COMPLETE RESEARCH METHODS STUDY PACK: ALL QUESTIONS FROM THE TEXT

dr. jones and his stupid light bulbs. 100 households, 50 get 100 watt, 50 get 60 watt. after two months he measured the level of depression for the people living in the houses. how many dependent variables are there?

1

If a between-subjects experiment produces 50 scores in treatment 1 and 50 scores in treatment 2, then the experiment must have employed

100 participants

how many separate groups of participants would be needed for a between-subjects, two-factor study with three levels of factor A and four levels of factor B?

12

a researcher who is examining the effects of temp and humidity on the eating behavior of rats uses a factorial experiment comparing three different temps and two humidity conditions. how many factors are in this experiment?

2

CH 9 how many participants would be needed for a within-subjects experiment comparing four different treatment conditions with a total of 20 scores in each treatment?

20

CH 11 how many independent variables are there in a 2 x 2 x 2 factorial design?

3

Which of the following is a responsibility of the IRB?

All of the above; they decide whether the process is fair and equitable , decide whether signed consent is necessary, decide whether the privacy of participants is protected.

which of the following is the best descriptions of the scientific method?

a circular process that leads to a tentative answer

a researcher reports that there is no consistent relationship between GPA and the number of hours spend studying for college students. which of the following is the best description for the correlation between GPA and number of hours studying?

a correlation near zero

a researcher would like to examine the relationship between self-esteem and academic performance for high school students. instead of a correlational study, what kind of study should they use?

a differential study comparing academic performance scores for a group of high self-esteem students and a group of low self-esteem students

a researcher moved an experiment out of the laboratory and into the real world. this type of research is called:

a field study

the following data represent the means for each treatment condition in a two-factor experiment. what pattern of results is shown on the data (p.277)?

a main effect for factor A and an interaction but no main effect for factor B

a college professor reports that students who finish exams early tend to get better grades than students who hold onto exams until the last possible moment. the correlation between exam score and amount of time spent on the exam is an example of:

a negative correlation

what is the appropriate hypothesis test for a within-subjects design comparing mean differences for three treatment conditions?

a repeated-measures analysis of variance

which of the following is a general plan for implementing a research strategy?

a research design

CH 5 EXAM II Dr. Near conducts an experiment on memory for individuals who are above the age of 65. although there are millions of people above the age of 65, she selects a group of 25 to participate in the experiment. what name is given to the group of 25?

a sample

which of the following describes a completely counterbalanced within-subjects experiment?

a series of treatments is presented in every possible sequence

which of the following is typically examined in case study?

a single individual

which of the following is a brief summary of a psychology article

abstract

which of the following is an example of plagiarism?

all of the above; coping someone else's words without giving credit, paraphrasing someone else's words without giving them credit, using someone else's ideas without credit

the guidelines for nonhuman subjects in research are similar to the guidelines for human participants but also include extra provisions concerning what additional topic(s)?

all of the above; housing, medical care, daily maintenance

what questions should you ask when reading an introduction to a research article

all of the above; is the literature review up-to-date?, is the hypothesis related to the literature reviewed?, does the prediction logically follow the hypothesis?

which of the following is typical of quantitative research

all of the above; it involves measuring variables for each individual, it usually involves numerical scores, it uses statistical analysis to summarize and interpret results

which of the following is an advantage of a two-treatment within-subjects design compared to a multiple-treatment design?

all of the above; reduce risk of participant attrition, reduce risk that time-related factors influence data, it is easier to counterbalance a design with only two treatments

which of the following is a possible use for a factorial design?

all of the above; replicate and expand previous research, examine order effects for a within-subjects study, reduce variance in a between-subjects study

which of the following is not a possible outcome from a 2 x 2 factorial design?

all of the above; two main effects and an interaction, two main and no interaction, no main for either factor but an interaction

which of the following is a disadvantage of using an operational definition

all of the other options are disadvantages; O.D. may not be an accurate reflection of the construct, O.D. may leave out important components , the O.D. may include extra components that are not part of the construct

which of the following is a distinction between science and pseudoscience?

all the other options are differences; pseudoscience tends to dismiss or refuse to accept negative results, pseudoscience tends to rely on testimonials and selected results, pseudoscience tends to treat criticism as a personal attack

how would research studies that are intended to answer practical problems be classified?

applied research

a researcher is intrigued by an explanation of children's problem-solving strategies found in a journal article and develops a research study to determine whether the article's ideas are correct. how would this study be classified?

basic research

counting the number of times a third-grade student leaves their seat without permission during a 30-minute observation period is an example of using what modality of measurement?

behavioral

Which principle of the Belmont report corresponds to the guideline of no harm?

beneficence

which of the following was not mentioned as a safeguard against fraud?

careful review by the IRB

what kind of research was used to study the brain surgery patient H.M. who lost the ability to store new memories?

case study research

CH 2 while shopping, you observe the behavior of adolescents at the mall and get some ideas about what may be causing the behavior. This is an example of getting research ideas from:

casual observation

the results from a correlational study show a positive relationship between aggressive behavior for 6-year-old children and the amount of violence they watch on television. based on this relationship, which of the following conclusions is justified?

children who watch more TV violence exhibit more aggressive behavior

a teacher obtains a sample of children from a fifth-grade classroom by randomly selecting the third, fifth, and eigth rows and taking all the students in those rows. what kind of sampling is this?

cluster sampling

a study examining relationship between humor and memory. one group is 8-year-old students the other is 10-year-old students. in this study age is potentially a _____ variable

confounding

in order to establish an unambiguous relationship between two variables, it is necessary to eliminate the possible influence of which of the following variables?

confounding variables

CH 3 what term is used for a variable that cannot be observed or measured directly but is useful for describing and explaining behavior?

construct

when researchers use behavioral observation techniques to measure behaviors in movies, what is the measurement process called?

content analysis

a researcher recruits a sample of 35 preschool children for a research study by posting an announcement in a local daycare center describing the study and offering a $10 payment for participation. what kind of sampling is the researcher using?

convenience sampling

which of the following sampling techniques is most likely to result in a biased sample?

convenience sampling

how can order effects be measured and evaluated?

counterbalance and use a factorial design with the order of treatments as a second factor

cues given to participants about how they are expected to behave define which of the following terms?

demand characteristics

in an observational study of children diagnosed with ASD, you record how much time each child spends playing alone during a 30-minute observation period. which method of quantifying behavior is being used?

duration

CH 8 which statement best characterizes a between-subjects research design?

each participant is assigned to one condition of the experiment

the ages of the children in a summer camp ranged from 7-12 years old. a counselor constructs a frequency distribution graph showing the number of children for each of the six ages. what kind of graph would be appropriate?

either a histogram or a polygon

which of the following accurately describes diffusion?

elements of the treatment in one group have spread to another group

Results from a research study suggest that a stop-smoking program is very successful. However, the participants who volunteered for the study were all highly motivated to quit smoking and the researcher is concerned that the same results may not be obtained for smokers who are not as motivated. what kind of validity is being questioned?

external validity

the degree to which your research results generalize beyond specific characteristics of your study refers to:

external validity

which of the following describes a variable that exists in a study but is not being directly examined

extraneous

the results from a two-factor ANOVA show no main effect for factor A but a significant interaction. what can you conclude based on this pattern of results?

factor A may have an effect but, if so, it depends on the levels of factor B

a hypothesis is a _____ statement and a prediction is a _____ statement.

general; specific

experimental research studies tend to have very _____ internal validity but often have relatively _____ external validity.

high; low

which of the following is an option for limiting the variance within treatment conditions?

hold a participant variable constant

the first step in the research process is:

identifying a topic area and searching literature to find a research question

which of the following maximizes the likelihood of a successful research result?

increase the differences between treatments and decrease the variance within treatments

when comparing means in a two-group design, which statistical analysis is most appropriate?

independent-measures t-test

for a between-subjects experiment, which of the following is a possible threat to internal validity?

individual differences that exist between treatments

what kind of reasoning uses a few specific observations to produce a general hypothesis?

inductive reasoning

p. 373-389 which general category of statistical methods is intended to answer questions about a population by using sample data?

inferential statistics

If a researcher explains what will happen in a research study using language that potential participants probably cannot understand , then what ethical guideline is being violated?

informed consent

which of the following is a responsibility for the IRB but is not mentioned in the responsibilities for the IACUC?

insuring informed consent

a researcher measures mood, happy music 20min, sad music 20min. however happy room was yellow sad room was dark brown. what kind of validity is being questioned?

internal validity

in a between-subjects experiment, if the participants in one group have characteristics that are different from the participants in another group, then which of the following is threatened?

internal validity

in a within-subjects research study comparing different treatment conditions at different times, what kind of validity is threatened by factors that change over time, such as history and maturation?

internal validity

what aspect of a study is threatened if the participants are tested in one treatment condition at one time and then tested in a second treatment condition at a different time?

internal validity

Holding a variable constant is a technique for removing one threat to ________ but it can limit the ________ of an experiment.

internal validity; external validity

researchers often use simulation experiments in an attempt to obtain the _____ of an experiment and still keep much of the _____ of research conducted in the real world

internal validity; external validity

which of the following accurately describes a two-factor analysis of varience?

it conducts three separate hypothesis tests and produces three F-ratios

what is the effect of increasing the time between treatment conditions in a within-subjects experiment?

it decreases the threat of the order effect fatigue

what is typically included in the introduction section of a research article?

it describes the overall purpose and rationale of the research

how does the descriptive research strategy differ from the experimental research strategy?

it does not concern relationships between variables

how does holding a variable constant prevent the variable from becoming a confound?

it eliminates the possibility that the variable will be substantially different from one group to another

which of the following is an advantage of the between-subjects design versus the within-subjects design?

it eliminates the risk of order effects

in an experiment, what is the purpose for manipulating the independent variable?

it helps establish the direction of the relationship and it helps eliminate the third-variable problem

a researcher exposes people to a stressful situation (such as public speaking) to examine the effect of stress on depressed mood. why would the researcher also include a measure of stress?

it is a manipulation check

during a study using the behavioral research strategy, it is common to have two observers record behavior. what is the purpose of this?

it is used to insure the objectivity of the measurements

which of the following is the primary limitation of a two-group design?

it may not provide a complete picture of the relationship between the variables

which of the following characteristics are necessary for an extraneous variable to become a confounding variable?

it must change systematically when the independent variable is changed

what is the purpose for using a control condition in an experiment?

it provides a baseline that can be used to evaluate the size of the treatment effect

what is typically included in the methods section

it provides the details of the methodology used in the study

which of the following is a potential problem with holding a participant variable constant?

it threatens the external validity of the study

Although field studies tend to have higher external validity that traditional laboratory studies, they also tend to have _____.

lower internal validity

in an experiment comparing two treatments, the researcher assigns participants to treatment conditions so that each condition has fifteen 7-year-old children and ten 8-year-old children. for this study, what method is being used to control participant age?

matching

which of the following is a limitation of using matching rather than random assignment to form groups in a between-subjects experiment?

matching requires another measurement procedure

in a within-subjects study that extends over a long time, is it possible that there will be systematic changes in the participants' skills or knowledge during the time of the study. if these changes influence the participants' scores, causing scores at the end of the study to be different than the beginning, what is this effect called?

maturation

which of the following accurately described the relationship between validity and reliability

measurement cannot be valid unless it is reliable

CH 4 What kind of research was the focus for the most of the early attempts to establish ethical research guidelines?

medical research with humans

which method of knowing is used when you find the address and phone number of a restaurant by googling the name of the restaurant?

method of authority

a restaurant chef tried replacing rice with pasta in one of her recipes to see what would happen. which method of acquiring knowledge is she using?

method of empiricism

which of the following is the primary goal for randomly assigning participants to treatment conditions in an experiment?

minimize the likelihood that a participant variable (such as age or gender) becomes a confounding variable

a factorial study measures allergy symptoms before and after taking medication for a group taking the real medication and a control taking a placebo. what kind of design is being used?

mixed design

the students in one gym class receive a self-esteem program as part of sports training. to evaluate the program, a researcher measure self-esteem before and after the program and compares the scores with another class that did not receive the program but was measured at the same two times. what kind of design is being used?

mixed design

for scores measured on a nominal scale of measurement (e.g. job classification), which measure of central tendency is appropriate?

mode

a research study attempts to describe the relationship between self-esteem and birth order position by measuring self-esteem for each individual in a group of first-born boys, and then comparing the results with later-born boys. which research strategy is being used?

non-experimental

for situations in which the researcher cannot know the complete list of potential participants, what kind of sampling is necessary?

non-probability sampling

which of the following accurately defines compensatory equalization?

one group demands the same benefits received by another group

which of the following accurately defines compensatory rivalry?

one group works extra hard to make up for not receiving the benefits received by another group

CH 7 how do studies using the experimental research strategy differ from other types of research?

only experiments can demonstrate a cause-and-effect relationship among variables

which of the following accurately describes the scores in a between-subjects experiment?

only one score is obtained for each participant

an elementary school teacher separates students into high, medium, and low reading skill groups. what scale of measurement is being used to create the groups?

ordinal

a researcher is interested in the sleeping habits of students at the local college. the average number of hours spent sleeping each night for the entire set of students enrolled at the college is an example of:

parameter

which technique would probably be used by a researcher who wanted to observe behaviors in a private social club?

participant observation

using a PET scan to measure brain activity while participants solve math problems is an example of using what modality of measurement?

physiological

an experiment includes a treatment condition, a no-treatment control , and a placebo control. which two conditions should be compared to determine the size of the effect that is actually caused by the treatment?

placebo versus treatment

what would the scatter plot show for data that produce a Pearson correlation of r = +.88?

points clustered close to a line that slopes up to the right

research results indicate that the more time individuals spend watching educational television programs as preschool children, the higher their high school grades will be. what kind of relationship exists between educational TV and high school grades

positive

a research study reports that participants who scored high on a new test measuring self-esteem made eye contact during an interview, whereas participants who scored low on the test avoided eye contact. assuming that more eye contact is associated with higher self-esteem, what kind of validity is being demonstrated?

predictive

a researcher would like to select a sample of 50 people so that five different age groups are equally represented in the sample. assuming that the researcher does not know the entire list of people in the population, which sampling technique should be used?

quota sampling

if each person in a large group has an equal chance of being included in an experiment, then what kind of sampling is being used?

random sampling

which of the following does not guarantee that a specific participant variable will not become a confounding variable?

randomizing the variable across treatment

After measuring a set of individuals, a researcher finds that Bob's score is three times greater than Jane's score. These measurements must come from a(n) ________ scale.

ratio

last year tim and his friend jack were both too short to ride the roller coaster. jack went to the park this year and was tall enough to ride the ride. tim knows he is taller than jack, so he knows he will be tall enough. which method of knowing is tim using?

rational method

a researcher conducts a study in which 50 college students are assigned to different treatments and tested. in the study, the students are called:

research participants

the multiple-choice questions in an exam are examples of which type of survey question

restricted

what is meant by saying that "science is objective"?

scientific answers are obtained without influence by the researcher's biases or beliefs

for a within-subjects study comparing two treatments, A and B, a researcher expects that practice in the first treatment will improve the participants' score in the second treatment. if the order of treatments is counterbalanced, than what scores will be influenced by the practice?

scores in treatment A for half the participants and score in treatment B for half the participants

using an anonymous questionnaire to determine how many times students send or receive text messages during class is an example of using what modality of measurement?

self-report

when comparing means in a single-factor multiple group design, which statistical analysis is most appropriate?

single-factor ANOVA

a researcher used an anonymous survey to investigate the study habits of american college students. based on the set of 56 surveys that were completed and returned, the researcher finds that these student spend an average of 4.1 hours each week working on course material outside of class. for this study, the average of 4.1 hours is an example of a:

statistic

a researcher would like to describe and compare the attitudes of four different ethnic groups of students at a local state college. what kind of sampling would be best?

stratified random sampling

what is an advantage to administering a survey over the internet?

survey can be individualized based on responses

what name is given to the group of individuals from which researches actually select participants for research studies?

the accessible population

which of the following is the definition of varience?

the average squared distance from the mean

which research design is commonly used to help establish the reliability or validity of a measurement procedure?

the correlational design

what is measured by the Pearson correlation?

the degree of linear relationship

CH 13 a researcher conducts a survey to determine the average number of text messages that college students send or receive during a typical 1-hour class. which research strategy is being used?

the descriptive research strategy

a researcher reports a positive relationship between sugar consumption and activity level for a group of 8-year-old children. however, the researcher cannot be sure whether the extra sugar is causing the children to be more active or whether the extra activity is causing the children to eat more sugar. which of the following is demonstrated by this example?

the directionality problem

research indicates the people who suffer from depression also tend to experience insomnia. however, it is unclear whether the depression causes insomnia or the lack of sleep causes depression. what problem is demonstrated by this example?

the directionality problem

a journal article reports that a new teaching strategy is very effective for first-grade students. a teacher wonders if the same strategy would be effective for a class of third-grade students. what is the teacher questioning?

the external validity of the report

what is measured and removed to reduce the variance in within-subjects design compared to a between-subjects design?

the individual differences

which of the following accurately describes the idiographic approach to research?

the intensive study of one individual

although surveys can be used with a variety of different research strategies, which of the following is the defining characteristic of the survey research design?

the intent is simply to describe behaviors

CH 12 which of the following is a defining characteristic of the correlational research strategy?

the intent is to demonstrate the relationship between variables

Why is an artifact like experimenter bias a threat to the validity of measurement?

the measurements may be distorted by the artifact

CH 1 which method of knowing is being used by a student who believes that his performance on tests is influenced by wearing a lucky hat?

the method of tenacity

dr. jones hopes to demonstrate that children who eat a more nutritious breakfast tend to have more academic success than peers. if the result is obtained, then _____ would be the predictor variable and _____ would be the criterion variable for the study.

the nutrition in the breakfast; the level of success

how can sensitization threaten external validity of a study?

the results may be limited to the individuals who have experienced pretest

why is the range effect known as a 'ceiling effect' a problem for researchers?

the scores are already so high that there is no chance of measuring improvement.

what additional information is obtained by measuring on an interval scale compared to an ordinal scale?

the size of the differences

which of the following would be in danger of relying upon a primary source?

there is no danger because you can rely on primary sources for accurate information

which of the following is not a good example of a research hypothesis

there is no relationship between fatigue and reaction time

which of the following describes participants taking on the negativistic subject role?

they try to act that their data are in contrast to the hypothesis

which of the following is usually the initial factor for determining whether a specific article is relevant to your research question?

title

what us the goal of an operational definition?

to provide a definition and a method for measuring a hypothetical construct

which of the following commonly occurs in a correlational study?

two variables are measured

how can variance be reduced in a between-subjects design?

use a factorial design adding a participant variable (such as age) as a second factor

a researcher uses a correlation to demonstrate that a new 5-minute test for intelligence produces scores that are strongly related to the score from traditional IQ tests. what is the researcher attempting to demonstrate about the new 5-minute test?

validity

for which of the following questions would the scientific method be an appropriate method for seeking an answer?

what conditions promote student learning in an elementary classroom?

CH 6 which of the following questions can be addressed with the descriptive strategy?

what is the average number of text messages that a typical adolescent sends a month

for an experiment that compares two treatment conditions with ten scores in each treatment, which design would require fewer subjects?

within-subjects design