolescent as a feeling social being, under biological and social pressure, searching for emotional stability and a meaningful sense of self.

Lisa is pregnant and receives vouchers to purchase nutritional food such as milk and eggs. Lisa also receives nutrition education and health services aimed at improving her health and that of her newborn baby. Based on this information, what is the program in which Lisa is a participant?

- Supplemental Food Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC). NOT Supplemental Nutrition and Assistance Program (SNAP). Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF). Medicaid.

Redlining

-A process by which banks draw lines on a map and refuse to lend money to purchase or improve property within the boundaries. -Redlining is the systematic denial of various services or goods by governments or the private sector either directly or through the selective raising of prices.

Ethical Responsibilities to clients in regard to:

-Access to Records -Sexual Relationships -Physical Contact -Sexual Harassment -Derogatory Language -Payment for services -Clients who lack decision-making capacity -Interruption, Referral, ad Termination of Services

Ethical Responsibilities as professionals in regard to:

-Competence -Discrimination -Private Conduct -Dishonesty, Fraud, and Deception -Impairment -Misrepresentation -Solicitations -Acknowledging Credit

What does a null hypothesis predict?

-No relationship between two or more study variables. (A directional hypothesis predicts a positive or negative relationship between variables; e.g., clients getting a particular intervention will show improvement in their condition as compared to clients who are not in the intervention group. A null hypothesis would predict that clients getting the intervention will show no significant improvement as compared to clients who are not in the intervention group.) NOT -Whether the proposed question is valid. -A negative relationship between two or more study variables. -A positive relationship between two or more study variables.

What does process evaluation (program monitoring/patterns of use evaluation) focus on?

-Whether a practice, policy, or program is implemented as planned or required. NOT How a practice, policy, or program impacts clients. Whether a practice, policy, or program needed in an agency or community. Whether a program's benefits outweigh its costs.

Carl Jung

1875-1961; Field: neo-Freudian, analytic psychology; Contributions: people had conscious and unconscious awareness; archetypes; collective unconscious; libido is all types of energy, not just sexual; Studies: dream studies/interpretation

Cognitive and behavioral interventions

Cognitive behavioral intervention teaches learners to examine their own thoughts and emotions, recognize when negative thoughts and emotions are escalating in intensity, and then use strategies to change their thinking and behavior.

difference between internal and external validity

External validity refers to generalizability of study results—will they apply to persons who were not in the study? Internal validity refers to whether your study results are accurate or "real" •Most often in social work it refers to how sure you can be that your independent variable (e.g., intervention) is responsible for any change in your dependent variable (e.g., the problem you are trying to affect) ex: Macro-Policy causes social change

Family dynamics and functioning

Family dynamics refers to the patterns of interactions among relatives, their roles and relationships, and the various factors that shape their interactions. Because family members rely on each other for emotional, physical, and economic support, they are one of the primary sources of relationship security or stress.

cognitive dissonance

Inner tension that a consumer experiences after recognizing an inconsistency between behavior and values or opinions

Stages of ego development/Jane Loevinger

Loevinger proposed eight or nine stages of ego in development, six of which occur in adulthood: conformist, conscientious-conformist, conscientious, individualistic, autonomous, and integrated. Pre-Social (infancy): the baby, which is at the mercy of the world around it (and its own needs), really has no ego to speak of until it begins to differentiate itself from its caregivers and the demands of the outer environment. Impulsive: the young child is driven by its emotions, including sexual and aggressive drives, and interprets caregiver responses in black and white terms as either being "nice to me" or "mean to me." The world is "good" if it meets her needs and "bad" if it doesn't. The child's focus is on present events rather than being caught up in the past or future. Self-Protective: the child at this stage begins to develop some rudimentary self control. His ideal is of a morally rigid and unchanging world of rules and norms that specifies how he is to act. He's caught up in perceiving the world in terms of punishments and rewards, but also incorporates the need "not to get caught." Conformist: the child now becomes more aware of society and the need to belong to a group with its own biases and stereotypes (such as the gender groups of "boys" or "girls"). Good behavior is what is sanctioned by one's group, and others outside the group are treated with suspicion. An important element in terms of cohesion to the group is a sense of trust in one's fellow members. Self-Aware: Loevinger believed that this stage represents the model for most adult behavior, with few going beyond this stage before age twenty-five. Here we see the beginnings of self-criticism and the ability to envision multiple possibilities in life events. There's an increasing awareness of the difference between "the real me" and the "expected me" although the ego is still partly influenced by conformist pressures. Conscientious: individuals in this stage have internalized the rules of society, but they also acknowledge the existence of exceptions and special contingencies. The ego feels guilt for hurting others rather than feeling remorse at breaking the rules. The person at this stage sees life in terms of the choices that she makes and the responsibility she takes for her own actions. Views of other people are more complex at this stage, and include their inner motives as well as their outer actions. Individualistic: this stage includes a respect for individuality in oneself and a tolerance toward the individual differences in others. The person at this stage is more sensitive to the complexities of inner experience and the conflict between subjective reality and outward appearances. Autonomous: Achieving a sense of self-fulfillment becomes more important than outer achievement at this stage. There is greater self-acceptance and a deeper respect for the autonomy of others. There's a greater capacity to embrace the polarities of life, to discern complexity in individual situations, and to assess multiple facets in moral decisions. Integrated: this stage is similar to Maslow's concept of "self-actualization." The ego shows inner wisdom, deep empathy for others, and a high degree of self-acceptance. This is the stage of a fully formed and mature ego that cherishes individuality in self and others. Loevenger says that very few people make it to this stage.

study subjects should be voluntary participants who have provided informed consent to participate in any research

Know that vulnerable populations are persons who cannot provide informed consent to participate in a study ●Persons with cognitive impairment or disability ● Prisoners ● Children/minors

Alfred Adler

Neo-Freudian; introduced concept of "inferiority complex" and stressed the importance of birth order

Why evaluate practice?

Practice evaluation cuts right to the question of whether our practice and/or service programs and policy initiatives are effective.

Social work roles and values in formulating, changing, and evaluating social policies and agency policies that enhance the well-being of vulnerable/marginalized/at-risk populations.

Recognizing and working to change inequitable accessibility to resources, services, benefits, employment, and other opportunities.

Stages of cognitive development/Jean Piaget

Sensorimotor stage: birth to 2 years. (Object permanence) Preoperational stage: ages 2 to 7. (Symbolic thought) Concrete operational stage: ages 7 to 11. (Operational thought) Formal operational stage: ages 12 and up. (Abstract concepts)

Cognitive Development (Piaget)

Sensorimotor-explores through the senses, gains object permanence Preoperational-can't see other people's point of view (egocentrism) Concrete operational-concept of conservation, logical thinking Formal operational-adult reasoning develops, abstract thinking, metacognition (thinking about thinking)

social insurnace

Social insurance is a concept where the government intervenes in the insurance market to ensure that a group of individuals are insured or protected against the risk of any emergencies that lead to financial problems.

probability sampling methods -use random selection of subjects

Very simple to multi-stage cluster

Head Start Program

a federal program that provides academically focused preschool to students of low socioeconomic status Head Start is a program of the United States Department of Health and Human Services that provides comprehensive early childhood education, health, nutrition, and parent involvement services to low-income children and families

attachment theory

a theory about how our early attachments with our parents shape our relationships for the rest of our lives Attachment theory is a theory that suggests a psychological bond between individuals that has consequences across the life-span for the way relationships develop and how people behave towards other people. Attachment can be characterised as an invisible bond formed in relationships.

social action

actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around

Goals

are "broad general statements of direction" (e.g., to ameliorate the harsh living conditions of inner city residents).

Motivational interviewing

client-centered communication style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients and groups explore and resolve ambivalence to change

motivational interviewing

client-centered communication style for eliciting behavior change by helping clients and groups explore and resolve ambivalence to change

Social Learning theory/Albert Bandura

emphasizes modeling, also known as imitation or observational learning, as a powerful source of development Social learning theory, proposed by Albert Bandura, emphasizes the importance of observing, modelling, and imitating the behaviors, attitudes, and emotional reactions of others. Social learning theory considers how both environmental and cognitive factors interact to influence human learning and behavior.

Cost-effectiveness

evaluation aims to determine if there are less costly methods of serving clients that will have the same outcomes/ success.

Assessment and intervention with culturally diverse individuals and families. Tailoring assessment and treatment planning to include cultural dimensions:

family diversity, cultural identity, belief systems and world views, communication and use of language.

Policies Associated with the war on poverty (1960s)

https://www.britannica.com/topic/War-on-Poverty. TRENDING ARTICLES John Lambert | English general salt | Definition & Properties Oligocene Epoch | geochronology Grammy Award | Definition, History, Winners, & Facts Economic Opportunity Act (EOA), federal legislation establishing a variety of social programs aimed at facilitating education, health, employment, and general welfare for impoverished Americans. It was signed into law in August 1964 by U.S. Pres. Lyndon B. Johnson as one of the landmarks of his War on Poverty and Great Society domestic programs.

role playing

includes acting a social part by following guidelines for expected behavior

Developmental Milestones

key skills, such as learning to walk, used to check a child's progress against average development

Planning, implementing, & evaluating impact in the evaluation cycle

needs assessment, process evaluation, outcome evaluation

SOAP notes

subjective, objective, assessment, plan

defense mechanisms

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality In psychoanalytic theory, a defence mechanism, is an unconscious psychological mechanism that reduces anxiety arising from unacceptable or potentially harmful stimuli. Defence mechanisms may result in healthy or unhealthy consequences depending on the circumstances and frequency with which the mechanism is used

conflict resolution

the process of ending a conflict through cooperation and problem solving

A social worker is interviewing the parents of a 13 year old who has recently begun resisting their authority. The parents are angry and confused about how to handle the situation. When the social worker asks questions about other family members, the father says, "You're not getting it—it is our son who is the problem." What should the social worker do FIRST?

- Discuss the importance of understanding everyone's perspective. (his question illustrates a common issue when one family member is designated as the "problem" and other family members are resistant to exploring family dynamics and their impact on the behavior of individual family members. The social worker can't explore family dynamics without the family members' participation.) NOT Recommend an individual assessment of the son. Obtain a developmental history of the son. Redirect questions toward the son's behavior.

Alma, a 74 year old active senior, is facing retirement and has concerns about how she will adapt to this change because she has worked ever since she was a teenager. What do you address in your first treatment plan?

- Life cycle transition. (The treatment plan should reflect issues related to life cycle transition.) NOT Assess for fear. Feelings of depression. Positive self-talk to build self-esteem.

Which of the following is NOT an underlying assumption of interest group theory?

- Opinion elites are key to the process of accessing policymakers. (Opinion elites are part of elite theory, not interest group theory.) NOT -Family policy is influenced by interest groups. -Compromise, bargaining, formulation of coalitions, negotiations and overlapping interests maintain group balance. -Influence of a particular group is largely determined by wealth, cohesion, and access to key policymakers, size and power.

A social worker is providing disaster relief services to families following extensive loss of lives and property due to flooding in their area. What is the MOST important thing for the social worker to help the families understand?

- That persons involved in a crisis will try to achieve a degree of equilibrium. (According to crisis theory, those involved in a crisis will try to achieve a sense of equilibrium since previous coping measures may not be helpful.) NOT -That a crisis will continue indefinitely without therapeutic intervention. -That resolution of feelings related to this crisis will prevent recurrence of disequilibrium. -That they will be unable to return to the pre-crisis level of functioning.

A social worker is conducting an initial assessment with a client. What is the best way for the social worker to inquire about the client's sexual orientation?

-"What is your sexual orientation?" (Asked in a non-judgmental manner, this clearly asks for specific information without being as open-ended as "tell me about your sexuality" or as limiting and discriminatory as the other responses.) NOT "Do you consider yourself to be gay or straight?" "Are you attracted to men or women?" "Tell me about your sexuality."

How is Medicaid funded?

-A blend of state and federal funds. (Medicaid is funded by the federal government and each state. The federal government pays states for a share of program expenditures, called the Federal Medical Assistance Percentage (FMAP). Each state has its own FMAP based on per capita income and other criteria) NOT. State funds. Federal funds. Medicaid trust fund.

Which of the following would NOT qualify as a measure of an outcome variable in a practice/program evaluation?

-A client's depressed feelings. (This response is too vague as written--how are the client's depressed feelings being measured?) NOT -A client's score on a scale measuring work readiness. -The percentage of clients who show improvement on a standard measure of anxiety. -The number of days a client is absent from work in a 3 month period.

An evaluation of truancy policies in a local high school appears to indicate that rules regarding absences are being applied differently for students depending on their race and gender; i.e., African-American male students are being suspended at significantly higher rates than other students for comparable infractions. What type of practice evaluation is most likely to have uncovered this discriminatory practice?

-A process evaluation using secondary data from school records. (The scenario describes the students, their infractions, and consequences related to the current policies at the school. It does not mention a survey, an intervention or desired outcome, and there is no random assignment or control group, so you can eliminate the other response options.) NOT A client satisfaction survey of students in the local high school. An outcome evaluation using a classical experimental design. A needs assessment using data from personal interviews with school administrators.

Intersectionality and its effects on discrimination and social justice

-All oppression is connected -race, disability, sexual orientation, nationality, gender identity

A social worker has developed an intervention program to help parents who have been referred to Child Protective Services for neglecting their children. She plans to evaluate the success of her intervention program by measuring changes in the parents' scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale. "Program participants' mean scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale at program completion will be significantly higher than their mean baseline scores". This is an example of what type of statement?

-An outcome objective. (It might be wishful thinking, but it is written as an outcome objective, specifically stating what she is hoping to see change as a result of the intervention.) NOT An operational definition. A process objective. Wishful thinking.

A social worker meets with a father who becomes angry when his two year old son soils or wets his pants. The father's usual response to this behavior is to yell at the child, telling him to "grow up". What should the social worker explore with the father FIRST?

-An unrealistic perception of child development. (This question requires some understanding of normal child development. The social worker should FIRST explore whether the father simply does not understand the typical developmental abilities of children. The other options may need to be explored later.) NOT -His dysfunctional relationship with the child. -The need for the father to develop new ways of coping with stress. -His possible displacement of anger toward the other parent.

Adele, a social worker employed by a program serving at-risk youth at a local YMCA in an urban community, lives in an apartment complex within walking distance of her work. An avid reader, she frequently visits the local library and has joined a monthly reading group. At her most recent visit, the group welcomed a new member who happens to be the mother of one of the youths in her program. To determine how to respond to this situation, what should Adele do first?

-Assess the situation for risk of potential harm or exploitation of the client. ("To determine how to respond"--she should assess the risks prior to taking any action.) NOT -Quit the reading group even though she enjoys it. -Ask the youth's mother to find another reading group since Adele is a long-time member and has seniority in the group. -Ignore the situation/pretend that she does not recognize the youth's mother to protect her client's confidentiality.

A mother, father, and 16 year old daughter meet with a social worker because the daughter is breaking curfew, running away from home, and failing in school. The mother states at the initial session that she does not know what to do and that they need help. After acknowledging each family member's distress, what should the social worker do next in the intervention phase?

-Clarify the parents' expectations for the social work intervention. (In family therapy, the family needs to know the role of the social worker in helping the family work through their difficulties with the daughter.) NOT Formulate goals for the family members. Contract with the daughter on specific behavior goals. Establish the number of sessions that the family is allowed with the social worker.

A social worker employed with a public school system makes an initial home visit with a 16 year old female client at the request of the client's probation officer. Before the social worker begins the assessment of the client and home situation, the client says "I don't have to tell you anything, and I won't tell you anything." To facilitate the client's participation, what should the social worker explain to the client FIRST?

-Clients have control of their own information. (The connection between communication principles and basic social work skills is reflected in this question. It requires an understanding that relationship building depends not only on a commitment to self-determination and starting where the client is, but also on making it clear that the social worker is committed to these principles. The other options may also be true, but they are not the first response to a client who is articulating such a clear position. This response also reflects a way to help empower the client.) NOT There are potential legal consequences for noncompliance. Her probation officer requested the assessment. The assessment is necessary in order to provide service.

Ethical Responsibilities to clients in regard to:

-Commitment to clients -Self-Determination -Informed Consent -Competence (in general); -Cultural Awareness & Social Diversity; -Conflicts of interest; -Privacy & Confidentiality (know limits of confidentiality and duty to warn/protect-e.g. Tarasoff)

A client with a diagnosis of borderline personality disorder is verbalizing destructive thoughts directed at herself. While she does admit to depression, she denies any intention to act on the thoughts. What should the social worker do FIRST?

-Complete a suicide risk assessment. (This question asks about rule of safety, but also requires a knowledge of the characteristics of borderline personality disorder. In clients with whom there is any possibility of self-harm (such as persons with borderline personality disorder who generally have impulsive and often self-destructive behaviors), the social worker FIRST needs to determine if there is a risk of suicide. The other responses might be warranted depending on the outcome of the risk assessment.) NOT Seek inpatient hospitalization of the client Explore the basis of the depression with the client. Refer the client to a psychiatrist for medication.

A social worker employed by a community-based organization finds her professional decision-making to be influenced by elements other than concern about the client. What ethical issue is this social worker facing?

-Conflict of Interest (Although a dual relationship might be a conflict of interest, it is not the only type of conflict of interest that might interfere with a social worker's ability to maintain professional behavior.) NOT -Dual relationships. -Incompetence. -Duty to warn.

Which type of cost analysis is generally most feasible for evaluating social service programs?

-Cost-effectiveness analysis. (You should have been able to narrow this down to this or cost-benefit analysis. It is more difficult to quantify the benefits or a social service program than it is to quantify and compare the costs and effectiveness of different services.) NOT Cost-incentive analysis. Cost-benefit analysis. Cost-significant analysis.

What core value of the social work profession is violated when a client is coerced into consenting to treatment?

-Dignity and worth of a person. (Social workers promote clients' socially responsible self-determination and right to make their own choices.) NOT -Service. -Commitment to clients. -Altruism. (Altruism refers to any behavior that is designed to increase another person's welfare, and particularly those actions that do not seem to provide a direct reward to the person who performs them. The tendency to help others is at least in part an evolutionary adaptation)

Kevin G. is a group therapist meeting a new group for their initial session. As part of the introductions, some of the group members ask him to disclose more personal information about himself. What would be the best approach for Kevin G. to take in response to that request?

-Disclose his reactions to what is going on in the group but be careful to maintain professional boundaries. (Self-disclosure can be a useful tool if it doesn't take the focus off the clients and is in the best interests of the clients. An initial session with a new group is not typically the setting to disclose personal information beyond the introductory level.) NOT -Tell them everything they want to know; self disclosure is a tenet of good social work practice. -Disclose one personal issue to satisfy their curiosity but maintain professional boundaries. -Disclose more personal issues so that he can get support and assistance from the group.

Statistics indicate that women, particularly those who are members of minority groups and are serving as single heads of households, are more likely to report earnings that keep them below the poverty line. They are paid less on average compared to their male counterparts for doing the same jobs, and they have less access to jobs that offer a living wage. These statements provide an example of which of the following?

-Discrimination against vulnerable populations that is documented through statistical measures of their economic well-being. (Measures of income and poverty provide data to track levels of inequality and effects of intersectionality among vulnerable populations.) NOT -Racial discrimination that often shows up in relative measures of poverty. -Discrimination against single parents that is most commonly seen in rural areas. -Discrimination based on inability to deduct costs of child care from reported earnings.

Mia H. and Johnny B. interviewed for the same job. Mia has more education and experience than Johnny, and is the better qualified candidate for the position. However, the hiring official did not offer the job to Mia because he believes women are inferior to men and do not belong in the work force. Based on this information, Mia experienced which of the following?

-Discrimination. (Discrimination involves acting on prejudice, which the hiring official has done in this case. He is discriminating against Mia H. on the basis of prejudice regarding her gender/discriminating based on his sexism.) NOT Prejudice. Equal rights. Oppression.

During a counseling session at a mental health center, a social worker is told by their client that the client intends to shoot a specific relative after leaving the session. What professional duties are in conflict in this situation?

-Duty to warn per the Tarasoff decision and confidentiality.(Duty to warn is a counselor's obligation to warn identifiable victims. Confidentiality is a professional duty to not share information pertaining to clients without the client's permission. Privileged communication refers to a client's legal right to not have a social worker disclose confidential information in court or legal proceedings.) NOT Privileged communication and confidentiality. Privileged communication and informed consent. Confidentiality and dignity and worth of the person.

Jerry Fletcher believes that there are a handful of critical people that control the policies that dictate the actions of society. Which of the following best describes Jerry's position?

-Elite Power Theory. (Elite theory posits that a small minority--consisting of members of the economic elite (i.e., the 1 percenters) and policy-planning networks--holds the most power in society and their power is independent of and unaffected by democratic elections.) NOT Critical Power Theory. (Critical theory (also capitalized as Critical Theory) is an approach to social philosophy that focuses on reflective assessment and critique of society and culture in order to reveal and challenge power structures.) Power Economic Theory. (Developed by Yasuma Takada in a series of lectures at Kyoto University, the power theory of economics is mostly based on a critique of both mainstream economics as well as heterodox economics theories of unemployment, most notably Keynesian economics and Marxian economics.) Social Control Theory. (Hirschi's social control theory asserts that ties to family, school and other aspects of society serve to diminish one's propensity for deviant behaviour. As such, social control theory posits that crime occurs when such bonds are weakened or are not well established.)

The Five Faces of Oppression include all but which of the following?

-Elitism. (This is a memory/recognition item. The Five Faces of Oppression are: violence, exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, and cultural imperialism.) NOT Violence. Marginalization. Exploitation.

"I feel so incompetent when preparing for the exam," is an example of which of the typical distortions in thinking listed below?

-Emotional reasoning. (The key here is "feeling" incompetent without facts to support that feeling.) NOT "Should" statements. (Should statements are a common negative thinking pattern, or cognitive distortion, that can contribute to feelings of fear and worry. They also put unreasonable demands and pressure on ourselves, which can make us feel guilty or like we've failed.) Labeling. (Labeling theory posits that self-identity and the behavior of individuals may be determined or influenced by the terms used to describe or classify them. ... Labeling theory is closely related to social-construction and symbolic-interaction analysis. Labeling theory was developed by sociologists during the 1960s.) Catastrophizing. (Catastrophizing is when someone assumes that the worst will happen. Often, it involves believing that you're in a worse situation than you really are or exaggerating the difficulties you face. For example, someone might worry that they'll fail an exam.)

What term best describes the strategy to increase the personal, interpersonal and political capacity of oppressed and vulnerable populations for individual and collective transformation?

-Empowerment. NOT Social construction. Voter registration rally. Intimidation.

A social worker is a member of a team of professional planners hired by an inner-city revitalization agency. The team's assignment is to improve living conditions in a deteriorated neighborhood that was once a thriving community. The area is now characterized by high crime rates and drug traffic. Those living in the neighborhood are intimidated and fearful. In adhering to the concept of social justice, what should the social worker do in a meeting with the residents?

-Encourage the residents to voice their concerns and identify priorities for change. (Empowerment for the oppressed neighborhood residents should begin with identification of the residents' needs and concerns so they will be involved in and supportive of change efforts. Option c. might be useful once the residents have become participants in the change efforts.) NOT -Tell the group what other communities have done to bring about change. -Suggest that the residents become involved in plans made by the city planners. -Educate the group about using the media to call attention to their problems.

During the active listening phase of an initial assessment, a client presents her problem as "too much stress and not enough time to get everything done." As the client elaborates on the sources of stress, which is the best approach/response for you, the therapist, to make in building therapeutic alliance?

-Establish eye contact, nod your head, and provide brief reiteration of what the client has stated. (Active listening and starting where the client is are basic components in building rapport.) NOT -Tell the client all about how you have been there yourself and describe in detail your similar experience. -In an attempt to comfort the client, remind her that everyone has stress and some of your other clients have many more sources of stress than she does. -Keep yourself situated behind your desk and avoid eye contact so the client does not feel you are in their personal space.

Policy goals and outcomes Steps in Policy Implementation Steps in Policy Analysis

-Existence of social problem -problem recognized by policymakers alternative responses to problem identified and studied - alternative responses compared with overseas/other local experiences -Decision (preferred alternative) or policy chosen -Implementation of policy -Evaluation of impact of policy -Amendments of policy if required

A social worker conducts a home visit to a 45 year old Latino client whose young son was killed in a recent automobile accident. The social worker observes that a large altar has been made. It contains many candles and pictures of the boy and other deceased relatives. The client sobs throughout the interview and tells the social worker that the boy has been communicating to the client each evening through angels. In order to most effectively work with the client, what should the social worker do FIRST?

-Explore the mourning rituals of the client's family. (The social worker needs to understand the client's reaction from a cultural perspective. It is often more difficult to "start where the client is" with a client of another culture, because of lack of comprehension. With this client, discussing mourning rituals is a first step in gaining understanding, especially if the social worker doesn't really know if the client's reactions are unusual for a person of the Latino culture. The other options might be logical in terms of some cultures, but not others. Exploring the cultural context of the client's reaction is the first order of business.) NOT Refer the client for a medical evaluation. Assess the client for psychotic symptoms. Evaluate the potential for self-harm.

Eduardo is a 21 year old veteran who was involved in a training accident which nearly claimed his life and left him in intensive care for two months followed by three months of physical rehabilitation. What is your FIRST intervention strategy?

-Facilitate him telling his story and personal experience. (The FIRST intervention is to facilitate him telling his story and recounting his feelings.) NOT -Assess for PTSD. -Advocate for stricter safety regulations related to military training. -Facilitate involvement with others who have a shared common experience to decrease his isolation.

Documentation Issues

-Functions of Documentation -Code of Ethics & Documentation Expectations -Risk Management Guidelines --Content --Language and Terminology --Credibility --Access to records ad documents --Regulations of HIPAAA, FERPA, JCAHO, etc.

A hospital social worker interviews a couple whose infant has recently been hospitalized for cystic fibrosis. The social worker notices that the parents are reluctant to touch the child. Based on this observation, what should be the social worker's FIRST intervention?

-Have the parents talk about their reactions to the child's illness. (This question asks for the FIRST intervention. The social worker has observed the parents' reluctance to touch their child and now should begin an intervention by helping the couple express their feelings. The other options may turn out to be appropriate actions to take at a later time.) NOT Provide the couple with information about cystic fibrosis Refer the couple to an appropriate support group. Evaluate the situation for special needs foster placement for the child.

If a social worker is using an asset-based community development approach to build a stronger and more sustainable community for residents in an area that has high rates of poverty, unemployment, and homelessness of individuals and families, which of the following actions would they promote?

-Identification of local assets and needs. (Identification of local assets and needs is the over-arching response—the other options might be part of that process.) NOT Identification of federal programs to provide expertise in fund-raising. Identification of housing programs. Identification of training programs.

Evaluating the practice decision or change is the fifth step in evidence based practice in clinical social work. Which of the following activities best illustrates that step in conducting evidence based practice?

-Identify a psychometrically sound measure and engage in research methods to evaluate the progress of the client(s) and effectiveness of the intervention being used. (This is the step that relates to practice evaluation.) NOT -Evaluate the methods and results in the research literature for strength of effect sizes and reduction of symptoms related to the issues of the identified client(s). -Conduct a thorough search of research literature for evidence of efficacy of interventions for the identified client(s). -Work with the client(s) to select an intervention based on the evidence reviewed and evaluated in the research literature.

When a social worker has first-hand information of a colleague's impairment due to substance abuse or mental health difficulties that may be interfering with the effectiveness of their practice, what should the social worker do first?

-If feasible, discuss concerns with the colleague and assist them in getting help. (If feasible, they should consult with the colleague and assist them in taking remedial action. If the colleague does not take adequate steps to address the impairment, the social worker should take further action to report the issue to the colleague's supervisor or regulatory body.) NOT -Report the colleague to his/her supervisor. -File a complaint with the licensure board. -Complete a biopsychosocial assessment on the colleague.

Social work roles and values in formulating, changing, and evaluating social policies and agency policies that enhance the well-being of vulnerable/marginalized/at-risk populations.

-Impact of racism, sexism, classism, heterosexism, ageism and other discriminatory patterns that underlie the development of policies and delivery of services to vulnerable/marginalized/at-risk populations. -Structural theories of poverty; barriers for marginalized populations; institutionalization of poverty -Significant variables such as gender, ethnic group, age, sexual orientation, religious preference, political affiliation, class, culture, disability/ability, and biases that may impact implementation, results and interpretation of research studies.

In 2013, the Violence Against Women Act was expanded to include specific protections for Native American women. Which policy making approach would this change appear to follow?

-Incrementalism in policy making. (In public policy, incrementalism is an approach which adds small policy changes to existing policies--over time, this approach is meant to create a larger broad based policy change.) NOT Window of opportunity in policy making. Rationalism in policy making. Dynamics in policy making.

Theories of Poverty

-Individual -Structural Causes (The individual theory predicts that they are the same people (and further that they need paternalist intervention to get their act together). The structural theory predicts that they are different people (and further that we need to alter the economic structure to make things better)

A social worker is meeting with her client for a first therapy session. What is the first ethical responsibility she is obligated to meet in this session?

-Inform the client about the limits of Confidentiality (Confidentiality and its limits should be explained to clients prior to beginning service.) not: -Protect the client's best interests and wishes in goal setting. -Determine the client's values so that these can be used to guide treatment. -Review the elements of privileged communication.

Which threat to internal validity could be identified if researchers did not use the same measures for the pre-test and post-test observations of their research subjects?

-Instrumentation. (Instrumentation is a threat to internal validity that is related to changes in the instrument/measure, observers, or scorers that might affect study outcomes.) NOT History. Testing. Maturation.

Ethical Responsibilities to the Social Work Profession

-Integrity of the profession -Evaluation and Research--responsibility in research and program evaluation: protection of human subjects (voluntary participation, informed consent, Confidentiality) -Protection of vulnerable/at risk-populations

Eduardo is a 60 year old Latino man who identifies as gay and is disabled due to a work-related accident. These aspects of his identity illustrate which of the following terms?

-Intersectionality. (Intersectionality is a framework for conceptualizing a person, group of people, or social problem as affected by a number of discriminations and disadvantages. It takes into account people's overlapping identities and experiences in order to understand the complexity of prejudices they face.) NOT Privilege. An invertedly advantaged population. A protected population.

Who of the following is most associated with the Settlement House Movement?

-Jane Addams NOT Mary Richmond. (Introduction: A cornerstone of building the social work profession, Mary Richmond was known for her ability to organize communities, her development of casework practice, as well as her ability to teach and speak intelligently on a wide array of subjects.) -Lilly Ledbetter. (The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 is a law enacted by Congress that bolstered worker protections against pay discrimination. The act allows individuals who face pay discrimination to seek rectification under federal anti-discrimination laws.) -Margaret Sanger. (Margaret Higgins Sanger was an American birth control activist, sex educator, writer, and nurse. Sanger popularized the term "birth control", opened the first birth control clinic in the United States, and established organizations that evolved into the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. )

Professional Values vs. Personal Values Ethical Fading Self-Deception/awareness (importance and role of)

-Language Euphemisms -Slippery Slope of Decision-Making ---Psychological Numbing ---Induction Mechanisms -Errors in Perceptual Causation -Constrained Representation of one's self

Which value orientation is most consistent with universal service provision?

-Liberal value orientation. (Liberal value orientation is consistent with universal service provision) NOT Conservative value orientation. Independent value orientation. Critical value orientation. (The critical value approach involves determining "likely" or "unlikely" by determining whether or not the observed test statistic is more extreme than would be expected if the null hypothesis were true. ... Using the sample data and assuming the null hypothesis is true, calculate the value of the test statistic.)

When group members receive painful feedback from other members, what should they be encouraged to do?

-Listen carefully to what they are being told and explore how what they are hearing fits for them. (Working on issues, listening to feedback from other members and examining responses to that feedback is part of the working stage of group process. The member doesn't necessarily need to accept the feedback as valid, but they should be encouraged to listen and assess its validity.) NOT Accept what they are being told as valid. Consider leaving the group since the other members are not supportive of them. Start preparing feedback for each of the other group members to address their inappropriate behaviors.

According to most textbooks on social work practice, social workers accomplish the engagement component of the helping process by which of the following activities?

-Making warm introductions, using encouraging non-verbal communication. (Encouraging trust and reducing threat are important components of engagement in the helping process..) NOT -Collecting comprehensive data about the client's problems -Increasing client self-efficacy and client's strengths. -Negotiating a contract between themselves and the client.

During a natural disaster, what macro-level social work activities are best when practicing early intervention?

-Needs assessment, activating command structure, resource assessment and resource deployment. (Evaluating need is the first step in early intervention when practicing social work in a natural disaster.) NOT -Contacting the media to develop and establish a means of communication. -Attending to the mental health needs of individuals and families. -Attending to the mental health needs of first responders.

If research includes grouping subjects based on religious and political affiliations, what kind of information/data is being used?

-Nominal. (Nominal measurement is used to group or categorize objects or subjects with similar characteristics. The groups or categories have no quantitative or numerical value. Ordinal, interval, and ratio measurements have numerical value.) NOT Ordinal. (Ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ranking and ordering of the data without actually establishing the degree of variation between them. Ordinal level of measurement is the second of the four measurement scales. "Ordinal" indicates "order". ... It can be named, grouped and also ranked) Correlational. (Correlational research is a type of nonexperimental research in which the researcher measures two variables and assesses the statistical relationship (i.e., the correlation) between them with little or no effort to control extraneous variables.) Ratio.

Frank works for an accountant in a small accounting firm. Frank is extremely precise in adhering to the rules and regulations of each contract related to the accounts he is managing. He keeps his desk perfectly ordered and becomes annoyed if other workers want to borrow any of his supplies or reference materials. He brings the same lunch to work each day and takes a 15 minute walk after he eats it. He does not like to vary his routine and declines invitations to socialize with co-workers or participate in informal office interactions. He only varies his routine if he is unable to complete his planned work for the day--he will stay overtime to complete those tasks. For the most part, his supervisor is happy with Frank's work, but the firm is planning an expansion and the current staff will have to engage in the planning process, make a number of changes in their routines and probably train and supervise new personnel. Frank is resistant to these changes and feels that he should be able to maintain his current workload and routine. This is causing some friction with his supervisor and co-workers and Frank may be in danger of losing his job if he is unable to "change with the times". Frank is most likely suffering from what disorder?

-Obsessive Compulsive Personality Disorder. (A person with OCPD typically has rigid rules and regulations they like to follow. They do not believe they need any treatment because, unlike persons with OCD, they are not troubled by true obsessions or compulsions that they recognize as being unreasonable.) NOT The physical environment where the client lives. Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Brief Reative Psychosis.

What type of organizational system is dependent on and interacts frequently with external environments?

-Open system. (Systems theory applies to all levels of practice from individuals to community systems.) NOT Closed system. Nonprofit system. Hierarchical system.

If a social worker is comparing her therapy group's mean/average scores on a symptomatology scale at admission and again upon completion of an intervention program, what statistic is she using to compare the group's mean scores at admission and discharge?

-Paired samples t-test. (T-tests compare two sets of means. In this case, the social worker is comparing the mean scores of the same group of clients at two points in time 1 (admission) and time 2 (completion), so she is using a paired t-test. If she was comparing the mean scores of this group to those of a control or comparison group, she would use the independent samples t-test.) NOT Correlations. Regression to the mean. Independent samples t-test.

Which of the following policies changed the structure of public assistance for poor families by replacing guaranteed support with time-limited support?

-Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Act (PWRORA). (Congress created the TANF block grant through the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, as part of a federal effort to "end welfare as we know it." TANF replaced AFDC, which had provided cash assistance to families with children in poverty since 1935.) NOT Adoption and Safe Families Act (ASFA). Aid to Dependent Children Program (ADC). Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).

Sally G. has been referred to a rehabilitation facility for issues with alcohol and other substances. She tells the social worker that she is only there because her family disapproves of her lifestyle choices. She personally does not think that her behavior is a problem; she is just having fun and enjoying her youth. According to the transtheoretical model, Sally G. is in which of the following "stages of change"?

-Precontemplation. (From the scenario, it does not appear that this client is ready to change; her perspective seems to be in line with the precontemplation stage.) NOT Contemplation. Preparation. Action.

Jason is an African American man who has just recently gained employment with an advertising company. One of Jason's coworkers is resentful of Jason because he thinks Jason was hired because of Affirmative Action and not because he is qualified for the position. This same coworker also assumes that Jason is not as smart as their colleagues because of his minority status. What term best describes the attitude of the coworker?

-Prejudice. (Prejudice is based on feeling, but in this scenario it is not followed by action.) NOT -Xenophobia. -Ethnography. -Discrimination.

What term best describes unearned advantages that accrue to members of certain social groups because of membership in those groups, and at the cost of corresponding marginalized groups?

-Privilege. (Within American and other Western societies, these privileged social identities—of people who have historically occupied positions of dominance over others—include whites, males, heterosexuals, Christians, and the wealthy, among others. Privilege is often unrecognized by those who have it.) NOT Intersectionality. Oppression. Dominance

Outcome evaluation of Cognitive Behavioral Therapy should focus on which of the following?

-Progress toward specific treatment goals determined by the therapist and client. )Outcome evaluation focuses on impact of the practice or whether it appears to help effect change in the client system.) NOT -Feedback from the therapist regarding thought processes of the client. -Documentation of the issues experienced and discussed by the client. -Development of an "action plan" to follow between therapy sessions.

Most group leaders/group therapists will have group members from diverse cultural backgrounds. What is not a good way for group leaders to become culturally competent?

-Promote universal values. (Promoting universal values is a valid goal in some situations, but does not promote cultural competence.) NOT -Gain knowledge and skills for cross-cultural encounters. -Recognize the commonalities and differences of humans from different backgrounds. -Appreciate diverse cultures by taking a "cultural learner" stance.

Code of ethics does NOT

-Provide a decision-making framework -Value one standard over another (be aware of the conflicts and limits founds within the Code and in its application)

Code of Ethics

-Provides Guidelines and Standards for Practice -Provides Standards to which the public hold social workers accountable -Helps to indoctrinate new social workers to the profession

A therapist determines that a client's primary ego rules for living are to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. Together, they develop a treatment plan to address this issue. This therapist is likely viewing the client's problems from which theoretical perspective?

-Psychoanalytic . I(d, ego, and the pleasure principle are terms associated with Freud and his psychoanalytic theory.) NOT Existential. Cognitive. Systems.

Rape

-Rape is defined as non-consensual, forced, or coerced sexual penetration against the will of the victim or when the victim is incapable of giving consent because of her or his temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity or because of her or his youth.

A local community action group has discovered that families from low-income neighborhoods are systematically being denied loans based on the fact that they live in a low-income neighborhood. What is the illegal banking practice being used to discriminate against these families?

-Redlining. (Redlining refers to a discriminatory pattern of disinvestment and obstructive lending practices that act as an impediment to home ownership among African Americans and other people of color. Banks used the concept to deny loans to homeowners and would-be homeowners who lived in these neighborhoods) NOT Gerrymandering.(Gerrymandering is a practice intended to establish an unfair political advantage for a particular party or group by manipulating the boundaries of electoral districts, which is most commonly used in first-past-the-post electoral systems. Two principal tactics are used in gerrymandering: "cracking" and "packing".) Loan sharking. (the action or practice of lending money at unreasonably high rates of interest.) Predatory lending. (Predatory lending refers to unethical practices conducted by lending organizations during a loan origination process that are unfair, deceptive, or fraudulent)

Gender

-Refers to those rules, norms, customs, and practices by which biologically associated differences between the male and female of the human species are translated into socially constructed differences between men and women, boys and girls which give them unequal value, opportunities, and life chances.

Which of the following is NOT an example of a social policy targeting the regulation of behavior?

-Regulating the school lunch program. (School lunch program is a component of distribution of resources, not of a behavioral regulation.) NOT Regulating licensing of family therapy providers. Monitoring behavior of criminal offenders. Monitoring behavior of parents who abuse their children.

What type of family policy seeks to alter the behaviors of individuals, families and entities in a manner deemed proper or preferred by society?

-Regulatory. (The manner in which the question is phrased provides the definition of a regulatory policy.) NOT Structural. (Structural policy affects economic structures and the choices made by households and businesses. Structural policy measures influence the length of working careers and are aimed at increasing the labour supply and productivity. Structural policy affects the economy in the long term. ) Definitional. Procedural.(Procedural rules and policy statements are two categories of rules developed by administrative agencies in the exercise of lawmaking powers. An administrative agency creates procedural rules to deal with the agency's organization and method of operation. )

During a counseling session, a client with a history of relationship problems shares a text she received from one of your co-workers inviting her to a social event as their date. Your co-worker is part of the treatment team that regularly reviews client cases (including your client) and evaluates their progress. The client is seeking your advice about whether to accept the date and attend the event. What should you do?

-Report the situation to your supervisor. (The social worker's duty is to protect the client. Ideally, talking to the colleague would be the first step, but talking to your supervisor can help in determining if the interaction your colleague is having with the client poses a danger to that client's well-being, given the colleague's role in the treatment team.) NOT -Tell the client that you cannot discuss your co-workers and cannot give advice. -Advise the client to decline the invitation. -Ignore the question and change the subject as this is not the focus of your work together.

Social Workers Ethical Responsibilities to colleagues in regard to:

-Respect. Confidentiality, Interdisciplinary Collaboration, Disputes involving colleagues, Consultation, Sexual Relationships, Sexual Harassment, Impairment of Colleagues, Incompetence of Colleagues, Unethical behaviors of colleagues.

Accessibility to benefits may cause problems for a client who has a right or entitlement to a service, program or benefit. Tom is in need of outpatient alcohol treatment but needs to maintain his full-time job. To participate in the program, he will have to take a leave of absence which will leave his family without enough resources to pay their rent. This is an example of what accessibility issue?

-Scheduling. (Scheduling is the primary accessibility issue for Tom. The agency should examine whether "ordinary" people can make use the program without endangering their employment.) NOT Quality. Location. Affordability.

Barry is something of a computer whiz. He taught himself to write code by age 12 and designs programs to accomplish a variety of tasks, such as solving numeric puzzles. Barry could excel in a variety of technical specialties, but he has no interest in pursuing a career. At age 23, he still lives with his parents and has no social life. That's fine with Barry. He finds interacting with people to be stressful and annoying. He has never been involved in a romantic relationship and has no wish to be. Barry's parents used to encourage him to channel his talents toward a vocation, but they have given up. Barry seems indifferent to praise or criticism. Communicating with him can be frustrating as he tends to respond to questions with short, literal answers. He almost never laughs and shows little emotion at all. Barry has never met criteria for psychotic disorder, and has never used an intoxicating substance. Barry likely suffers from what disorder?

-Schizoid Personality Disorder. (Review the characteristics/symptoms of personality disorders.) NOT Avoidant Personality Disorder. Passive Aggressive Personality Disorder. Dependent Personality Disorder.

Social Work Values:

-Service -Social Justice -Dignity and worth of the person -Importance of human relationships -Integrity -Competence

Paradigms of the Social Welfare System

-Social Construction (Social constructionism is a theory of knowledge in sociology and communication theory that examines the development of jointly constructed understandings of the world that form the basis for shared assumptions about reality.) -Distributive Justice (Distributive justice concerns the socially just allocation of resources. Often contrasted with just process, which is concerned with the administration of law, distributive justice concentrates on outcomes. This subject has been given considerable attention in philosophy and the social sciences.) -Strengths-based Model (Strength-based practice is a social work practice theory that emphasizes people's self-determination and strengths. It is a philosophy and a way of viewing clients as resourceful and resilient in the face of adversity)

Evolution theories of the social welfare systems:

-Social Control/Regulatory systems -Elite Power Theory (The theory posits that a small minority, consisting of members of the economic elite and policy-planning networks, holds the most power—and that this power is independent of democratic elections.) -Critical Theory (Critical theory is an approach to social philosophy that focuses on reflective assessment and critique of society and culture in order to reveal and challenge power structures)

Ethical Responsibilities to the Broader Society

-Social Welfare -Public Participation -Public Emergencies -Social and Political Action

Ethical Responsibilities in Practice Settings

-Supervision and Consultation -Education and Training -Performance Evaluation -Client Records -Billing -Client Transfer -Administration -Continuing Education -Commitment to Employers

What is Social Justice?

-With our country ever more diverse, the United States is torn with issues surrounding social justice. In some cases, the arrest or shooting of a person of color by a white policeman has resulted in rioting and in widespread demonstrations. That is a result of perceived racial injustice. People who are under-insured and can't afford healthcare are sometimes denied access to medications or procedure they need. That is injustice in healthcare. Women are sometimes not given the same business opportunities or paid the same wages as men in the same positions, and that is gender injustice. It is difficult to arrive at an all-inclusive definition of social justice, and examples like these may come close to pinpointing the term.

living wage

-a wage that is high enough to maintain a normal standard of living -A living wage is defined as the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs. This is not the same as a subsistence wage, which refers to a biological minimum. Needs are defined to include food, housing, and other essential needs such as clothing.

Feminist theories of gender oppression:

-are most concerned with the role of power and domination in creating inequality. (Feminist theory focuses on inequality and discrimination based on gender, including stereotyping of women's roles, acceptance of sexual and physical violence aimed at women, and lack of representation by women in positions of authority and power.) NOT -are most concerned with structural differences that -are tied to the organization of society point to commonalities in all humans. -highlight the importance of both stability and change.

Models of policy making and implementation:

-incrementalism (Incrementalism is a method of working by adding to a project using many small incremental changes instead of a few large jumps. Logical incrementalism implies that the steps in the process are sensible.) -Rationalism (The rational model of decision-making is a process for making sound decisions in policy making in the public sector. Rationality is defined as "a style of behavior that is appropriate to the achievement of given goals, within the limits imposed by given conditions and constraints".) -Window of Opportunity (The policy window is an opportunity for advocates of proposals to push their pet solutions, or to push attention to their special problems. Policy entrepreneurs must be prepared, their pet proposal at the ready, their special problem well-documented in order to realise their goals while the policy window opens.)

Group Theories

-pluralism (Pluralism refers to a society, system of government, or organization that has different groups that keep their identities while existing with other groups or a more dominant group.) -elitism(Elitism is the belief or notion that individuals who form an elite—a select group of people perceived as having an intrinsic quality, high intellect, wealth, special skills, or experience—are more likely to be constructive to society as a whole, and therefore deserve influence or authority greater than that of others.) -hyperpluralism (hyperpluralism (uncountable) A state in which many groups or factions are so strong that a government is unable to function.)

Inequality based on social dimensions such as:

-race, ethnicity, religion, disability, class, gender identity, sexual orientation, immigration status, age, and family structure.

The director of the MSW program is conducting a survey of recent MSW program graduates to determine what elective courses they found most useful and relevant to practice. About a quarter of the recent graduates need to be surveyed in order to have the desired sample size. The director gets a list of all the MSW alumni who graduated in the past two years, randomly picks a name on the list as the starting point and then selects every fourth student on the list to be in the study sample. What type of sampling is being used?

-Systematic random sampling. (Systematic sampling is a type of probability sampling method in which sample members from a larger population are selected according to a fixed, periodic interval. This interval, called the sampling interval, is calculated by dividing the population size by the desired sample size.) NOT Cluster sampling. (Cluster sampling is a sampling plan used when mutually homogeneous yet internally heterogeneous groupings are evident in a statistical population. It is often used in marketing research. In this sampling plan, the total population is divided into these groups and a simple random sample of the groups is selected.) Convenience sampling. (Convenience sampling is a type of non-probability sampling that involves the sample being drawn from that part of the population that is close to hand. This type of sampling is most useful for pilot testing.) Simple random sampling. (In statistics, a simple random sample is a subset of individuals chosen from a larger set in which each individual is chosen randomly and entirely by chance.)

Impact of racism, sexism, classism, heterosexism, ageism and other discriminatory patterns that underlie the development of policies and delivery of services to vulnerable/marginalized/at-risk populations.

-Systematic(institutionalized)discrimination. (Institutional racism (also known as systemic racism) is a form of racism that is embedded as normal practice within society or an organization. It can lead to such issues as discrimination in criminal justice, employment, housing, health care, political power, and education, among other issues.)

A 16 year old has become a client of an outpatient clinical social worker after surviving a sexual assault by the sibling of a classmate at her school. The client's parents have signed a release of information allowing the social worker to communicate directly with school staff. The social worker is contacted by one of the teachers who is concerned that the client's school work has declined drastically. The teacher wants to know if something has happened to the client. What should the social worker do in this situation?

-Talk to the client about whether they want any information disclosed and the possible implications of disclosure.(It is appropriate to discuss with the client whether or not she wants her teacher to be made aware of the assault, and she should be warned of the possible implications. Even if the guardians have signed release of information, that does not imply that that information must be released without consulting the client.) NOT Contact a supervisor before disclosing any information. Tell the teacher that a traumatic event is affecting the student. Contact the client's parents to determine what information they feel comfortable sharing with the teacher.

Defining the term Social Justice:

-The Miriam Webster definition is egalitarianism. That means everything equal, and that is a difficult state at which to arrive. Additionally, there is a difference between justice and social justice. The term justice means that people are treated in accordance with their deserts (Links to an external site.). Puritanism, for instance, held that people who were poor were merely slackers, and they did not deserve help. Nativism has rationalized the subjugation of American Indians and black people for the same reasons. Justice involves concepts of right and wrong and people receive positive or negative sanctions based on their past performance. Social justice, however, maintains that all people deserve and should have access to the same rights and resources. Most people accept that premise but differ in how to achieve that equality. Social justice looks for equality in and out of the court system.

All but which of the following would be classified as dysfunctional group behavior?

-The group is concerned about its own operations and addresses obstacles that prevent individual members from fully participating. (In a group that is working together in a functional manner, group members feel some ownership of the group and don't rely on the the group leader or others to "fix" problems that might be impeding healthy relationships and behaviors of individual members and the group as a whole.) NOT -Members are critical of differences in others, viewing them as a threat. -Members show unwillingness to accept responsibility for themselves or the success of the group and blame the leader when things are not going well. -Members focus on others rather than on themselves.

A social worker has developed an intervention program to help parents who have been referred to Child Protective Services for neglecting their children. She plans to evaluate the success of her intervention program by measuring changes in the parents' scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale. What is the independent variable in the above scenario?

-The intervention program. (The intervention program would be the independent variable--it is designed to influence or have an effect on the dependent variables. The scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale or whether the children remained with their parents could be dependent variables in the scenario--variables influenced or affected by the intervention/independent variable.) NOT The parents' scores on the Standard Parenting Skills Scale. The allegations of neglect. Whether the children remain in their homes.

If a social worker is measuring her therapy group members' scores on a symptomatology scale at admission and again upon discharge from an intervention program, what type of design is she using to determine if there has been a change in her clients' scores?

-The one-group pre-test/post-test design. (Since there is no mention of a comparison or control group that is not receiving the intervention, this is not a classic experimental design or a non-equivalent control group design. The social worker is collecting primary data on her group and comparing the group's pre-intervention and post-intervention scores to see if there is improvement.) NOT The classic experimental design. The non-equivalent control group design. Secondary data analysis.

According to the Nuremberg Code, which provides the basis for Institutional Review Boards' requirements for human subjects research, voluntary consent to participate in research activities is an imperative. Which of the following statements does not meet the criteria defining voluntary informed consent?

-The participant must be compensated either financially or by directly benefiting from the study. (There is generally no guarantee that subjects will directly benefit from participation in research. In order to provide informed consent, before they agree to participate potential subjects should be informed of the potential risks and benefits and whether or not they will receive some compensation for their participation in a study.) NOT -The consent needs to have been obtained without coercion. -The participant must legally be allowed to provide consent. -The participant must have the mental capacity to understand their consent.

External validity of a study refers to that study's findings or results in terms of what quality?

-Their generalizability to other populations. (External validity refers to the extent to which results from a study can be applied (generalized) to other situations, groups or events. Internal validity refers to the degree of confidence that any causal relationship being observed is not influenced by other factors or variables.) NOT Their compliance with ethical guidelines. Their potential to attract funding from external sources. Their historical significance to other disciplines.

Differential Skills and knowledge needed for Cultural Competency:

-Theories of Assimilation (sees immigrant/ethnic and majority groups following a "straight-line" convergence, becoming more similar over time in norms, values, behaviors, and characteristics.) -Acculturation (Acculturation is a process of social, psychological, and cultural change that stems from the balancing of two cultures while adapting to the prevailing culture of the society. Acculturation is a process in which an individual adopts, acquires and adjusts to a new cultural environment.) -Socialization (Austrian physician Sigmund Freud, the founder of psychoanalysis, believed that basic biological instincts combine with societal factors to shape personalities. Freud posited that the mind consists of three parts that must interact properly for a person to function well in society.) -Ethnic Minority identity

Achieving Social Justice

-There are two main views in the US of how to achieve social equity. The leftist view prescribes legislated programs to even the playing field. These programs result in policies like the college quota system that mandates schools to admit a certain number of people of diverse races, genders and those with mental of physical challenges. The objection to this type of program is that is creates another inequity. Students without the challenges are penalized by having less access to schools that are filling their quotas to qualify for federal funding. The leftist view also advocates levying more taxes on the wealthy to pay for programs for the poor. Taken to the extreme, that view becomes socialism. -Right-wing philosophies try to solve the problem in another way. They say the wealthy should not be penalized, but encouraged to be philanthropic. Suppose, asks the right wing, that the wealthy pay 35 percent taxes while the middle class pays 25 percent. Then, if there is a general refund, should everyone receive the same rebate, or should the most go to those who have paid the highest taxes? Plus, do the poor, who have paid nothing in taxes, receive an equal share of the refund? The right-wing philosophy also quotes studies supporting the theory that things like college quotas only do more harm and promote racial unrest. -Of course there are other types of inequalities in our society. Besides economic and racial inequality there are gender and healthcare (Links to an external site.) issues. At its foundation, the concept of social justice involves making everything equal and leveling the playing field for everyone. Social workers deal with the problem of deprivation every day. In addition to how social justice is seen, and to what remedies are recommended by different parties, one injustice often leads to another. Poverty leads to inadequate healthcare which creates a greater burden of securing funds to pay for medical treatments for the poor. College quotas (Links to an external site.) may lead to under-prepared students entering programs and failing out. Like a line of falling dominoes, one problem often causes another to emerge. -Even so, legislators and social work professionals encourage society to keep working on the problems. Social justice may be a difficult state to achieve, maybe even an impossible one, but it doesn't mean we shouldn't strive to give everyone opportunity and respect.

A social worker and client use a session to negotiate a treatment plan. They agree on specific goals and objectives as well as responsibilities, activities, and techniques. If they are following the SMART process for developing treatment goals, what is the final component that should be included in the treatment plan?

-Time frames for measuring progress. S(MART is an acronym for Specific, Measurable, Action-oriented, Realistic, and Timely, so they need to include a time frame for completing the treatment goals.) NOT Arrangements for payment for treatment. Ethical guidelines on confidentiality. A safety contract.

Which of the following is the best example of a measurable program objective?

-To have thirty rental units that meet city inspection standards occupied by low income renters by the end of the fiscal year. (This response is more specific than the others; they are commendable goals, but you can count how many rental units are occupied in a specific time frame.) NOT To have fair housing opportunities for people of any race or ethnic background. To encourage a range of affordable, accessible and decent rental housing options throughout our community. To upgrade or replace substandard housing units.

From a cognitive theory perspective, which of the following tasks should occur FIRST in the therapeutic setting?

-Understanding the link between thoughts, feelings and behaviors. (Cognitive theory approaches to human behavior focus on how thought processes affect the way in which we behave and understanding its basic premises is where the social worker and client can start.) NOT Refuting irrational beliefs such as that the client is unlovable or bad. Counterconditioning to erase unwanted feelings.. Confrontation to challenge dysfunctional patterns of behavior..

basic statistics and when they would be used.

-Univariate statistics look at one variable at a time, e.g., describing the demographics of a population. -Bivariate statistics examine the relationship between two variables, e.g., age and satisfaction with life. -Multivariate statistics examine relationships among 3 or more variables, e.g., effect ofgender and race on income.

A social worker at a community mental health center is working with a 21 year old client who has been experiencing rejection from family and friends following the admission by the client that she is a lesbian. During the third session the client begins to cry and says, "Maybe my mom is right. She says all I need to do is find the right man." After reflecting the client's unhappy feelings, what should the social worker do NEXT?

-Use universalization to provide reassurance to the client about the behavior of others in these circumstances. (This question asks for the social worker's NEXT action, which should be to help the client understand that feelings of rejection are not uncommon among gay and lesbian individuals who begin informing others of their sexual orientation. The social worker needs to understand issues of diversity--not just as they affect the client, but how they may affect the client's relationships with others.) NOT -Explore the client's psychosocial history to determine the origins of her sexual orientation. -Encourage the client to spend some time rethinking her sexual orientation before continuing with the "coming out" process. -Arrange for a family session to assist the client's family in understanding how to best support a gay family member.

Feminist theory posits that couple's therapy is not a viable therapeutic approach for victims/survivors in relationships where intimate partner violence is present for which of the following reasons?

-Victims/survivors in an abusive relationship are not in a position to contribute freely and equally in couple's therapy. (The premise is that victims/survivors of abuse need to be free of fear and coercion in order to viably participate in couple's therapy and if the abuse is present, that is not possible.) NOT -Victims/survivors in an abusive relationship are unable to understand their role in the dysfunction of the relationship. -Victims/survivors in an abusive relationship are resistant to losing their status within the relationship and are not motivated to engage in couple's therapy. -Victims/survivors in an abusive relationship are in denial about their responsibilities in the relationship.

Five Faces of Oppression (Iris Young)

-Violence (Indigenous Communities, Refugees and migrants) -Exploitation (Women, Migrants, Indigenous Communities, Young people, people who are poor) def: he action or fact of treating someone unfairly in order to benefit from their work. -Marginalization (Indigenous Communities, Refugees and Migrants, Homosexuals, People with disabilities) def: treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral. -Powerlessness (Indigenous communities, refugees and migrants, people who are poor, people with disabilities) -Cultural Imperialism (Indigenous communities, Non-British Migrants) def:Cultural imperialism, also called cultural colonialism, comprises the cultural aspects of imperialism. "Imperialism" here refers to the creation and maintenance of unequal relationships between civilisations, favouring a more powerful civilisation. Chart in Module 3 PPT

Which one of the following measurements would have the highest frequency of reliability?

-Weight. (Weight measurement would have the highest frequency of reliability or consistency of measurement because a scale measuring weight is less dependent on human subjectivity than instruments relying on human subjects' self-reports or responses to cognitive measures.) NOT Intelligence. Beck's Depression Inventory. Personality.

A social worker employing motivational interviewing explores all but which of the following with a client who is resistant to change?

-What their friends will think. (In motivational interviewing, the social worker helps the client to initiate change by recognizing and respecting their responsibility and decision-making ability in a nonconfrontational, collaborative manner. This includes examining the client's values, motivations, and ambivalence about changing, which may or may not include concerns about how their friends may react.) NOT Pros and cons of ambivalence. Reasons to change. Clarification of the client's values.

psychodynamic theory

Any theory of behavior that emphasizes internal conflicts, motives, and unconscious forces

Sigmund Freud

Austrian physician whose work focused on the unconscious causes of behavior and personality formation; founded psychoanalysis.

In working with clients from a racial or ethnic group different from their own, what are social workers advised to do?

Avoid generalizations. (To provide culturally responsive evaluation and treatment planning, counselors and programs must understand and incorporate relevant cultural factors into the process while avoiding a stereotypical or "one-size-fits-all" approach to treatment.) NOT Promote diversity. Explore oppression. Clarify reactance.

Key differences and figures associated with Charity Organization Societies (COS) and Settlement House Movements

Both charities and settlements bring value to the communities they serve. However, they will behave differently. The settlements are designed to serve individual communities by offering a wide range of services, but charity organizations are collecting funds for various companies and organizations. Charity Organization Societies (COS) began in the eastern United States during the 1870s to improve the organization of social services. A vast number of independent groups had formed to ameliorate the problems of poverty caused by rapid industrialization, but they operated autonomously with no coordinated plan. Charity Organization Societies were made up of charitable groups that used scientific philanthropy to help poor, distressed or deviant persons. The Societies considered themselves more than just alms givers. Their ultimate goal was to restore as much self-sufficiency and responsibility as an individual could manage. Fundamental people: Octavia Hill Frances Wisebart Jacobs The settlement movement was a reformist social movement that began in the 1880s and peaked around the 1920s in England and the United States. Its goal was to bring the rich and the poor of society together in both physical proximity and social interconnectedness.A group of enterprising settlement house movement leaders sought to achieve change by bridging the gaps between social classes. The middle-class leaders joined underserved urban neighborhoods and opened their homes to the local children, parents, families, and older adults. Key Player: Jane Addams

Group process and group stages

Bruce Tuckman has developed one of the most well-referenced models in which there are five consistent stages of group development: forming, storming, norming, performing, and adjourning. Most groups progress through these stages. Each stage builds on the previous stage and prepares the group for performing.

cogntive theory; CBT

CBT is based on the idea that how we think (cognition), how we feel (emotion) and how we act (behavior) all interact together. Specifically, our thoughts determine our feelings and our behavior. Therefore, negative and unrealistic thoughts can cause us distress and result in problems.

Humanistic Therapy: Person-Centered therapy/Carl Rogers

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow. ... Rogers believed that every person could achieve their goals, wishes, and desires in life. When, or rather if they did so, self actualization took place. The Core Conditions Empathy (the counsellor trying to understand the client's point of view) Congruence (the counsellor being a genuine person) Unconditional positive regard (the counsellor being non-judgemental)

Choosing a sample size

Choose a sample size when z star and standard dev. from past study is known. z* multiplied by sigma/rad n is less than or equal to the margin of error Confidence level and margin of error

Behavioral therapy: Classical and operant conditioning/Ivan Pavlov and B.F. Skinner

Classical Conditioning First described by Ivan Pavlov, a Russian physiologist Focuses on involuntary, automatic behaviors Involves placing a neutral signal before a reflex Operant Conditioning First described by B. F. Skinner, an American psychologist Involves applying reinforcement or punishment after a behavior Focuses on strengthening or weakening voluntary behaviors

Client/Consumer Satisfaction Evaluation:

Client satisfaction evaluations are typically client surveys so they have most of the same pros and cons as any survey study .Client satisfaction should be a goal of any program, and client satisfaction evaluation can offer useful and important information for needs assessment, process, and outcome evaluations, but cannot be the only methodology used for a program evaluation.

Normal and abnormal behavior

Any behavior that pertains to accepted societal patterns is called normal behaviour whereas that is against social norms is called abnormal behaviour. "Any behavior that pertains to accepted societal patterns is called normal behaviour whereas that is against social norms is called abnormal behaviour."

Mindfulness Theory

In brief, the Mindfulness-to-Meaning Theory asserts that mindfulness allows one to decenter from stress appraisals into a metacognitive state of awareness that broadens attention to previously unnoticed pieces of information about one's life, accommodating a reappraisal (i.e., a reframing) of adverse circumstances that reduces distress and promotes positive emotions.

Theory of moral development/Carol Gilligan

In her own research, Gilligan found that women placed a stronger emphasis on caring in moral decision making. ... She believes that women tend to develop morality in stages. These stages follow Kohlberg's moral stages of preconventional, conventional, and postconventional, but are based upon research with wome

Non-Probability Sampling Methods

In non-probability sampling, the sample is selected based on non-random criteria, and not every member of the population has a chance of being included. Common non-probability sampling methods include convenience sampling, voluntary response sampling, purposive sampling, snowball sampling, and quota sampling.

Inter-Social Treatment

Inter-Social Treatment involves treatment of a group(s) of other people based on personally-held biases and prejudices. These prejudices most often manifest in sociological categories such as: Race Gender Age Sexual Orientation Religion Nationality Education Mental or Physical Ability

Developmental Theories

Comprehensive explanations about why people act and behave the way they do and how they change over time.

Soloman 4 group design

Controls internal and external validity of an experiment -The Solomon four-group design is a research method developed by Richard Solomon in 1949. It is sometimes used in social science, psychology and medicine. It can be used if there are concerns that the treatment might be sensitized by the pre-test.

Cost-effectiveness evaluation:

Cost-effectiveness studies or cost analysis studies basically examine whether the costs of a program are worth it in terms of its effectiveness or benefit to clients. Program costs and client outcomes point to cost effectiveness analysis Managed care programs are based on cost-effectiveness evaluation.

Impact of out-of-home displacement (e.g., natural disaster, homelessness, immigration) on clients

Displaced populations also have an effect on the host countries in which they are forced to reside - usually neighbouring countries - where they can exacerbate resource scarcity, leading to tensions and conflic

Freud's psychosexual states of development/Sigmund Freud

During the five psychosexual stages, which are the oral, anal, phallic, latent, and genital stages, the erogenous zone associated with each stage serves as a source of pleasure. oral (This Stage lasts from birth to around 18 months. The mouth is the focus of pleasure. If fixated at the oral stage because of frustration, either is not nursed or if nursing stops too soon, the adult is envious, pessimistic and sarcastic. If the child is overindulged, with too much nursing the adult is optimistic, admiring of others and gullible. The oral character can be either of these things.) anal(This stage lasts from around one and half to two and a half years old. Toilet training brings a focus of pleasure on the anus with expulsion or retention of feces. If parents are too lenient and the child gets pleasure from making a mess, the adult will form an anal expulsive character, and is messy, reckless and disorganised. If the child refuses to go and that is not overcome, the adult will develop an anal retentive character, because the child has gained pleasure from holding back. An anal retentive character is obstinate, careful and precise) phallic (This stage is the third stage and the erogenous zone or focus of pleasure is the gnetial region. This lasts from around to three to five years. In this stage boys can experience the Oedipus Complex (Electra complex for girls). Through the oedipus complex boys adopt their gender behaviour. An adult fixated at the phallic stage would develop a phallic character - self assured, reckless, vain and proud. They might also be incapable of loving someone. Freud also suggested that fixation at this stage was the reason for homosexuality) latency (This stage is not really a psycho-sexual stage of development because there is no sexual drive in this period. It is a resting period, with regression of desires. Children from same-sex friendship and focus on school and sport) genital (This stage is the fifth stage and starts with puberty. The libido focus again on the genita.s, as in the phallic stage, and there is a formation of hertosexual friendships and relationships.)

Dynamics of Grief and Loss

Elisabeth Kubler Ross defined stages of grief (most appropriately for the dying and their loved ones) as Denial, Bargaining, Anger, Depression, and Acceptance. These stages do not have to happen in a particular order, nor does one have to go through all the stages.

active listening

Empathic listening in which the listener echoes, restates, and clarifies. A feature of Rogers' client-centered therapy.

Empowerment Perspective

Empowerment-based practice actuates a strengths perspective, centering the social work process toward competence promotion and away from the stigmatizing notion of deficit reduction. An empowering approach reveals the worker's unwavering commitment to social justice.

Lobbying

Engaging in activities aimed at influencing public officials, especially legislators, and the policies they enact.

Emotional Development Theory

Erikson maintained that personality develops in a predetermined order through eight stages of psychosocial development, from infancy to adulthood. During each stage, the person experiences a psychosocial crisis which could have a positive or negative outcome for personality development.

Developmental theories: human development

Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory. ... Bowlby's Attachment Theory. ... Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory. ... Bandura's Social Learning Theory. ... Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory.

Sampling Methods

Event Sampling - Counting the time a particular behaviour occurs in a group/individual. Time Sampling - Recording behaviour with a pre established time frame. To draw valid conclusions from your results, you have to carefully decide how you will select a sample that is representative of the group as a whole. There are two types of sampling methods: -Probability sampling involves random selection, allowing you to make strong statistical inferences about the whole group. -Non-probability sampling involves non-random selection based on convenience or other criteria, allowing you to easily collect data.

Models of practice/theoretical frameworks

Evidence based practice •brief treatment models(Brief therapy is a type of counseling that is time limited and present oriented. Brief therapy focuses on the client's presenting symptoms and current life circumstances, and it emphasizes the strengths and resources of the client. The therapist in brief therapy is active and directive.) •task-centered models (The task-centered (TC) model is a short-term, problem-solving approach to social work practice. TC helps clients to solve their problems as they define them. Changes in problems are secured by developing and implementing tasks. Respect for clients' rights to be self-determining is emphasized in TC.) •crisis intervention •cognitive restructuring(The end goal of cognitive restructuring is to enable people to replace stress-inducing thought habits with more accurate and less rigid (and therefore less stress-inducing) thinking habits.) •solution-focused model, etc.

Know the difference between directional and null hypotheses.

Examples: •Directional hypothesis (positive):Students with higher GPAs will have higher scores on the comprehensive exam. •Null hypothesis: There is no relationship between GPAs and scores on the comprehensive exam.

Experiential family therapy/Carl Whitaker, Virginia Satir

Experiential family therapy is an intuitive approach that utilizes active, multisensory techniques. These techniques, such as role plays and drawings, increase the family's expression of affect and uncover new information. Increased affect and uncovered information stimulate change and growth in the family system.

Know the different ways to determine if a research instrument is valid

Face Validity- -Does it appear Valid? Content Validity -Does it include the various components needed to measure a concept? Criterion validity: concurrent vs. predictive -Does it correlate with other measures? Does it predict the performance on other measures?

Cultural humility includes all but which of the following ?

Focus on immigrants and minorities. (Unlike cultural competence, which focuses on diversity and difference, cultural humility takes a broader view that includes different and unique combinations of ethnicity, race, age, income, sexual orientation, class, abilities, faith, and more.) NOT -Fluidity and change based on context. -Recognition that everyone follows traditions. -Recognition that power differences exist and must be recognized and minimized.

LIFE STRUCTURE THEORY - DAVID LEVINSON

Levinson's concept of life structure (the men's socio-cultural world, their participation in their world and various aspects of themselves) was the major component in Levinson's theory. The life structure for each person evolves through the developmental stages as people's age.

Effects of life crises

Life crisis was associated directly with psychological adjustment. Social conditions and life quality ratings also had significant effects. People with high life-crisis scores reported more psychological distress, and poor social conditions appeared to further exacerbate their adjustment problems.

•Stages of moral development/Lawrence Kohlberg

Like Piaget, subjects were unlikely to regress in their moral development, but instead, moved forward through the stages: pre-conventional, conventional, and finally post-conventional. Each stage offers a new perspective, but not everyone functions at the highest level all the time.

Systems and ecological perspectives and theories

General systems theory developed earlier and became more widespread and strongly influenced US social work and to a lesser degree non-US. Ecological systems theory grew based on systems approaches and had a more limited influence outside of the US.

The family social worker wants to get a clearer idea of the Wilson family's structure, internal relationships, and appearance of issues across generations. What visual technique will illustrate these?

Genogram. (A genogram is a family history that looks like a family tree; the other options are visual techniques that have different purposes in the family assessment process..) NOT Ecomap. Family timeline. Family sculpture

Models of policy implementation:

Incrementalism- (Incrementalism, theory of public policy making, according to which policies result from a process of interaction and mutual adaptation among a multiplicity of actors advocating different values, representing different interests, and possessing different information.) Elitism-The theory posits that a small minority, consisting of members of the economic elite and policy-planning networks, holds the most power—and that this power is independent of democratic elections Rational Policy- The rational model of decision-making is a process for making sound decisions in policy making in the public sector. Rationality is defined as "a style of behavior that is appropriate to the achievement of given goals, within the limits imposed by given conditions and constraints".

how to define study variables Independent vs. dependent variables

Independent variables influence or have an effect on dependent variables -You can think of independent and dependent variables in terms of cause and effect: an independent variable is the variable you think is the cause, while a dependent variable is the effect. In an experiment, you manipulate the independent variable and measure the outcome in the dependent variable

Medicare and Medicaid

Great Society programs that guaranteed healthcare for specific groups, medicare for 65 and older, and medicaid for poor Medicare is a federal program that provides health coverage if you are 65+ or under 65 and have a disability, no matter your income. Medicaid is a state and federal program that provides health coverage if you have a very low income. ... They will work together to provide you with health coverage and lower your costs.

Group designs : O X O

Group designs permit us to draw inferences for the larger group from which the test samples have been drawn. B/c they are based on combined scores, they do not permit extension to any individual member of the group. Another potential difficulty with the group design is that postive effects for some individuals may be camouflaged, especially when others showed neutral or negative effects. N>1

Assessment processes in working with groups

Group purpose and individual and group goals of members. Assessing group norms and values, functional and dysfunctional behavior, interactions, and relationships of members.

Stages of developmental tasks/Robert Havighurst

Havighurst identified six major stages in human life covering birth to old age: Infancy & early childhood (Birth till 6 years old) Middle childhood (6-13 years old) Adolescence (13-18 years old) Early Adulthood (19-30 years old) Middle Age (30-60 years old) Later maturity (60 years old and over)

Research questions vs. hypotheses

Hypotheses are statements that make predictions about the relationships between 2 or more variables. •They can be directional: predicting a positive or negative relationship between variables, or they can be null: predicting that there is no relationship between variables.

Diversity and Difference In Practice:

Identifying and Addressing personal biases and their influences on perceptions and social oppression. Becoming knowledgeable and aware of influences of bias on practice.

Effects of body image on self and relationships

Low self-esteem and low confidence can stop you from stepping out from your comfort zone and grow. ... In turn, your partner may not be so happy about how your intimacy is going or may think that you avoid intimacy because you are not happy with the relationship in general

Object-relations theory/Margaret Mahler

Mahler proposed that early in development the child does not have a concept of object constancy for the mother, which means when the mother disappears, she ceases to exist. ... Mahler argued that disruptions in the normal developmental trajectory could lead to maladaptive behavior, including child psychosis.

Components of case management

Manages a caseload of patients from preadmission (onset of illness) to discharge (resolution of illness) Planning and evaluative role Collaborative role Ensure goals are met Ensure quality is maintained Ensure progress toward discharge is made

Leadership/Basic tasks of a group leader

Managing, coordinating, supervising, and training groups. Providing clear written and verbal instructions to group members and promptly addressing any questions or concerns. Planning daily activities and delegating tasks. Clearly outlining goals and ensuring group members understand what's expected of them.

Types of Studies

)))•Survey research (Survey Research is defined as the process of conducting research using surveys that researchers send to survey respondents. The data collected from surveys is then statistically analyzed to draw meaningful research conclusions.) •Secondary data analysis (Secondary data analysis involves a researcher using the information that someone else has gathered for his or her own purposes. Researchers leverage secondary data analysis in an attempt to answer a new research question, or to examine an alternative perspective on the original question of a previous study.) •Content analysis (Content analysis is a research tool used to determine the presence of certain words, themes, or concepts within some given qualitative data (i.e. text). Using content analysis, researchers can quantify and analyze the presence, meanings and relationships of such certain words, themes, or concepts.) •Ethnographic studies: participant observation and in-depth interviewing (Ethnography is the systematic description of human culture, involving both the process and the product. ... Ethnography is a field of study, whereas, participant observation is a method for research. As a comparison, chemistry is a field of study and experiments are methods for research.)

What term refers to the consistency of a measure and its dependability?

))-Reliability. (Reliability is the correct answer. Reliability and validity are concepts used to evaluate the quality of research. They indicate how well a method, technique or test measures something. Reliability is about the consistency of a measure, and validity is about the accuracy of a measure--i.e., whether it is measuring what it is intended to measure.) NOT Standardization. (Standardization is a procedure used in science to increase the validity and reliability of research. ... Standardized methods facilitate confidence among researchers conforming to them that they and others who also conform are gathering new knowledge about the same empirical phenomena.) Correlation. (Correlational research is a type of non-experimental research method in which a researcher measures two variables, understands and assesses the statistical relationship between them with no influence from any extraneous variable.) Validity. (Validity is defined as the extent to which a concept is accurately measured in a quantitative study. ... It's important to consider validity and reliability of the data collection tools (instruments) when either conducting or critiquing research. There are three major types of validity)

What anti-poverty strategy is designed to change wage policy from a set state/federal minimum wage that must be paid to every employee to a local wage policy that takes into account the cost of living and sets the minimum that a worker can be paid at a level that keeps people from living in poverty?

)-Living wage campaign. ("Living wage" is defined by advocates as the minimum income necessary for a worker to meet their basic needs including food, housing, and other essential needs such as clothing. This typically varies by geographical location, so a set state/federal minimum wage is not seen as the most feasible option.) NOT Fair trade agreement. (an agreement, typically illegal, between a manufacturer of a trademarked item in the US and its retail distributors to sell the item at a price at or above that designated by the manufacturer.) Individual Development Accounts (An individual development account is an asset building tool designed to enable low-income families to save towards a targeted amount usually used for building assets in the form of home ownership, post-secondary education and small business ownership.) Investment in Human Capital. (Human capital is an intangible asset not listed on a company's balance sheet and includes things like an employee's experience and skills. Since all labor is not considered equal, employers can improve human capital by investing in the training, education, and benefits of their employees.

Hierarchy of needs/Abraham Maslow

Maslow's pyramid of human needs, beginning at the base with physiological needs that must first be satisfied before higher-level safety needs and then psychological needs become active What Is Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs? Maslow's hierarchy of needs is a theory of motivation which states that five categories of human needs dictate an individual's behavior. Those needs are physiological needs, safety needs, love and belonging needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs

Using the DSM: documenting frequency, severity, duration of symptoms relating to diagnoses of mental disorders.

Mental status and cognitive assessments. Indicators of mental and emotional illness/issues through the lifespan. Risk assessment. Indicators of substance abuse, physical abuse, sexual abuse, stressors, trauma, and comorbidity. Reactions to grief and life transitions. Defense mechanisms. Emotional reactions, coping efforts and skills.

Transactional Analysis/Eric Berne

Messages learned about self in childhood determine whether person is good or bad, though intervention can change this script Transactional Analysis (TA) is a psychological theory, developed by Eric Berne in the 1960s, that helps explain why we think, act and feel the way we do. TA claims that we can better understand ourselves by analyzing our transactions with the people closest to us.

Potential effects and impact of cultural diversity and clinician bias in the diagnosis and treatment of mental health issues.

Need to gain knowledge and skills as a "cultural learner" to work effectively with culturally diverse individuals, families, and groups.

Needs Assessment

Needs Assessment: Many of the quantitative and qualitative methods in research are also commonly used to assess or evaluate the need for new programs and services or need for improvements in or changes to current services and policies. Planning is the first step in the program cycle and needs assessments using surveys, secondary data, social indicators, focus groups, key informant interviews, and other sources of data are an important element in practice evaluation. Needs assessments are also helpful in developing and modifying a social service program's mission statement, goals, and objectives.

Lily Ledbetter Act

Obama administration has changed statute of limitation of Equal Pay Act of 1963 to 6 months after the last occurrence; there will be no lash back from company The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 is a law enacted by Congress that bolstered worker protections against pay discrimination. The act allows individuals who face pay discrimination to seek rectification under federal anti-discrimination laws.

Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF)

Once called "Aid to Families with Dependent Children," the new name for public assistance to needy families. Temporary Assistance for Needy Families is a federal assistance program of the United States. It began on July 1, 1997, and succeeded the Aid to Families with Dependent Children program, providing cash assistance to indigent American families through the United States Department of Health and Human Services

how to operationally define a study variable

Operational definitions of a variable specify how it is measured so that other researchers may replicate a study. Ex: Variable: Intellgience Operational Definition: Score on the Verbal SAT test (a standardized test) Value: 550 Ex: Variable: Age Operatioal Defiition: response to questionnaire (a self-report measure) Value: 21

outcome/impact evaluation

Outcome/impact or effectiveness evaluations examine whether clients are benefitting from the program or policy as intended. Funding sources generally require outcome-based evaluations to determine whether funding should continue (summative evaluation). However, outcome evaluations should be conducted by every social service program to determine what, if any, impact our interventions are having and whether our clients are being helped and making positive changes/progress.

Program monitoring/process evaluation:

Patterns of use/client utilization and some formative evaluations fit under this category. Most agency audits and accreditation standards focus on whether programs are being implemented as planned and/or required. Programs that have been funded by public or private foundations or provide billable services have implementation requirements and standards for: •Types and levels of services being provided• Types of clients receiving services •Staff providing services•Information to be collected andreported on all of the above

A social worker experiences a language barrier with a client during the process of obtaining informed consent. The social worker has a limited ability to speak the client's language. To best ensure that the client understands the information the social worker is providing, what should the social worker do?

Pause the consent process and arrange for a professional interpreter.(This is the ideal response--if possible, a professional interpreter should be consulted.) NOT -Ask the family member who has accompanied the client and speaks English to assist with interpreting the information. -Review the information to the best of their ability in the client's native language and encourage the client to ask questions as they work together. -Inform the client that they aren't eligible for services if they cannot speak English.

The Indicators of Normal Physical Growth and Development

Physical — grows at a slower rate; improving motor skills; dresses self, toilet trained. Mental — begins to use symbols; improving memory; vivid imagination, fears; likes stories. Social-Emotional — identifies with parent(s); becomes more independent; sensitive to others' feelings.

Impact of physical, mental, and cognitive disabilities on human development

Physical-The evidence that has been accumulated over the past two decades has shown that higher levels of physical activity behavior in children and adolescents are related to increases in cognitive function and academic performance, while more sedentary behavior has been shown to exert the opposite effect [7-9]. Mental-The emotional wellbeing of children is just as important as their physical health. Good mental health allows children and young people to develop the resilience to cope with whatever life throws at them and grow into well-rounded, healthy adults. Cognitive-A child with a general learning disability finds it more difficult to learn, understand and do things compared to other children of the same age. Like all children and young people, children with learning disabilities continue to progress and learn throughout their childhood - but more slowly.

Practical Considerations in Program Evaluation:

Purpose of the evaluation—the type of evaluation and methods to be used are dependent upon the purpose of the evaluation. •Audience for whom the evaluation report will be written—ideally, all program stakeholders should get some type of feedback, but this also frequently depends on the purpose of the evaluation .•Resources available: time, funding, cooperation of agency administration and personnel. All of these are important to get reliable and valid results.

Purpose of program evaluation

Purpose: Improvement of services is the main purpose of a program/practice/policy evaluation . Ideally, program stakeholders: staff, clients, board members, funding sources, voters, etc., should participate in determining the purpose of the evaluation.

Relationship Violence

Relationship (or domestic) violence is a pattern of power and control that one person exercises over another in an ongoing, intimate relationship. Many tactics can be used, including emotional, physical or sexual abuse; isolation; economic control; threats; abuse of animals; and using children.

Know the difference between reliability and validity of measures

Reliability refers to the consistency of a measure; validity is whether it measures what you want it to measure.

Stress management and anger management techniques

Remain calm. ... Don't take it personally. ... Use your best listening skills. ... Actively sympathize. ... Apologize gracefully. ... Find a solution. ... Take a few minutes on your own.

basic human needs

Requirements everyone needs for life that may be achieved by different methods

Outcome evaluation at all levels:

Requires social workers, agencies, and lawmakers to conceptualize and operationally define "successful" practice/program outcomes (and "unsuccessful" ones as well)• Attempts to determine if services are helping clients or clients' circumstances to change in a desired direction. •Usually focuses on after-treatment or post-intervention measures of program success—can be immediate, long-term or both—end of the program and/or 6 months later.

During the assessment phase with family members, the social worker asks, "How do you decide who does something in the family?" What criterion of family functioning is the social worker assessing?

Role behavior. (Assessing the roles of family members within the family system and how they are determined is an important aspect of understanding family dynamics.) NOT Communication. Autonomy. Afffective involvement.

Sexual Assault

Sexual assault includes any type of sexual conduct, or sexual contact that is nonconsensual, forced, or coerced when the victim is incapable of giving consent because of her or his temporary or permanent mental or physical incapacity or because of her or his youth.

group norms

Shared guidelines or rules for behavior that most group members follow

Solution Focused Therapy

Short-term, strengths-based treatment model that emphasizes empowerment to allow client to take action him or herself Describing the problem Developing well-formulated goals Working cooperatively to idetify solutions to problems End of session feedback Evaluation of client progress Techniques: miracle question, exception-finding, presuppositional questions, compliments, listening skills, empath, scaling questions

Types of Sampling

Simple Random - Select from a full list of the population (sampling frame). Can use a random number table to do this. Systematic- Start at random, at a point on the sampling frame, and choose every tenth case (or some other frequency) depending on sampling frame size. Stratified- Sampling frame stratified (for example by class, race, gender), then random sampling. Cluster-Population divided into units or clusters each containing individuals in a range or circumstances (for example different types of young offender institutions could be sampled) Multi-stage- An extension of the cluster sample, which samples are drawn from within clusters (for example sampling by age, gender, and ethnicity from within young offender institutions identified through cluster sampling)

Probability Sampling Methods

Simple random sampling Systematic sampling Cluster sampling Stratified sampling -Probability: each person in the population has an equal or known chance/probability of being selected. -What is probability sampling? Probability sampling means that every member of the target population has a known chance of being included in the sample. Probability sampling methods include simple random sampling, systematic sampling, stratified sampling, and cluster sampling

Principles and techniques of interviewing

Six principles for effective interviewing Prepare as much as possible. Establish a rapport with the interviewee. Be thorough. Be objective. Keep control of the process. Listen actively.

Discrepancy in behavior, cognition, and affect

Social cognition refers to our thoughts about and interpretations of ourselves and other people. Over time, we develop schemas and attitudes to help us better understand and more successfully interact with others. Affect refers to the feelings that we experience as part of life and includes both moods and emotions

How to Distinguish Types of social Justice Issues

Social justice issues can be delineated into two categories, although they are often co-dependent: Inter-Social Treatment and Unequal Government Regulation.

why the Solomon 4 group design is the strongest experimental desig

Solomon four-group design is considered the most prestigious design because it minimizes threats to internal and external validity and controls the reactive effect of the pretest. -• R O1 X O2 • R O1 O2 • R X O2 • R O2

Race

Someone has said that "race is a pigment of our imagination." That is a clever way of saying that race is actually an invention. It is a way of arbitrarily dividing humankind into different groups for the purpose of keeping some on top and some at the bottom; some in and some out. Ant its invention has very clear historical roots; namely, colonialism. "Race is an arbitrary socio-biological classification created by Europeans during the time of worldwide colonial expansion, to assign human worth and social status, using themselves as the model of humanity, for the purpose of legitimizing white power and white skin privilege" (Crossroads-Interfaith Ministry for Social Justice). To acknowledge that race is a historical arbitrary invention does not mean that it can be, thereby, easily dispensed with as a reality in people's lives. To acknowledge race as an invention of colonialism is not the same as pretending to be color blind or declaring, "I don't notice people's race!" Our world has been ordered and structured on the basis of skin color and that oppressive ordering and structuring is RACISM.

SMART goals

Specific, Measurable, Action oriented, Realistic, Timely.

Interventions with Groups

Stages of group therapy: •Initial: establishing expectations regarding trust, roles, and goals •Transition: starting to share, listen, and give advice •Working: getting into the deeper issues the group was designed to address •Final: reflecting on the experience, giving feedback, deciding on next steps •Group leader's role •Stages of group development: •pre-affiliation/forming •power and control/storming•intimacy/norming •differentiation/performing •separation/adjourning

Crisis intervention and treatment approaches

Step One - Define the Problem. ... Step Two - Ensure Safety. ... Step Three - Provide Support. ... Step Four - Examine Alternatives. ... Step Five - Make a Plan. ... Step Six - Obtain Commitment.

Structural family therapy/Salvador Minuchen

Structural family therapy (SFT) is a method of psychotherapy developed by Salvador Minuchin which addresses problems in functioning within a family. ... In this regard, Minuchin is a follower of systems and communication theory, since his structures are defined by transactions among interrelated systems within the family.

Targets of Oppression

Targets of oppression are members of social identity groups that are disenfranchised, exploited, and victimized in a variety of ways by agents of oppression and the agent's systems or institutions. Targets of oppression are subject to containment, having their choices and movements restricted and limited, are seen and treated as expendable and replaceable, without an individual identity apart from their group, and are compartmentalized into narrowly defined roles. Targets of oppression are people subjected to exploitation, marginalization, powerlessness, cultural imperialism, and violence. Targets of oppression are kept in their place by the agent of oppression's ideology, which supports oppression by denying that it exists and blames the conditions of oppression on the actions of the targets. Targets of oppression have fewer "life chances" or benefits as a result of their membership in a particular social group. As examples, there is a higher likelihood that African American males will be arrested than Caucasian males; there is a greater chance that males will have a higher salary than females; and there is a higher probability that persons using a wheelchair for mobility will have fewer job opportunities than non-disabled people.

Indicators of client's readiness for termination

The 7 criteria that indicate when a client is ready for termination are: (a) decrease in symptoms as assessed by sound measures; (b) decrease in symptoms that is stable and maintained for 8 weeks; (c) decrease in functional impairment; (d) evidence that the decrease in symptoms is not a spontaneous remission, such as lower symptoms associated with the use of new skills; (e) usage of the new skills, particularly at times or on themes of former vulnerability; (f) sense of pride regarding the new skills, in contrast to initial doubt regarding whether the techniques would work; and (g) carryover of decrease in symptoms to other areas

DSM diagnostic criteria

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition is the 2013 update to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the taxonomic and diagnostic tool published by the American Psychiatric Association.

Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act (PRWORA)

The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996 is a United States federal law passed by the 104th United States Congress and signed into law by President Bill Clinton. "The Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996" includes several improvements over the vetoed bill, including: o Guaranteed medical coverage. The new law preserves the national guarantee of health care for poor children, the disabled, pregnant women, the elderly, and people on welfare

Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC)

The Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children - better known as the WIC Program - serves to safeguard the health of low-income pregnant, postpartum, and breastfeeding women, infants, and children up to age 5 who are at nutritional risk by providing nutritious foods to supplement diets

Defense mechanisms/somatization

The Unconscious: Somatization could be a defense mechanism, protecting the person from emotional overwhelm. Some psychological symptoms may be so overwhelming that a person cannot face them consciously. A person's distress may then find an outlet through the body, converting to a physical symptom

•Basic medical terminology and biopsychosocial responses to illness and disability.

The biopsychosocial model of health and illness is a framework developed by George L. Engel that states that interactions between biological, psychological, and social factors determine the cause, manifestation, and outcome of wellness and disease.

Institutional Power

The ability or official authority to decide what is best for others. The ability to decide who will have access to resources. The capacity to exercise control over others.

Roles of clients in a group

The client's role in the group influences self-esteem. Cohesive groups create positive client results. Catharsis- expression of feelings and is effective when followed by insight and learning. Existential factors- emphasizes the present quality, content, subjective awareness, freedom of choice and state of being.

Oppression

The combination of prejudice and institutional power which creates a system that discriminates against some groups (often called "target groups") and benefits other groups (often called "dominant groups"). Examples of these systems are racism, sexism, heterosexism, ableism, classism, ageism, and anti-Semitism. These systems enable dominant groups to exert control over target groups by limiting their rights, freedom, and access to basic resources such as health care, education, employment, and housing. Four Levels of Oppression/"isms" and Change: -Personal: Values, Beliefs, Feelings -Interpersonal: Actions, Behaviors, Language -Institutional: Rules, Policies, Procedures -Cultural: Beauty, Truth, Right

Behavioral, cognitive, and learning theories

The main difference between behavioral and cognitive learning theories is that behavioral learning theory only focuses on external observable behavior while cognitive learning theory focuses on internal mental processes. Behaviorism and cognitivism are two theories that explain the learning process of human beings.

Psychoanalytic and Psychodynamic theories and models

The main difference between psychoanalytic theory and psychodynamic theory is that psychodynamic refers to both Sigmund Freud's theories and the theories of his followers, while psychoanalytic refers only to Sigmund Freud's theories. Psychodynamic theory (sometimes called psychoanalytic theory) explains personality in terms of unconscious psychological processes (for example, wishes and fears of which we're not fully aware), and contends that childhood experiences are crucial in shaping adult personality. According to Great Ideas in Personality, one of the greatest strengths of psychoanalytic theory is that it can be used to explain the nature of human development and all aspects of mental functioning. Critics of psychoanalytic theory claim that it grossly exaggerates and generalizes human behavior.

Here and now focus

The past is discussed in terms of how the past affects the present.

Difference between residual and institutional social welfare policy

The residual and institutional models are two different approaches to providing aid to citizens in a society. The residual approach focuses more on providing aid only in dire situations to the most needy, while the institutional provides support as a normal aspect of life to all in society.

Theories of organizational and community practice

The systems theory of community organization is focused on community maintenance. ... Systems theory is closely related to ecological theory, which states that the organization most fit to meet the wants and needs of the community is the one most likely to survive and become profitable.

What Does Practice Evaluation Tell Us?

•Is there a need for a particular service or policy?•How can we improve our practices/services?•Are clients being helped by our services?•Is there a better/cheaper/faster/ way of doing providing effective services?•How does current service provision compare with past service provision?•How do client outcomes at this service compare to client outcomes of other programs?•Should this program or policy be continued?

Assessment processes in working with individuals

•Multidimensionality in assessment—exploring and understanding problems and strengths. Components of biopsychosocial assessment and diagnosis. Gathering information from clients and client systems/gathering collateral information. •Emotional reactions, coping efforts and skills. Defense mechanisms.

Basic Types of Practice/Program Evaluation

•Needs assessment: Assessing the need for a program or for changes in a practice, service, or policy. •Program monitoring/process evaluation: Evaluating whether a service or policy is being implemented as planned and/or required. •Outcome evaluation: Evaluating whether practice, a program, or a policy is having the desired impact on the participants and/or stakeholders •Cost-effectiveness evaluation: Evaluating whether the outcomes are worth the costs of the program/service •Client satisfaction evaluation: Not really a program evaluation in and of itself, but can add important information to other types of evaluation.

Interventions with individuals

•Negotiating goals and formulating a contract, planning goal attainment strategies •Selecting a theoretical approach/therapeutic model, matching intervention methods to client problems, needs, abilities, current state, developmental stage, voluntary or involuntary status, culture, desired outcomes and goals.

Engagement processes in working with organizations and communities

•Planning, recruitment, & group formation •Involve and collaborate with members of the organization or community •Gather information about issues •Ensure capacity and inclusion •Work toward empowering stakeholders

difference between research questions and hypotheses

•Research questions are written in the form of a question (ending in a "?") and are formulated specifically enough that they can be answered or studied in a way that can be replicated by other researchers. •Example: Are student GPAs related to their scores on the comprehensive exam?

difference between single subject vs. group designs and notation

•Single subject: N=1. Not generalizable (no external validity) •B—observation of intervention only •AB—baseline and intervention •ABA—baseline, intervention, no intervention •ABAB—base, intervention, no intervention, reintroduce intervention

Evidence-Based practice is

•Social work practice should incorporate the scientific method to guide the process of assessment, intervention, and evaluation •Evidence-based practice should be the standard; social workers need to be good consumers of research, but should also be able to evaluate their own effectiveness

non-probability sampling may be more practical in social work research

•To target a specific population who may not be adequately represented in a random sample •To target a specific population who would not appear in a listing of potential subjects

Assessment processes in working with organizations and communities

•assessing strengths and challenges, asset mapping: available resources related to target population(s),• assessing sources of power and resources, community structure and capacity, interaction within and with other units, service delivery and accessibility.

Task of Policy Practitioners:

•building agendas •analyzing problems •writing proposals •enacting policy•implementing policy •assessing policy

Interventions with families

•cultural and ecological perspectives in working with families •establishing relationships with individual members and to the family as a group •clarifying roles and nature of the helping process •eliciting family members' perceptions of the problems, as well as their wants and needs. •enhancing family relationships and interactions •identifying and modifying dysfunctional family perceptions, communications and alignments •emphasizing individual and family strengths •assisting members to interact in more positive ways and to give and receive feedback.

Intervention with organizations and communities

•empowering members of the organization/community and developing strategies for change •developing resources, planning, and advocacy. •building support •examining system capacity for change: strengths, barriers, and opposition to change. •Developing an action plan: •selecting strategies and tactics, writing process and outcome objectives •Initiating the action plan: •mobilizing and supplementing resources •developing resources with diverse groups •developing and implementing policies and legislation.

Engagement processes in working with groups

•establish the need for and purpose of the group •set group guidelines regarding confidentiality and behavior •work toward decision by consensus •establish boundaries and goals

In the SOAP note method of documentation, which section includes the social worker's professional opinion of the problem and needs of the client, including possible areas of further inquiry or testing?

- A-assessment data(The assessment portion of the SOAP notes takes the information from the first two sections and uses it to form an opinion about the problem and needs of the client including further information that might be needed to develop the intervention plan.) NOT S-subjective data O-objective data P-planning data

As part of the social work process, how is assessment BEST described?

- As a continuing process throughout the course of intervention. (Assessment doesn't end when intervention begins—it should continue throughout contact with the client.) NOT As a discrete task to be completed before effective intervention can begin. As a way to measure the effectiveness of the intervention process. As a method of setting goals for the intervention process.

Developmental Theories

)Comprehensive explanations about why people act and behave the way they do and how they change over time. Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory (Erik Erikson was an important figure in the fields of psychoanalytics and psychological development. He was also the famous coiner of the popular phrase "identity crisis". Central to much of his work was his theory on psychosocial development. As it became known, Erikson's Psychosocial Developmental Theory produced a framework for organizing human growth, through all stages of life, into eight distinct stages. Key to the outcomes of the child stages as well as those afterward are the principles of social interaction and experience.) Bowlby's Attachment Theory (John Bowlby was another groundbreaking psychologist and theorist in matters of development. He also crafted one of the earliest known child development theories which still sees prominent use and citation today. In Bowlby's Attachment Theory, he asserted that much of child development is based on the innate need of children to form attachments. These attachments may involve any number of people, places, or things and ultimately have a substantial effect on onward development patterns throughout life.) Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory (According to Encyclopedia Britannica, Sigmund Freud "may justly be called the most influential intellectual legislator of his age." While creating the modern field of psychoanalytics, Freud also went on to make many other significant contributions to the sciences including the assertion of multiple, important theories. Freud's Psychosexual Developmental Theory was one of these important products in which Freud explained that child experiences, experienced at different ages in childhood, directly go on to dictate personality and behavior patterns in the later adult. This general theory has since birthed virtually countless studies, disciplines, and other academic and business establishments.) Bandura's Social Learning Theory (Albert Bandura's Social Learning Theory is commonly relied upon today across many industries and professions. This theory states that while much child learning and development does come from direct experience, much also comes from modeling and simple observations. Bandura himself is another important and very pioneering figure in psychology who is currently the Professor Emeritus at Stanford University.) Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory (Piaget's Cognitive Developmental Theory states that children, quite simply, think differently than adults. While this may seem obvious to some, this was a revolutionary theory that went on to provide the foundations for several other theories to come. Essentially, this theory divided the child life into four separate categories, or stages, each of which carries its own important qualities and vulnerabilities. Jean Piaget, the theory's author was a notable psychologist and scientist of his time.)

Know the main ways to test for reliability of an instrument

)Internal Consistency of a measure -Test-Retest(Test-Retest Reliability (sometimes called retest reliability) measures test consistency — the reliability of a test measured over time. In other words, give the same test twice to the same people at different times to see if the scores are the same. For example, test on a Monday, then again the following Monday) -Split-Half (elating to or denoting a technique of splitting a body of supposedly homogeneous data into two halves and calculating the results separately for each to assess their reliability.) -Alternative Forms (a set of test items that are developed to be similar to another set of test items, so that the two sets represent different versions of the same test.) -Crobach's alpha (Tau-equivalent reliability, also known as Cronbach's alpha or coefficient alpha, is the most common test score reliability coefficient for single administration. Recent studies recommend not using it unconditionally) Consistency of use of a measure by different people -Interrater reliability (Inter-rater reliability is the extent to which two or more raters (or observers, coders, examiners) agree. It addresses the issue of consistency of the implementation of a rating system. ... Low inter-rater reliability values refer to a low degree of agreement between two examiners.)

the difference between nominal/categorical vs. numerical/ordinal/interval variables

)•Nominal: gender; ethnicity (In statistics, nominal data (also known as nominal scale) is a type of data that is used to label variables without providing any quantitative value. ... Unlike ordinal data. One of the most notable features of ordinal data is that, nominal data cannot be ordered and cannot be measured.) Categorical-In statistics, a categorical variable is a variable that can take on one of a limited, and usually fixed, number of possible values, assigning each individual or other unit of observation to a particular group or nominal category on the basis of some qualitative property -numerical : Numerical data is a data type expressed in numbers, rather than natural language description. Sometimes called quantitative data, numerical data is always collected in number form. •Ordinal: Likert-type rating scale (Ordinal scale is the 2nd level of measurement that reports the ranking and ordering of the data without actually establishing the degree of variation between them. Ordinal level of measurement is the second of the four measurement scales. "Ordinal" indicates "order". ... It can be named, grouped and also ranked.) ●Interval: age; scale score (Interval data is measured along a numerical scale that has equal distances between adjacent values. These distances are called "intervals." There is no true zero on an interval scale, which is what distinguishes it from a ratio scale)

Bernice H. is a family social worker. The divorced mother of the family with whom she is working says, "I am going to make my daughter leave the house. She doesn't follow my rules or listen to anything I say. I am over it! She can go live with her father!" Which of the following responses would demonstrate the highest level of empathy from Bernice H. ?

- "It sounds like you feel angry and hurt that your daughter isn't listening to you." (This response provides a non-judgemental reflection and affirmation of the feelings that the mother is experiencing in this situation without defending or blaming the daughter or other members of the family.) NOT "Which daughter are you talking about? Is it the 17 year old?" "You sound upset--maybe you should start coming to my anger management group." "Teenagers are the worst! It sounds like you need some time alone."

Jessie is seeking therapy to address her social phobia. She would like to be able to initiate and engage in social interactions without feeling anxious and "unworthy". Her therapist asked her to count the number of times during the past one week period that she started a conversation with a stranger. This is an example of which of the following?

- A baseline record appropriate for a single subject design.( Jessie is establishing a baseline of a measure she can use to see if her ability to engage in social conversations improves as she progresses in her therapy program.) NOT -Therapist control related to identifying symptoms of social phobia. -Behavior analysis appropriate for a process evaluation. -Asserting independence to establish Jessie's empowerment.

Supplemental Security Income (SSI)

A federal program established to provide assistance to elderly persons and persons with disabilities

Crisis Theory

A model describing the factors that affect people's adjustment to having serious illnesses. The theory proposes that coping processes are influenced by three types of factors: illness-related, background and personal, and physical and social environmental.

Professional Accountability

Professional accountability in social work and other helping professions is: 1.Responsibility that social workers assume for their practice. 2.Obligation to report or account for their actions: to the clients, the profession, the public, and themselves.

Assessment processes in working with families

Defining family. Assessing family stressors. Systems framework for assessing family functioning. Instruments for assessing family functioning, including strengths, risks, and homeostasis. Assessing family communication, rules, and interactions. Family life cycle, member roles, boundaries, decision-making processes, etc. Parent/parent; parent/children/sibling relationships; triangulation. •Genograms, ecomaps, family sculpture, family timelines. •Cultural factors related to assessment.

Role Theories

Describes an individual's social position and function within an environment Applies role concepts in understanding group interaction and role of patient within family and community Role theory refers to the cultural norms regarding psychological and interactional aspects of members of society, such as mothers, fathers, sons, daughters, and grandparents. The originators of role theory are Ralph Linton in sociology and George Herbert Mead in social psychology.

Family systems theory and therapy/Murray Bowen

Family systems therapy is based on Murray Bowen's family systems theory, which holds that individuals are inseparable from their network of relationships. ... According to Bowen, changes in behavior of one family member are likely to have an influence on the way the family functions over time.

Family Theories

Family theory provides a theoretical and therapeutic base for dealing with family-related situations; it is also useful in understanding and managing individual problems by determining the extent to which such problems are related to family issues. A family systems approach argues that in order to understand a family system, a social worker must look at the family as a whole, rather than focusing on its members. People do not exist in a vacuum. They live, play, go to school, and work with other people. Most anthropologists agree that, next to their peculiar tendency to think and use tools, one of the distinguishing characteristics of human beings is that they are social creatures. The social group that seems to be most universal and pervasive in the way it shapes human behavior is the family. For social workers, the growing awareness of the crucial impact of families on clients has led to the development of family systems theory. Family systems theory searches for the causes of behavior, not in the individual alone, but in the interactions among the members of a group. The basic rationale is that all parts of the family are interrelated. Further, the family has properties of its own that can be known only by looking at the relationships and interactions among all members. Apgar PhD LSW ACSW, Dr. Dawn (2015-05-11). Social Work ASWB Masters Exam Guide: A Comprehensive Study Guide for Success (pp. 44-45). Springer Publishing Company. Kindle Edition.

feminization of poverty

Feminization of poverty refers to a trend of increasing inequality in living standards between men and women due to the widening gender gap in poverty.

What theory/theories of poverty suggest that poverty is primarily based on the shortcomings of those who are poor rather than lack of equal opportunities and access to resources?

Individual. (Individual theories of poverty suggest that poverty is based on the shortcomings of those who are poor rather than the policies and institutions that limit their opportunities to meet their basic needs and develop adequate financial assets.) NOT Structural. (Structural theory contends that macro‐level labor market and demographic conditions put people at risk of poverty, and cross‐sectional and temporal differences in these structural factors account for variation in poverty.) Capitalist. (According to the orthodox point of view, poverty is defined as the inability to reach a minimum level of existence, assuming that the main way people obtain their means of subsistence in capitalism is through selling their labor force.) Socialist. (In a socialist system the community (and ultimately the government), rather than the individuals in a community, owns and manages property and natural resources. The ideas of socialism go back as far as Ancient Greek times when a man by the name of Thomas More drew on Platonic ideas that money should be abolished, and people should live and work communally (History.com Editors, 2019). The present-day motivations of socialism stem from the Industrial Revolution. During this time factory owners became extremely wealthy while many of the workers lived in poverty, demonstrating an expanding capitalist system. Quaestus 26 This idea of Socialism, as seen in the Soviet Union, developed further from the ideas that Karl Marx portrayed in his work The Communist Manifesto. Marx's emphasis was on the new clash between capital and labor and getting rid of the class system that controls the means of production. He believed these classes used their power to exploit the labor class.)

Reality Therapy/William Glasser

Individuals strive to meet basic psychological needs and the need to be worthwile to self and others. Brain as control system tries to meet needs Reality therapy is Dr. Glasser's counseling approach using choice theory. Within reality therapy, there is much emphasis on a person learning to develop a strong internal locus of control (i.e., belief that one can attain desired results through one's choices) and a strong sense of responsibility for one's behavior..

how research questions and hypotheses are developed

Induction: starting with a specific case or set of observations and generating a question or hypothesis to test on a larger population Deduction: starting with a theory and generating a question or hypothesis about a specific population

Group Therapy Techniques

Instilling hope. ... Universality. ... Imparting information. ... Altruism. ... The corrective recapitulation of the primary family group. ... Development of socialization techniques. ... Imitative behavior. ... Interpersonal learning.

Privilege

Privilege operates on personal, interpersonal, cultural, and institutional levels and gives advantages, favors, and benefits to members of dominant groups at the expense of members of target groups. In the United States, privilege is granted to people who have membership in one or more of these social identity groups: -White people; -Able-bodied people; -Heterosexuals; -Males; -Christians; -Middle or owning class people; -Middle-aged people; -English-speaking people Privilege is characteristically invisible to people who have it. People in dominant groups often believe that they have earned the privileges that they enjoy or that everyone could have access to these privileges if only they worked to earn them. In fact, privileges are unearned and they are granted to people in the dominant groups whether they want those privileges or not, and regardless of their stated intent. Unlike targets of oppression, people in dominant groups are frequently unaware that they are members of the dominant group due to the privilege of being able to see themselves as persons rather than stereotypes.

Program objectives are most important to know for program evaluation purposes:

Process objectives specifically provide measures of whether the program is being implemented as planned: To establish and fill 3 new LCSW positions by the end of the fiscal year. Outcome objectives specifically provide measures of whether the program is meeting the needs of its clients.To reduce levels of anxiety (as measured by the GAS) reported by clients in the group therapy program by the end of the 12 week program.

difference between experimental vs. quasi-or pre-experimental designs

Quasi-experimental designs are similar to true experiments, but they lack random assignment to experimental and control groups. Quasi-experimental designs have a comparison group that is similar to a control group except assignment to the comparison group is not determined by random assignment. -Experimental designs use random assignment of subjects (R)

Racism

Racism is a system in which one race maintains supremacy over another race through a set of attitudes, behaviors, social structures, and institutional power. Racism is a "system of structured dis-equality where the goods, services, rewards, privileges, and benefits of the society are available to individuals according to their presumed membership in" particular racial groups (Barbara Love, 1994. Understanding Internalized Oppression). A person of any race can have prejudices about people of other races, but only members of the dominant social group can exhibit racism because racism is prejudice plus the institutional power to enforce it.

Multicultural Counseling

•Adapting theories to the meet the needs of all clients •Techniques •Emphasizing Social Context (also known as milieu is how someone reacts to something depending on their immediate social or physical environment.) •Emphasizing Cultural Context (cultural context the environment or situation that is relevant to the beliefs, values, and practices of the culture under study.)

Examples of questions to be answered by outcome evaluations:

•Are clients in a work preparation program finding and keeping jobs (that pay a living wage)? •Are clients in a mental health program experiencing lower levels of symptomatology? •Has the number of housing units available to low income residents increased following the lobbying initiative to increase affordable housing?

Practice/program evaluation provides accountability to programstakeholders, including:

•Clients •Staff •Funding sources,including taxpayers •The general public

Internalized Oppression

The process whereby people in the target group make oppression internal and personal by coming to believe that the lies, prejudices, and stereotypes about them are true. Members of target groups exhibit internalized oppression when they alter their attitudes, behaviors, speech, and self-confidence to reflect the stereotypes and norms of the dominant group. Internalized oppression can create low self-esteem, self-doubt, and even self-loathing. It can also be projected outward as fear, criticism, and distrust of members of one's target group.

Engagement processes in working with individuals

•Establish rapport •Start where the client is •Explore expectations •Be sensitive to cultural differences

format of a research proposal and a research study

•Introduction •Literature Review •Methodology •Results •Discussion The Research Process Step 1: Define the topic Step 2: narrow the topic Step 3: Gather background information Step 4: Create a research question Step 5: Develop a work thesis statement Step 6: Find and evaluate sources Step 7: Cite Sources Step 8: Write the paper

Outcome Evaluation Methodology

The single subject (SSD) designs are useful for starting to develop outcome objectives and measures, but research designs for group comparisons are frequently used in outcome evaluations. Ideally, a classic experimental design can be used.

Phases of Intervention and Treatment

The stages are: engagement, assessment, planning, intervention, evaluation, and termination

Engagement processes in working with families

•"joining"--establish rapport and relationships with individual members and with the family as a whole •establish boundaries and be aware of cultural influences •clarify expectations