Computer Architecture
Double Complement Law
(x)'' = x
Absorption Law
(x+y)x, x+xy = x
DeMorgan's Law
(xy)=x'+y', (x+y)' = x'y'
Associative Law
(xy)z=x(yz), (x+y)+z = x+(y+z)
The first supercomputer, the CDC 6600, had a memory size of _____________.
128 kilowords
Suppose that a system uses 16-bit memory words and its memory built from 32 1M × 8 RAM chips. How large, in words, is the memory on this system?
16M
Suppose that a system uses 32-bit memory words and its memory is built from 16 1M × 8 RAM chips. How many address bits are required to uniquely identify each memory word?
22
Suppose that a system uses 16-bit memory words and its memory is built from 32 1M × 8 RAM chips. How many address bits are required to uniquely identify each memory word?
24
If a system's instruction set consists of an 8-bit opcode, what is the maximum number of output signal lines required for the control unit?
256
There are ____________ megabytes in a terabyte.
2^20
There are ____________ kilobytes in an exabyte
2^50
If the opcodes field for an instruction has n bits, that means there are _______ potential distinct operations.
2n
Suppose a system has a byte-addressable memory size of 4GB. How many bits are required for each address?
32
If a system's entire set of microoperations consists of 41 statements, how many bits must be used for its microop code?
6
Suppose we have a 1024-word memory that is 16-way low-order interleaved. What is the size of the memory address offset field?
6 bits
Software as a Service (SaaS)
A cloud computing service. A service that can be delivered over the internet and requires no locally installed components.
What is Memory
A piece of hardware to store both data and programs
At the most basic level a computer consists of what three pieces
A processor, a memory, and a mechanism for transferring data to and from the outside world
A "subtract" statement is an example of:
An Arithmetic Instruction
Principles of Equivalence of Hardware and Software
Any task done by software can also be done using hardware, and any operation preformed directly by hardware can be done using software
Computer ______________ concerns itself with instruction sets and formats, operation codes, data types, the number and types of registers, addressing modes, main memory access methods, and various I/O mechanisms.
Architecture
The first completely electronic computer was the ______________ .
Atanasoff-Berry Computer
The ENIAC was originally built in order to speed up calculations for ___________ .
Ballistics Tables
The term endian refers to a computer architecture's:
Byte Order
The type of checksum used in data communications when transmitting large blocks or streams
Cyclic Redundancy Check
The _______ is a digital logic component that is often used in computer registers.
D flip-flop
The mechanical computer that included mechanisms that provided memory and an arithmetic processing unit was the:
Difference Engine
The first general-purpose programmable electronic computer was the ______________ .
ENIAC
A fixed-length instruction must have fixed-length opcodes.
False
A single transistor can replace several vacuum tubes.
False
Accumulator architectures store one operand on the stack and the other in the accumulator.
False
Accumulator architectures use sets of general purpose registers to store operands.
False
At its most basic level, a computer consists of only two parts: A processor and an I/O device.
False
Ballistic tables were produced by the ENIAC during World War II.
False
Big endian computers store a two-byte integer with the least significant byte at the lower address.
False
Computer architecture encompasses all physical aspects of computer systems.
False
Fixed-length instructions always have the same number of operands.
False
Interrupt checking is typically carried out at various times during the execution of a machine instruction.
False
Is Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI) is the recommended replacement for SATA (serial ATA)?
False
Memory organization has no effect on instruction format.
False
Most systems automatically convert numeric ASCII characters, such as "1" "2" and "3," to their numeric equivalents.
False
The continuation of Moore's Law is helped by Rock's Law
False
There are one billion microseconds in a second.
False
Variable-length instructions are easier to decode than fixed-length instructions.
False
Semantic gap
Gap between High level languages and physical components
Clock speeds in today's microprocessors are measured in ________ .
Gigahertz
The type of code used in situations where random errors are likely to occur
Hamming Code
Which of the following is a computer that used third-generation (integrated circuit) technology
IBM 360
Which of the following is a computer that used fourth-generation (VLSI) technology?
IBM PC
The organization that sets standards for computer components, signaling protocols, and data representation is the:
IEEE
The organization that sets standards for photographic film and the pitch of screw threads, in addition to matters concerning computers, is the:
ISO
Cloud storage is a limited form of ____________.
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS)
Infrastructure as a Services (IaaS)
Infrastructure as a Service (IaaS) is a form of cloud computing that provides virtualized computing resources over the Internet
The ________ is the agreed-upon interface between all the software that runs on the machine and the hardware that executes it. It allows you to talk to the machine.
Instruction Set Architecture
Which MARIE instruction is being carried out by the RTN statement that follows? PC ← X
Jump X
In 1965, one of the founders of Intel predicted "The density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year." This is now known as:
Moore's Law
We study computer ___________ to become familiar with how circuits and signals collaborate to create working computer systems.
Organization
Which of the following is a computer that used second-generation (transistor) technology?
PDP-1
Many desktop computers utilize the ___________ bus standard in which the system augments its main bus with dedicated I/O buses using expansion slots.
Peripheral Component Interconnect
__________ allow movement of data to and from devices external to the computer.
Ports
The _______ connects the CPU to memory.
System Bus
Elasticity
The ability to add and remove resources based on demand
Rock's Law
The cost of capital equipment to build semiconductors will double every four year
Moore's Law
The density of transistors in an integrated circuit will double every year
In 1948 John Bardeen, Walter Brattain, and William Shockley invented the _________.
Transistor
A control unit consists of a central processing unit (CPU) with an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and registers.
True
Color depth reflects the number of colors that can be displayed on an LCD screen at one time
True
General-purpose register architectures are the most widely accepted models for computers today.
True
Herman Hollerith invented punched card tabulating machines
True
Little endian computers store a two-byte integer with the least significant byte at the lower address.
True
One disadvantage to big endian representation is that most computers require words to be written on word address boundaries
True
One good reason to use assembly language is to compensate for shortcomings in optimizing compilers for higher-level languages. Interrupt checking is typically carried out at various times during the execution of a machine instruction.
True
Stack architectures store all operands on the stack.
True
The CDC 6600 supercomputer was among the first computers to employ transistors.
True
Represents the data size that is handled most efficiently by a particular architecture (16 bits, 32 bits, 64 bits)
Word Size
A stack-organized computer uses _______ addressing.
Zero
What is a Processor?
a piece of hardware to interpret and execute programs
During the second pass of an assembler:
addresses from the symbol table are placed in object code
The ENIAC was originally built in order to speed up calculations for ___________
ballistics tables
If, after fetching a value from memory, we discover that the system has returned only half of the bits that we expected; it is likely that we have a problem with:
byte alignment
Platform as a Service (PaaS) replaces the _________ of the computer hierarchy with an Internet-based platform
digital logic level through high-level language levels
Software as a Service (SaaS) replaces the _________ of the computer hierarchy with an Internet-based application
digital logic level through user levels
Among other things, assembler directives can:
distinguish a value as hexadecimal or decimal
Control Unit
found in the 1st layer, control unit makes sure that all instructions are decoded and executed properly, then data moved where it belongs
The ________ is the agreed-upon interface between all the software that runs on the machine and the hardware that executes it. It allows you to talk to the machine.
instruction set architecture
During the first pass of an assembler:
instructions are only partially assembled
The register that holds the address of the data to be transferred is called:
memory address register
The register that holds the actual data to be read from or written to a given memory address is called
memory buffer register
General-purpose architectures are divided into three groups:
memory-memory, register-memory, and load-store
This common method used to increase CPU throughput can result in destructive overheating of the CPU
overclocking
Platform as a Services (PaaS)
sever hardware, operating systems, database services, security components, and backup and recovery services.
There are three basic ISA architectures for internal storage in the CPU:
stack, accumulator, and general-purpose registers
Clock skew is a problem for:
synchronous buses
The level of the computer hierarchy where an operating system functions is the ______.
system software level
A "jump" statement is an example of:
transfer of control instruction
Fixed-length instructions:
waste space but are fast and perform better than variable length instructions
Distributive Law
x + yz = (x+y)(x+z), x(y+z) = xy+xz
Commutative Law
xy = yx, x+y = y + x
