Computer Architecture

Double Complement Law

(x)'' = x

Absorption Law

(x+y)x, x+xy = x

DeMorgan's Law

(xy)=x'+y', (x+y)' = x'y'

Associative Law

(xy)z=x(yz), (x+y)+z = x+(y+z)

The first supercomputer, the CDC 6600, had a memory size of _____________.

128 kilowords

Suppose that a system uses 16-bit memory words and its memory built from 32 1M × 8 RAM chips. How large, in words, is the memory on this system?

16M

Suppose that a system uses 32-bit memory words and its memory is built from 16 1M × 8 RAM chips. How many address bits are required to uniquely identify each memory word?

22

Suppose that a system uses 16-bit memory words and its memory is built from 32 1M × 8 RAM chips. How many address bits are required to uniquely identify each memory word?

24

If a system's instruction set consists of an 8-bit opcode, what is the maximum number of output signal lines required for the control unit?

256

There are ____________ megabytes in a terabyte.

2^20

There are ____________ kilobytes in an exabyte

2^50

If the opcodes field for an instruction has n bits, that means there are _______ potential distinct operations.

2n

Suppose a system has a byte-addressable memory size of 4GB. How many bits are required for each address?

32

If a system's entire set of microoperations consists of 41 statements, how many bits must be used for its microop code?

6

Suppose we have a 1024-word memory that is 16-way low-order interleaved. What is the size of the memory address offset field?

6 bits

Software as a Service (SaaS)

A cloud computing service. A service that can be delivered over the internet and requires no locally installed components.

What is Memory

A piece of hardware to store both data and programs

At the most basic level a computer consists of what three pieces

A processor, a memory, and a mechanism for transferring data to and from the outside world

A "subtract" statement is an example of:

An Arithmetic Instruction

Principles of Equivalence of Hardware and Software

Any task done by software can also be done using hardware, and any operation preformed directly by hardware can be done using software

Computer ______________ concerns itself with instruction sets and formats, operation codes, data types, the number and types of registers, addressing modes, main memory access methods, and various I/O mechanisms.

Architecture

The first completely electronic computer was the ______________ .

Atanasoff-Berry Computer

The ENIAC was originally built in order to speed up calculations for ___________ .

Ballistics Tables

The term endian refers to a computer architecture's:

Byte Order

The type of checksum used in data communications when transmitting large blocks or streams

Cyclic Redundancy Check

The _______ is a digital logic component that is often used in computer registers.

D flip-flop

The mechanical computer that included mechanisms that provided memory and an arithmetic processing unit was the:

Difference Engine

The first general-purpose programmable electronic computer was the ______________ .

ENIAC

A fixed-length instruction must have fixed-length opcodes.

False

A single transistor can replace several vacuum tubes.

False

Accumulator architectures store one operand on the stack and the other in the accumulator.

False

Accumulator architectures use sets of general purpose registers to store operands.

False

At its most basic level, a computer consists of only two parts: A processor and an I/O device.

False

Ballistic tables were produced by the ENIAC during World War II.

False

Big endian computers store a two-byte integer with the least significant byte at the lower address.

False

Computer architecture encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems.

False

Fixed-length instructions always have the same number of operands.

False

Interrupt checking is typically carried out at various times during the execution of a machine instruction.

False

Is Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is the recommended replacement for SATA (serial ATA)?

False

Memory organization has no effect on instruction format.

False

Most systems automatically convert numeric ASCII characters, such as "1" "2" and "3," to their numeric equivalents.

False

The continuation of Moore's Law is helped by Rock's Law

False

There are one billion microseconds in a second.

False

Variable-length instructions are easier to decode than fixed-length instructions.

False

Semantic gap

Gap between High level languages and physical components

Clock speeds in today's microprocessors are measured in ________ .

Gigahertz

The type of code used in situations where random errors are likely to occur

Hamming Code

Which of the following is a computer that used third-generation (integrated circuit) technology

IBM 360

Which of the following is a computer that used fourth-generation (VLSI) technology?

IBM PC

The organization that sets standards for computer components, signaling protocols, and data representation is the:

IEEE

The organization that sets standards for photographic film and the pitch of screw threads, in addition to matters concerning computers, is the:

ISO

Cloud storage is a limited form of ____________.

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Services (IaaS)

Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources over the Internet

The ________ is the agreed-upon interface between all the software that runs on the machine and the hardware that executes it. It allows you to talk to the machine.

Instruction Set Architecture

Which MARIE instruction is being carried out by the RTN statement that follows? PC ← X

Jump X

In 1965, one of the founders of Intel predicted "The density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year." This is now known as:

Moore's Law

We study computer ___________ to become familiar with how circuits and signals collaborate to create working computer systems.

Organization

Which of the following is a computer that used second-generation (transistor) technology?

PDP-1

Many desktop computers utilize the ___________ bus standard in which the system augments its main bus with dedicated I/O buses using expansion slots.

Peripheral Component Interconnect

__________ allow movement of data to and from devices external to the computer.

Ports

The _______ connects the CPU to memory.

System Bus

Elasticity

The ability to add and remove resources based on demand

Rock's Law

The cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four year

Moore's Law

The density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year

In 1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the _________.

Transistor

A control unit consists of a central processing unit (CPU) with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and registers.

True

Color depth reflects the number of colors that can be displayed on an LCD screen at one time

True

General-purpose register architectures are the most widely accepted models for computers today.

True

Herman Hollerith invented punched card tabulating machines

True

Little endian computers store a two-byte integer with the least significant byte at the lower address.

True

One disadvantage to big endian representation is that most computers require words to be written on word address boundaries

True

One good reason to use assembly language is to compensate for shortcomings in optimizing compilers for higher-level languages. Interrupt checking is typically carried out at various times during the execution of a machine instruction.

True

Stack architectures store all operands on the stack.

True

The CDC 6600 supercomputer was among the first computers to employ transistors.

True

Represents the data size that is handled most efficiently by a particular architecture (16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits)

Word Size

A stack-organized computer uses _______ addressing.

Zero

What is a Processor?

a piece of hardware to interpret and execute programs

During the second pass of an assembler:

addresses from the symbol table are placed in object code

The ENIAC was originally built in order to speed up calculations for ___________

ballistics tables

If, after fetching a value from memory, we discover that the system has returned only half of the bits that we expected; it is likely that we have a problem with:

byte alignment

Platform as a Service (PaaS) replaces the _________ of the computer hierarchy with an Internet-based platform

digital logic level through high-level language levels

Software as a Service (SaaS) replaces the _________ of the computer hierarchy with an Internet-based application

digital logic level through user levels

Among other things, assembler directives can:

distinguish a value as hexadecimal or decimal

Control Unit

found in the 1st layer, control unit makes sure that all instructions are decoded and executed properly, then data moved where it belongs

The ________ is the agreed-upon interface between all the software that runs on the machine and the hardware that executes it. It allows you to talk to the machine.

instruction set architecture

During the first pass of an assembler:

instructions are only partially assembled

The register that holds the address of the data to be transferred is called:

memory address register

The register that holds the actual data to be read from or written to a given memory address is called

memory buffer register

General-purpose architectures are divided into three groups:

memory-memory, register-memory, and load-store

This common method used to increase CPU throughput can result in destructive overheating of the CPU

overclocking

Platform as a Services (PaaS)

sever hardware, operating systems, database services, security components, and backup and recovery services.

There are three basic ISA architectures for internal storage in the CPU:

stack, accumulator, and general-purpose registers

Clock skew is a problem for:

synchronous buses

The level of the computer hierarchy where an operating system functions is the ______.

system software level

A "jump" statement is an example of:

transfer of control instruction

Fixed-length instructions:

waste space but are fast and perform better than variable length instructions

Distributive Law

x + yz = (x+y)(x+z), x(y+z) = xy+xz

Commutative Law

xy = yx, x+y = y + x