Computer Fundamentals D#1
The Third Generation
"Integration" The first integrated circuit (IC) was invented independently by Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce
Extented ASCII
A superset of ASCII Uses eight bits to represent each character Provides codes for 128 additional character
Information Processing Cycle
Accepts data - input Processes data - processing Produces output - output Stores results - storage
Mother board
Also known as main board. The computer's main circuit board. Houses all essential chips. Provides connecting circuitry between chips
EBCDIC
An alternative 8‐bit code used by IBM mainframe computers
The Fifth Generation
Artificial intelligence, Expert systems, Natural language processing
Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
Completes a task with as little code using a very little RAM
Storage Devices
Computer System Unit Hard Disk Drive Floppy Disk Drive Flash Disk
Business
Computers are used to store information, provide easy interface with customers, and facilitate processing and presentation of data
Character Data
Consists of letters, symbols, and numerals not used in arithmetic calculations. Represented by a series of bits in a digital computer.
Data Representation
Converts text, sounds, and images into electrical signals
Engineering
Degrees of miniaturization and integration have multiplied n-fold
The Second Generation
Development of the "transistor" Smaller size and increased reliability Faster and more energy-efficient than their predecessors. Used "assembly language"
The Fourth Generation
Development of user-friendly software packages Very-large-scale-integration (VLSI) Ultra-large-scale-integration (ULSI)
characters
Each character is composed of 8 bits. There are 256 standard characters in letters, numbers and symbols.
Education
Ease of use in the creation of presentation materials and documents
Computer Applications
Education, Mathematics and Science, Engineering, Medicine, Entertainment, Business
EDVAC
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer. A pioneer in implementing von Neumann's architecture, the key to which was the Central Processing Unit (CPU) which allowed all computer functions to be coordinated through a single source
ENIAC
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer a hulk of machinery consist of 18,000 vacuum tubes, 70,000 resistors, and 5 million soldered joints, and occupied a space equal to a small warehouse
supercomputers
Fastest type of computers Employed for specialized applications Weather forecasting Animated graphics Fluid dynamic calculations Nuclear energy research
Entertainment
Interactive games and virtual simulations, computer-generated effects
What do you call a Utilized I/O media?
Jacquard's punched cards.
Input Device
Pointing Devices,Scanner,,Digital Cameras Microphone,CD/DVD ROM,Keyboard
UNICODE
Provides codes for 65,000 characters and makes use of 16 bit
Computer system
Refers to a computer and all of the input, output, and storage devices that are connected to it
Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
Simpler instructions sets Completes a single instruction in a single cycle of the system clock
microcomputers
Small desktop systems with limited I/O devices
Microprocessor
Sometimes known as processor An integrated circuit designed to process instructions The most significant component of computer Usually the most expensive single component Executes instructions provided by a computer program
Abacus
Ultimate ancestor of today's computers. The arithmetic tool of early merchants. Used to aid in handling numerical/logical computations.
Numeric Data
Used in arithmetic operations
Analytical Engine
Utilized I/O media called Jacquard's punched cards. Punch cards are used for storing operating instructions (programs), and would have been able to store around 1,000 numbers of up to 50 decimal places. Also allowed output devices for displaying results.
Workstations Palmtop / Handheld Tablet PC Main Frame
Types of Computer
Difference Engine
Was based on the Method of Differences, Was powered by steam, Embodied the basic concepts and elements of a modern general-purpose computer
Mathematics and Science
Watson and Crick's discovery of the structure of the DNA
The First Generation
Were based on the use of wired circuits containing vacuum tubes. Utilized punch cards as the main storage medium. Designed for a specific task. Used binary codes of "machine language"
Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
What does EBCDIC mean?
December 26, 1791 in Teignmouth, Devonshire in the UK
When and where was Charles Babbage Born?
Analog Device
Works with continuous data
Digital Device
Works with discrete ‐distinct or separate ‐data or digits, such as 1 and 0
Random Access Memory(RAM)
allows instructions and data to be stored, changed and retrieved by the user
Read Only Memory(ROM)
allows only readout capability
Memory Subsystem
also known as the "secondary storage" allows for extra data storage, exceeding the CPU's primary storage. an efficient and compact means of sorting large amount of data, ready for retrieval or further processing. retrieval time is slower than the primary storage.
Memory
an area wherein it holds the processed info or data temporarily.
Virtual Memory
an imaginary memory area supported by the software in conjunction with the hardware
executable file
use to perform various functions
Charles Babbage
"Father of Computing" Invented the Analytical and Difference Engines
control unit, arithmetic unit, main memory
3 units of the CPU
Computer System
A collection of objects, procedures, or techniques that interact in regulated manner to form an organized whole
Computer
A device that accepts input, processes data, stores data, and produces output, all according to a series of stored instructions
minicomputer
A general‐purpose computing device
mainframe
Avery large and expensive computer capable of supporting thousands of users simultaneously
Binary Number System
Has only two (2) digits : 0 and 1 Allows computers to represent virtually any number simply by using 0s and 1s Conveniently translates into electrical "on" and "off" signals
7 bits
How many bits in an ASCII?
65,000
How many characters does UNICODE provide?
70,000 resistors
How many resistors does ENIAC have?
5 million soldered joints
How many soldered joints does ENIAC have?
18,000 vacuum tubes
How many vacuum tubes does ENIAC have?
Instruction Set
List of instructions that a microprocessor can perform. Hardwired into the processor's circuitry comprising of basic arithmetic and logical operations, fetching data, and clearing registers
Digital Electronic
Manipulates simple "on" and "off" signals to perform complex tasks
Floppy Disks Compact Disc Digital Versatile Disc Zip Disc
Mass Storage Components
Desktop PC
Medium sized computers. Relatively inexpensive and designed for individual users.
Output Devices
Monitors / Display Devices Printer Dot Matrix-uses metal pins Ink Jet -uses magnetic ink Laser-highest quality print Speakers Sound Card CD Writers Modem
Medicine
More reliable artificial hearts are being offered to those with heart problems
data file
The content of the file
Memory
The electronic that holds place for instructions and data which the microprocessors can reach quickly
Output
anything that is processed sent out by the computer.
bit
binary digit, abbreviated as a lowercase "b"
byte
composed of eight (8) bits abbreviated as an uppercase "B"
nibble
composed of four (4) bits a halfway between a little bit and a big byte
bit
consists of 1's and 0's
byte
consists of 8 bits
Programmable Read Only Memory(PROM)
enables the user to add special information to the ROM
Input
entered in the computer
1 Terabyte
equals to 1,000 gigabyte, 1,000,000 megabytes, 1,000,000,000 kilobytes, 1,000,000,000,000 bytes
1 Megabyte
equals to 1,000 kilobytes, 1,000,000 bytes
1 Gigabyte
equals to 1,000 megabytes, 1,000,000 kilobytes, 1,000,000,000 bytes
1 kilobyte
equals to 1,024 bytes
file
everything that is stored like an audio file.
Storage
holds long term data and information, where you can save your files.
control unit
initiates proper commands
CPU
integrates and coordinates overall operations composed of three (3) units
arithmetic unit
performs calculations
information
processed data
Input/Output Subsystem
provides the mechanism for communications between the CPU and the outside world
input subsystem
reads data and converts them into electronic pulses
output subsystem
reports the results of the processing by the CPU
data
set of characters and symbols
Computer Program/Software
set of instructions on how to process data
main memory
temporary storage of processed data and information
American Standard Code for Information Interchange
what does ASCII mean?
Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer
what does EDVAC mean?
Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
what does ENIAC mean?