Complete Zoology Final

Describe how parasitic platyhelminthes carry out the 7 basic life processes [movement, respire, sense, nutrients, excrete, reproduction/growth]

1. Move: cilia 2. Respire: diffusion 3. Sense: ocelli, chemoreception 4. Gain Nutrients: absorption through the skin 5. Excrete: diffusion 6/7: Reproduce/Grow: alternate between both hosts, both sexual and asexual, proglottids passed on in fecal matter

Describe how free living platyhelminthes carry out the 7 basic life processes [movement, respire, sense, nutrients, excrete, reproduction/growth]

1. Move: cilia, muscles 2. Respire: diffusion 3. Sense: auricles, eye sockets, nerve cords and neurons 4. Gain Nutrients: pharynx - intestine - gastrodermis breaks up food - pharynx 5. Excrete: diffusion 6/7. Reproduce/Grow: asexual and sexual / I'm assuming cell division

How do Cnidarians carry out the 7 basic life processes? [movement, respire, sense, nutrients, excrete, reproduction/growth]

1. Movement: Hydrostatic skeleton: water filled sac blown up with water, muscles push and pull against it 2. Respire: diffusion 3. Sense: primitive nervous system (eyesight, muscles in tentacles) 4. Gain Nutrients: grab and eat 5. Excrete: diffusion 6. Reproduce: sexually and asexually 7. Grow: Polyp (Asexual, Sessile) and Medusa (Dioecious, Free swimming, Abundant mesoglea)

How do poniferans carry out the 7 basic life processes? [movement, respire, sense, nutrients, excrete, reproduction/growth]

1. Movement: adults are sessile, larvae an move 1 mm a day 2. Respire: diffusion, current created by choanocytes move gases across cells 3. Sense: no sense organs but can detect changes in environment 4. Gain Nutrients: diffusion, choanocytes catch food particles, archeocytes break down food particles 5. Excrete: diffusion 6. Reproduction: Asexual (use gemmules), sexual (zygotes develop into parenchymula) 7. Grow: cells divide and sponge grows

How do protozoans carry out the 7 basic life processes?

1. Movement: cilia and flagella 2. Reproduce: sexually or asexually 3. Sense: chemical, tactile (cilia), light sensitive organelles 4. Grain nutrients: autotroph (make own food), heterotroph (animal like) 5. Excrete: diffusion, osmoregulation is a big part of how cells work 6. Respire: diffusion 7. Grow: they get plasma, cells get bigger, then cells divide, repeat

Define derived characters

A characteristic that evolved in the lineage leading up to a clade and that sets members of that clade apart from other individuals

What was Lyell's contribution to our understanding of evolution?

A geologist who was first to believe that the earth was older than 300 million years, he made observations that showed that geological changed happed through slow continuous activity

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of the arthropods? a. ALL of the choices offered are characteristics of the arthropods b. jointed appendages c. coelom d. segmented body e. exoskeleton

ALL of the choices offered are characteristics of the arthropods

How are sponges classified?

Based on spicules and spongin

why is the science of population ecology is relevant to understanding evolution?

Because the environment plays a big part in natural selection

What was Darwin's contribution to our understanding of evolution?

Came up with the basis for today's theory of evolution, that is happens gradually over time due to natural selection or in his words "survival of the fittest"

What was Malthrus's contribution to our understanding of evolution?

Came up with the theory that population growth will always tend to outrun food supply, which will lead to competition/struggle to survive to bring the population back down

Describe the diversity of the Phylum Arthropoda and identify the distinguishing groups

Chelicerata - Arachnida - harvestmen, scorpions, spiders, ticks, and mites - Merostomata - horseshoe crabs Crustacea - Brachiopoda - Water flies - Malacostraca - crayfish, lobster, crabs, krill - Thecostraca - barnacles Hexapoda - Insecta - insects (see more taxonomy and selected orders for insects) Myriapoda - Chilopoda - centipedes - Diplopoda - millipedes (think "Di" for "two" and "poda" for "feet" → millipedes "two feet" per segment)

Why is Linnaeus's naming system binomial?

Could be more specific with two words, first one indicating the genus and the second the specific epithet

While most insects have four wings, _____________ have only two. a. Odonota b. Coleoptera c. Hymenoptera d. Diptera e. Lepidoptera

Diptera

List the order of the classification system

Domain, Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, Species [Dumb King Phillip Came Over From Great Spain]

[T/F] All members of the Phylum Annelida consume organic and decayed plant matter

False

Discuss the importance of gene duplication as described in "What Darwin Never Knew" and how does this relate to the chapter we read by Neil Shubin (Your Inner Fish) in terms of the VW Beetle turned into a hot rod example.

Gene duplication relied on mistakes to cause mutations to cause variance in species. However, like in Your Inner Fish, if the mutations are too much, the organism cannot handle it all at once and it will die. Therefore, evolution is slow.

How did Darwin's journey on the Beagle and his studies involving domesticated animal breeding affect his thinking?

He saw with artificial selection in the breeding of pigeons and dogs that you could slowly change the traits of types of dogs/pigeons over time, then the finches were a natural example of this selection in nature

What was Lamarck's contribution to our understanding of evolution?

He was correct that changes happened over time in reference to evolution, however he was wrong when he thought it was about what the parent passed to the child, it's a much longer process than just one generation and was not about individuals

describe how speciation occurs due to reproductive isolation

In reproductive isolation, the two species cannot share genes. Then mutation, genetic drift, and natural selection can cause the two groups to evolve in different ways, turning them into different species

How is gas exchange accomplished in an insect? a. Insects have tracheae that carry air deep into the body where exchange occurs directly with the tissues. b. They have book gills which are modifications of the exoskeleton into a series of leaflike plates that serve as a surface for gas exchange. c. They have feather-like gills through which blood and water flow in a countercurrent mechanism for efficient gas exchange d. Insects have primitive lungs, called book lungs, wich are a series of internal plates that provide surfaces for exchange of gasses between the blood and air. e. Insects use skin as a gas-exchange surface; blood is circulated near the skin and picks up on oxygen and releases carbon dioxide

Insects have tracheae that carry air deep into the body where exchange occurs directly with the tissues.

Which of the following statements is true regarding metamerism? a. It arose only once in animal evolution b. It is found only in Annelida and Chordata c. It permits a variety of locomotor and supportive functions not possible in nonmetameric animals. d. Its main disadvantage is that it increases the likelihood that injury will result in the death of the animal.

It permits a variety of locomotor and supportive functions not possible in nonmetameric animals.

Define metamerism and list the three phyla that show true metamerism characters

Metamerism: segmentation o Phyla: Annelida, Arthropoda, Chordata

How do the Gastropoda from the phylum Mollusca carry out the 7 life processes? [movement, respire, sense, nutrients, excrete, reproduction/growth]

Movement - Foot - Ciliary Action-bottom of foot Respire - Breathe through a single gill - supplied with oxygen by a current of water through the mantle cavity - [Land snails breathe using a lung] Sense - No sense of hearing - Olfactory organs located on the tips of the four tentacles. - Basic cup eyes that detect light and dark. - Basic branching nervous system Nutrients - Radula, teeth like structure used for scraping and breaking down food. - Complete digestive system. - U-shaped digestive tract Excrete - Due to torsion, waste wash back over the gills (fouling) - Digestive tract moves laterally and dorsally so anus lies above the head within the mantle cavity - Nephridium removes waste from the blood (function is similar to our kidneys) Reproduction and growth - Torsion during growth - Sexual reproduction-dioecious/monecious (spermatophores) - Coiling may occur in larval stage

How do the Bivalvia from the phylum Mollusca carry out the 7 life processes? [movement, respire, sense, nutrients, excrete, reproduction/growth]

Movement - Most move by extending their slender muscular foot between the valves. - Some are sessile - Some use their shells for locomotion by clapping the valves together to move in spurts (scallops) Respire - Respiratory currents bring both oxygen to their gills Sense - three pairs of widely separated ganglin and poorly developed sense organs - it is rare for this group but eyes can be complex with a retina, cones, and rods (scallops- most mobile so that makes sense) Nutrients - suspension feeders water is drawn in through the incurrent opening and across the gills - use mucus to trap food in their gills Excrete - Three-chambered heart pumps blood to nephridium (kidneys) for waste elimination - Digested food travels through intestine and is excreted out the anus - Waste excreted from anus is expelled by excurrent flow produced by the excurrent siphon. Reproduction and growth - Larval stage of freshwater clams develop into specialized forms called glochidia - Glochidia can attach to gills of fish or their mothers. In fish they travel for the first for 20-70 days - After larval stage, many bivalves develop a sedentary adult form

Describe how members of the Phylum Arthropoda, (specifically Insecta) carry out the 7 basic life processes [movement, respire, sense, nutrients, excrete, reproduction/growth]

Movement - flight (wings) - Walk (6 legs) Respire - Gas exchange occurs in a internal cavity - Tracheal system: an extensive network of walled tubes that branch into every part of the body - Air enters through holes called spicules and travels through the trachea directly into the tissues Sense - Large *compounded eyes* - Sensilla: modifications to the cuticula surface for the reception of sensory stimuli other than light -- Detection of sound -- Relies on tympanic organs sensitive to the ultrasonic sound - 3 ocelli on head Nutrients - Complete digestive system - Many different types of mouthpart modifications (sucking, chewing, piercing, etc.) Excrete - *Malpighian tubes* are used as excretory organs and as a mean of conserving body fluids, depending on need of the insects metabolic wastes are cleaned from hem Reproduction/Growth - separate sexes -females ten to be bigger - Hormones regulated metamorphosis - Incomplete metamorphosis (ex: grasshoppers) - Hememetabolis -- Nymph -> Adult - Same basic food and body shape during each stage - Wings don't usually appear until adulthood - Complete metamorphosis (ex: butterflies) - Holometabolis -- Larva -> Pupa -> Adult - Larva and adults eat different foods (fill different niches = less competition and better chances of survival)

How do the Cephalopoda from the phylum Mollusca carry out the 7 life processes? [movement, respire, sense, nutrients, excrete, reproduction/growth]

Movement - swim by forcefully expelling water from the mantle cavity through a ventral funnel (jet-propulsion method) Respire - Closed circulatory system with a networks of vessels, and blood flows through the gills via capillaries. - The branchial (gill) hearts, or accessory hearts, increase the blood pressure in the gills which permits more gas exchange. Sense - have tentacles - have complex eyes - have well developed nervous system, includes most complex brain among vertebrates - eyes show a high degree of convergent evolution with those of invertebrates - Chromatophores: pigment cells that are attached to muscle so they can change color rapidly (communication/defense/camouflage) Nutrients - feed on small fishes, mollusks, crustaceans, and worms - predators! - use arms to capture and handle food - complete digestion system - digestion is extracellular and occurs in stomach and cecum - radula tears off pieces of flesh as well as a beak Excrete - Closed circulatory system - Nephridium removes waste from the blood (function is similar to our kidneys) Reproduction and growth - Tend to have a short life span (grow fast) - Most lack external sex characteristics - Attract a mate with colors - Males have a sperm-carrying arm

Describe how Annelids carry out the 7 basic life processes [movement, respire, sense, nutrients, excrete, reproduction/growth]

Movement - circular and longitudinal muscles - Setae: anchor body as body moves through soil Respire - Some species have gills; terrestrial earthworms diffuse through skin Sense - Sense light and vibrations - No developed eyes - Brain found in first segment of the body; nerve cord runs along ventral side of body and connects to brain Nutrients - Complete digestive system - Draws in vegetation through pharynx - Eat raw and decayed plant material - Food stored in crop - Food ground in gizzard Excrete - Nephridia: organ used for excretion; found in almost every segment - Waste moves from the nephridia through the nephridiopore then out the anus Growth/Reproduction - Monoecious (has both male and female reproductive organs) -- Exchange sperm with one another -- Partners are held together by mucus created by the citellum -- Mating pairs pull apart and the cocoon is formed by citellum that holds together both egg and sperm -- In cocoon is where fertilization occurs - Presence of citellum is marking of reproductive maturity (adult)

What is the difference between polyp and medusa forms?

Polyp- cylindrical, fixed, rarely free, found near water mark attached to rocks, asexual reproduction Medusa- umbrella-like, free swimming, sexual reproduction

Which of the following best describes Annelida? a. Protostome, Coelomate, Ecdysozoa b. Protostome, Coelomate, Lophotrochozoa c. Deuterostome, Coelomate, Lophotrochozoa d. Protostome, Pseudocoelomate, Ecdysozoa e. Deuterostome, Pseudocoelomate, Ecdysozoa

Protostome, Coelomate, Lophotrochozoa

The Phylum Nematoda is classified as _______________ because of its embryonic development and then sub-categorized as _______________ due to _________________. (make this a true statement). a. Protostome, Ecdysozoa, molting b. Protostome, Ecdysozoa, not molting c. Protostome, Lophotrochozoa, not molting d. Deuterostome, Lophotrochozoa, not molting e. Deuterostome, Lophotrochozoa, molting

Protostome, Ecdysozoa, molting

What is the ecological role of poriferans?

Provide shelter and are sometimes a source of food

A strobila is a structure found in the life cycle of members of the class a. Placozoa b. Hydrozoa c. Cubozoa d. Scyphozoa e. Anthozoa

Scyphozoa

describe the role of switches in gene regulation and why these are important in the field of evo-devo

Switches allow genes to do multiple things at once and to have one of those things changed without effecting the rest of the gene

Define zoology and relate the discipline to other areas of biology

The scientific study of the behavior, structure, physiology, classification, and distribution of animals

discuss how the modern genetic revolution has made contributions to our understanding of evolution, specifically Evo. Devo.

We have discovered that the DNA we formerly thought of a "junk DNA" is actually genetic switches that are responsible for turning genes on and off at specific times as needed

Define clade

a group that begins with ancestor and includes all descendants of ancestor

What is the difference between abiotic and biotic factors?

abiotic factor - non-living chemical and physical parts of the environment that affect living organisms and the functioning of ecosystems ex. rain, wind, temperature, pollution, altitude, etc. biotic factor - factor created by a living thing or any living component within an environment in which the action of that organism affects the life of another organism ex. animals, birds, plants, fungi, anything living really

The most successful of all animal groups are the... a. mollusks b. chordates c. mollusks d. echinoderms e. arthropods

arthropods

The flagellated cells that line the canals of the sponge are called a. ostia b. choanocytes c. pinacocytes d. osculum e. porocytes

choanocytes

The Phylum Cnidaria has a unique mechanism for defending themselves and/or capturing prey called a. ctenophors b. scyphistoma c. planula d. cnidocytes e. nerve net

cnidocytes

In an earthworm the food (organic and decayed plant material) is stored in the ___________ and ground up in the ____________. a. stomach, gizzard b. crop, stomach c. esophagus, crop d. esophagus, gizzard e. crop, gizzard

crop, gizzard

What is the difference between density dependent factor and density independent factor?

density dependent factor - Any factor limiting the size of a population whose effect is dependent on the number of individuals in the population ex. disease as it finds it easier to spread the more individuals there are, food, predation, migration, other biotic factors normally density independent factor - Any factor limiting the size of a population whose effect is not dependent on the number of individuals in the population ex. earthquakes will kill the species with no regard to size, weather, other abiotic factors

A life cycle that has two different body forms is called a. complicated b. polymorphic c. anthroploid d. dimorphic e. endomoprhic

dimorphic

The molting process in arthropods is known as ... a. ecdysis b. tagmatization c. metamprohosis d. paedomorphosis e. echalization

ecdysis

The gastrodermis that lines the inside of the gastrovascular cavity of the members of the phylum Cnidaria is primarily composed of a. epithelial cells b. cnidocyte cells c. mesogleal cells d. epitheliomuscular cells e. gastrodermal cells

epithelial cells

Define ancestral characters

feature of a lineage or taxon is one that is inherited from the common ancestor of a clade (or clade group) and has undergone little change since

______________, along with other arthropod characteristics, has resulted in insects becoming the most abundant and diverse group of terrestrial animals. a. Having compound eyes b. Having 6 legs c. Flight d. Having a centralized nervous system e. Having a closed circulatory system

flight

Which of the following has biramous appendages? a. grasshoppers b. mites c. scorpions d. centipedes e. horseshoe crabs

horseshoe crabs

Define limiting resource and carrying compacity

limiting resource - environmental conditions that limit the growth, abundance, or distribution of an organism or a population of organisms in an ecosystem, may be biological or physical carrying capacity - the maximum population size of the species that the environment can sustain indefinitely, given the food, habitat, water, and other necessities available in the environment

The cnidarian body form that is adapted for floating or free swimming is the a. polypoid b. mesoglea c. polyp d. medusa e. euplectella

medusa

The sexes are separate in some sea anemones, while others have individuals with both types of gonads. This latter type of animal is called a. diploid b. dioecious c. sexual d. asexual e. monoecious

monoecious

Earthworms are _________________ and use their ___________ to form a cocoon for their eggs. a. dioecious, setae b. dioecious, clitellum c. dioecious, oviduct d. monoecious, setae e. monoecious, clitellum f. monoecious, oviduct

monoecious, clitellum

Define adaptive radiation and understand how this relates to Darwin's famous Galapagos finches

o *Adaptive radiation*: formation of new forms from ancestral species in response to the opening of new habitats o When the finches arrived at the Galapagos islands, there was a ton of open niches for them to fill, so through adaptive radiation the finches diversified in form to fill those niches (i.e. their beaks)

compare convergent evolution of analogous characters with homologous characters as well as provide examples of each

o Analogous characters - structures that are functionally similar due to independent evolution Ex. bird and insect wings o Homologous characters - structures/processes derived from a common ancestor, has similar structure but different function Ex. the arm bone thing (1 to 2 to many bones)

Describe the two basic characteristics of multicellularity and some basic idea of how the first multicellular organisms could have evolved

o Colonial hypothesis: spherical colony of flagellated cells, cells become differentiated for different functions (most logical) o Syncytial hypothesis: single celled, protist lays down plasma to become multicell

list the 3 modes of selection as well as be able to draw are representational graph of each mode, give an example of each mode, and identify an example of each mode of selection.

o Directional Selection Graph: one peak that moves right or left on the graph [average changes] o Disruptive Selection Graph: one peak that slowly splits into two separate peaks o Stabilizing Selection Graph: A graph that undergoes leptokurtosis

What are the 4 types of tissue? (give an example of each)

o Epithelial: stomach lining o Connective: bone o Muscle: smooth muscle in intestinal wall o Nervous: nerve tissue

Describe how each of the following contributes to Darwin's evolutionary theory: fossils, geologic distributions of closely related animals, homology, and animal classification

o Fossils - There were fossils that were clearly older relations of animals on earth during Darwin's time. So, Darwin looked at these fossils and realized that something happened thousands of years ago to these animals to give us our current versions o Geologic distributions of closely related animals - Darwin specifically noticed this in tortoises on the Galapagos. They were closely related with minor differences to distinguish them (i.e. long vs. short necks) but that made all the difference what niches they filled. So, at one point these two species were one but evolution had forced them apart through adaptive radiation. o Homology - Most animals on earth follow a basic pattern in body layout. For example, most animals have the same arm layout of 1 bone -> 2 bones -> many bones. This lead in favor of a common ancestor before evolution pulled everyone apart o Animal classification - animals were classified based on how closely they appeared to be related but how come some animals appeared more similar then others?

list the 5 mechanisms for evolution and understand why natural selection is not the same thing as evolution.

o Genetic Drift - random changes in allele frequencies, due to chance, more likely in small populations o Gene Flow - change in allele frequency due to immigration or emigration (gene flow between different species) o Mutation - Changes in DNA, ultimate source of new alleles, occurs only by chance o Nonrandom Mating - Individuals mate based on phenotypes, certain alleles are more likely to be passed on o Natural Selection - different reproduction of individuals with different traits (alleles) in response to environment, preserves favorable traits and reduced unfavorable traits o Natural selection is a nonrandom mechanism that drives evolutionary change. Evolution refers to the cumulative changes in a population and species through time.

compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis. More specifically you will be able to answer the following questions: What is happening to the DNA? What do you start with? What do you end with? Why is it biologically significant?

o Mitosis - Generates new cells for the animal. You start with once cell and you end with two new cells o Meiosis - Reproduces DNA for offspring, you start with one cells and you end with 4 daughter cells

list the 5 theories that evolutionary biologist Ernst Mayr divided Darwin's theory of evolution into and describe how each of the 5 theories contribute to our understanding of evolution

o Perpetual change - the world is always changing - The world is changing even if the changes are too small for us to observe o Common decent - all life has one common ancestor - If we are all descended from the same ancestor, then where was the beginning? o Multiplication of species - evolution produces new species by splitting and transforming new ones - New species are still being formed today o Gradualism - large differences occur over a very long period - Explains why it took so long to notice, one person alone would die before seeing anything o Natural Selection - differential reproduction of organisms with certain traits is attributed to improved survival or reproductive activity (survival of the fittest) - Gave us one of the mechanisms to determine what species survived

Compare and contrast phyletic gradualism and punctuated equilibrium.

o Phyletic gradualism - Gradual change over millions of years o Punctuated Equilibrium - Rapid change (10,000 - 100,000) due to a major change (ex. climate change, habitat change) o Both however have to do with evolutionary change

how did fossils, biogeography, homology, vestigial structures, developmental patterns, and molecular biology contribute to evolutionary theory?

o fossils - allowed us to compare the fossils to living descendants to see how they evolved over time o homology - provided support for the idea of one common ancestor o vestigial structures - provided support for evolution (i.e. if whales have a vestigial pelvis that means they were probably descended from something with legs but over the course of thousands of years evolution caused them to lose the legs) o developmental patterns - the similarity between species embryos also suggested a common ancestor o molecular biology - showed genes?

compare and contrast microevolution and macroevolution

o microevolution - changes in frequency of alleles in a population over time ex. antibiotic resistance, color change in peppered moths o macroevolution - changes that result in extinction and formation of new species, microevolutionary processes over geological time scale

Describe the central dogma of molecular biology, "DNA makes RNA makes protein" (where, how, and why it occurs) using the following terminology: transcription, translation, mRNA, tRNA, rRNA, amino acid, protein, protein folding

o transcription - occurs in the nucleus, enzymes make RNA (tRNA, mRNA, rRNA) and then the mRNA is sent to the cytoplasm to start translation o translation - happens in the cytoplasm, the mRNA is a template for the amino acids to attach to in order to form protein chains that undergo protein folding to reach their final shape

The simple eyes of insects are ... a. apposition eyes b. superposition eyes c. compound d. ocelli e. rhabdoms

ocelli

A nematocyst is discharged by high _______ within the living cell. a. hypertonic pressure b. atmospheric pressure c. osmotic pressure d. actinular pressure e. diffusion pressure

osmotic pressure

The pores in the surface of a sponge that pass incoming water to the body are called __________ and the opening by which water passes out of the sponge is called the __________. a. pianacocytes, excurrent canal b. ostia, osculum c. spongins, spongocoel d. choanocytes, radial canal e. pores, canals

ostia, osculum

What was Mendel's contribution to our understanding of evolution?

pea guy, showed how genes were passed on through dominant and recessive traits

The scorpion pincers are modified... a. mandibles b. maxillae c. chelicerae d. pedipalps e. telsons

pedipalps

Of the following cell types found in sponges, which one covers the external surface? a. porocytes b. archaeocytes c. myocytes d. pinacocytes e. sclerocytes

pinacocytes

The emergence of multicellular life is thought to be (choose the term that makes this statement true). a. paraphyletic b. analogous c. polyphyletic d. homologous e. monophyletic

polyphyletic

Which of the following is not a characteristic of most annelids? a. nephridia b. pseudocoelom c. closed circulatory system d. segmentation e. setae

pseudocoelom

In a syconoid type of sponge, the choanocytes are located in the a. radial canals b. on the exterior of the sponge c. excurrent canals d. incurrent canals e. spongocoel

radial canals

A term that refers to general body form of Cnidaria and the Cnetophora is _________. a. scyphozoa b. radiate c. bilateral d. medusa e. anthozoa

radiate

The key evolutionary advance in annelids is a. cephalization b. coelom c. segmentation d. deuterostome development e. lophophore

segmentation

Earthworms use a combination of circular and longitudinal muscles and __________ to move through the soil a. ecdoderms b. septums c. endoderms d. parapodium e. setae

setae

Early Metazoan refers to........ a. some of the first multicellular species (porifora, cnidaria, platyhelminthes) b. protizoa c. porifera only d. only bilateral animals e. the entire animal kingdom

some of the first multicellular species (porifora, cnidaria, platyhelminthes)

Sponge bodies do not have organs, instead they have masses of cells supported by a. oscula or spicules b. rods and cones c. ostia or oscula d. spongin or ostia e. spicules or spongin

spicules or spongin

In insects, the air first enters the body for respiration through the.... a. ossicles b. telson c. tracheoles d. trachea e. spiracles

spiracles

The interior cavity of an asconoid sponge is called the a. spongocoel b. interior cavity canal c. osculum d. spongin e. excurrent canal

spongocoel

How does meiosis add to variation in a population?

that's where offspring can get mutations, in the DNA they receive from their parents

Which of the following insect structures is not homologous to the others listed (keep in mind that the article we read by Dr. Carroll) would argue that they technically are...ah science, keeping us on our toes. a. mandibles b. antennae c. chelicerae d. wings e. legs

wings

What are some important things to remember about protozoa?

- 64,000 species - disease causing - all arose independently of each other through convergent evolution, making them a polyphyletic group

Give a basic overview of the major poriforan structure types

- Ascon-choanocytes are found in the body cavity, water goes through body cavity out through osculum - Sycon- choanocytes line the channels, water goes through the channels and out through osculum - Leucon- choanocytes line the chambers and channels, water goes through a system of channels and chambers to leave through the osculum As size increases surface area also increases and complexity increases. Therefore, it can be assumed that due to its complexity a leucon would be large and an Ascon due to is simpleness would be very small.

Define the terms monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic

- Monophyletic: proper clade, group that contains common ancestor and all descendants of that ancestor (most valid) - Paraphyletic: group which contains a common ancestor but only some belong to that ancestor (not valid) - Polyphyletic: includes multiple taxa, but not common ancestor (not valid)

Describe the benefits of segmentation within Annelida and Arthropoda

- More precise movement - Specialization of different segments - overall organism complexity

Describe how the combination of different types of evidence (fossil, molecular, etc..) complete the story of evolution

- With molecular evidence we can see how DNA and proteins between organisms can be similar, which also shows how evolution has taken affect - Fossil evidence shows what structures are homologous, showing a common ancestor - these two kinds of evidence can be combined to form a complete picture of evolution

Generally describe the basic evolutionary relationships for Platyhelminthes, including some level of knowledge that these relationships are continuously changing as new data emerges

- all flatworms lack an anus and a coelom - modern acoels are only an approximation to the ancestor of all bilaterian - breathe by diffusion - Dawkins says flatworms are fiction because they consist of a group of organisms that are probably polyphyletic

define inheritance patters based on Mendelian genetics: alleles, recessive, dominant, homozygous, heterozygous, phenotype, genotype

- alleles are genes - Recessive genes are lack of any genes, while dominant genes have something to show - Homozygous is where you only have one type of gene for that characteristic, heterozygous individuals have one gene of each but show only the dominant trait - Phenotype is the physical characteristic, genotypes is the genetic characteristic that makes up the phenotype (punnet squares)

What is the evolutionary role of choanocytes and cnidarians?

- allow for movement of water within a sponge

Describe the ancestral mollusk

- called helcionellids - look similar to todays snails - 540 million years ago

Define resources, habitat, and niche

- resources - substance or object in the environment required by an organism for normal growth, maintenance, and reproduction - habitat - place where an organism or a community of organisms lives, including all living and nonliving factors or conditions of the surrounding environment - niche - the role or function of an organism or species in an ecosystem, where a species lives in a habitat

Describe why arthropods are so successful as a group of organisms (including why complete metamorphosis has an evolutionary advantage to incomplete metamorphosis).

- segmentation was a huge advantage - complete metamorphosis insured that larva didn't have to compete with adults for food

Describe the diversity of the Phylum Mollusca and how this is an example of adaptive radiation of the group

- snails evolved from freshwater environments to live on land (gained lungs) - gastropods and bivalves were originally marine animals but adapted for the move to freshwater (learned to retain salts in their cells to prevent swelling)