conception-adolescence
A nurse is conducting a teaching session on Lawrence Kohlberg's theory. How many stages should the nurse tell the students that there are in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
6 Kohlberg' theory of moral development is an expansion of Piaget's theory. According to this theory there are six stages of moral development in three levels. The six stages include Punishment and Obedience Orientation, Instrumental Relativist Orientation, Good Boy - Nice Girl Orientation, Society-Maintaining Orientation, Social Contract Orientation, and Universal Ethical Principle Orientation. STUDY TIP: It's a good idea make flashcards with a developmental theory on one side and the creator and details about it on the other. For Kohlberg, you would list the six stages and their names on the back. Then you can quiz yourself when you have a few minutes. Pick a different color pen to write each flashcard to help your visual memory.
The nurse working in a pediatric clinic explains about the psychosocial changes in toddlers to a parent. What information should the nurse include? Select all that apply.
A major developmental gain for the toddler period is to develop a sense of independence and autonomy. When the parents use restrictions, it frustrates the child and can result in temper tantrums. Ritualism aids the child in maintaining security and sameness, which provides a sense of comfort. This security enables the toddler to explore the environment with the comfort of knowing that familiar people, places, and routines exist. It is during the infant phase that a child learns to recognize his or her own name and starts differentiating him or herself as a separate being. STUDY TIP: Becoming a nursing student automatically increases stress levels because of the complexity of the information to be learned and applied and because of new constraints on time. One way to decrease stress associated with school is to become very organized so that assignment deadlines or tests do not come as sudden surprises. By following a consistent plan for studying and completing assignments, you can stay on top of requirements and thereby prevent added stress.
A mother approaches a primary healthcare provider with a 5-year-old child suffering from pneumonia. The girl is continuously crying and is demanding to see her father. The girl has a short stature. She is pretending to play and not allowing the nurse to administer medication. According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development; which stage is the child in?
According to Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development; the girl is in the initiative versus guilt stage. In this stage, the child likes to pretend and try out new roles to escape. This stage is from 3 years to 6 years of age. In the stage of trust versus mistrust, which is from birth until 1 year of age, the child develops the feeling of trust. The intimacy versus isolation stage refers to young adults when they develop a sense of identity and search for meaningful friendships. In the age group of 1 to 3 years, the child learns some basic self-care activities. It is the stage of autonomy versus sense of shame and doubt. STUDY TIP: Assign stages of Erickson's development to the children and people you know. It will help you to remember Erickson's stages if you have an actual person to consider for each stage.
Which behavior indicates that a person is in stage 5 of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory?
According to Kohlberg, there are six different stages of moral development. In stage 5 an individual determines what a society should value as a group, rather than what a society would value as a group as in stage 4. In stage 4 an individual also determines what an ideal society would look like. Determination of rules and regulations of a society is not included in Kohlberg's theory. Test-Taking Tip: After you have eliminated one or more choices, you may discover that two of the options are very similar. This can be very helpful, because it may mean that one of these look-alike answers is the best choice and the other is a very good distractor.
A nurse works in a pediatric unit. What is true of children between 6 and 12 years of age, according to the Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality?
According to the Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development; an individual goes through five stages of psychosocial development. Children between 6 to 12 years of age belong to the latency stage. In this stage, the repressed sexual urges of the earlier stage are channeled into productive activities. An infant in the oral stage finds sucking and oral satisfaction extremely pleasurable. In the anal stage, the focus of pleasure shifts to the anal zone. In the phallic stage, the genitals become the focus of the pleasure. Test-Taking Tip: The most reliable way to ensure that you select the correct response to a multiple-choice question is to recall it. Depend on your learning and memory to furnish the answer to the question. To do this, read the stem, and then stop! Do not look at the response options yet. Try to recall what you know and, based on this, what you would give as the answer. After you have taken a few seconds to do this, then look at all of the choices and select the one that most nearly matches the answer you recalled. It is important that you consider all the choices and not just choose the first option that seems to fit the answer you recall. Remember the distractors. The second choice may look okay, but the fourth choice may be worded in a way that makes it a slightly better choice. If you do not weigh all the choices, you are not maximizing your chances of correctly answering each question.
According to Sigmund Freud's theory of development, at which stage does a child start identifying with the parent of the same sex?
According to the Freud's psychoanalytical model of personality development; an individual goes through five stages of psychosocial development. Children between 6 to 12 years of age belong to the latency stage. In this stage, the repressed sexual urges of the earlier stage are channeled into productive activities. An infant in the oral stage finds sucking and oral satisfaction extremely pleasurable. In the anal stage, the focus of pleasure shifts to the anal zone. In the phallic stage, the genitals become the focus of the pleasure. Test-Taking Tip: The most reliable way to ensure that you select the correct response to a multiple-choice question is to recall it. Depend on your learning and memory to furnish the answer to the question. To do this, read the stem, and then stop! Do not look at the response options yet. Try to recall what you know and, based on this, what you would give as the answer. After you have taken a few seconds to do this, then look at all of the choices and select the one that most nearly matches the answer you recalled. It is important that you consider all the choices and not just choose the first option that seems to fit the answer you recall. Remember the distractors. The second choice may look okay, but the fourth choice may be worded in a way that makes it a slightly better choice. If you do not weigh all the choices, you are not maximizing your chances of correctly answering each question.
The nursing student is learning about Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Which characteristics suggest that an individual belongs to the conventional reasoning level? Select all that apply.
According to the Kohlberg theory, level II of moral development is conventional reasoning, an individual makes moral decisions which would maintain or improve their relationships in the society. Their aim is to fulfill the expectations of the family and nation. The individual develops a keen sense of loyalty and feels responsible to maintain and support the order of the society. If an individual has limited cognitive thinking, and that thinking is just about self, then this person belongs to level 1 (preconventional level) of moral development. In this level, the reason for a particular behavior is associated with the consequence that the individual believes to occur in response to the act. In Level 3 (postconventional reasoning), the person finds a balance between basic human rights and obligations and societal rules and regulations. Individuals move away from moral decisions based on authority or conformity to groups to define their own moral values and principles.
Which reflexes of an infant persist into adulthood? Select all that apply.
An important sign of nervous system development and function is the presence and strength of a reflex. Many infant reflexes disappear as the child becomes older. The reflexes present in adulthood and throughout life are blinking, yawning, and coughing. If an adult possesses the startle or suckling reflex, it indicates an abnormality and nervous system damage in the adult. Test-Taking Tip: Remember to use "common sense" and good nursing judgment for multiple response questions by first eliminating incorrect responses. For this question, you could eliminate "Startle" and "Sucking" because they are not normally seen in adults.
The nurse is teaching a 10-year-old patient about personal hygiene. What observation would indicate that the child has not reached an age-appropriate developmental stage?
As per Erikson's developmental stages, a 10-year-old should be able to understand and reinforce information provided and master new skills, such as the basic hygiene tasks the nurse discusses. A person starts to accept age-related body changes and establishes goals in adolescence, but may not do so as young as 10. Assessment of life goals is not expected until adulthood. Setting goals for the future, such deciding which school to attend or what career to pursue, is a developmental behavior for children 12 to 20 years old. STUDY TIP: This question is a good example of how your knowledge builds upon what you have already learned. Knowing the tasks for Erikson's developmental stages helps you understand what would build self-concept for those stages, and what signs would indicate not reaching an age-appropriate development as well. As you study for the exam, remember to review material learned earlier; it may come in handy!
The nurse is outlining a plan of care for a 9-year-old patient. What primary developmental task for this patient should the nurse consider?
Based on Erikson's theory of development, during the ages of 6 to 12 years, the primary developmental task is to increase self-esteem. This is achieved through mastery of new skills like reading, math, music, and sports. Communication of likes and dislikes is exhibited between 3 and 6 years old. During the ages of 12 to 20 years, body changes and maturation are accepted. During the ages of 1 to 3 years, the child distinguishes self from the environment.
Approximately how many inches does a preschool child grow each year?
Biological growth slows for the preschool child. The average weight gain is about 5 pounds per year and the average increase in height is about 2½ to 3 inches per year.
A school health nurse is assessing the behavior of adolescents in a school. According to Erikson's stage of development, which behavior patterns would be evident in the adolescents? Select all that apply.
Due to the psychosocial development in adolescents, they tend to search for their identity. The search for identity may result in identity confusion. The adolescent may be intolerant to differences, which is considered as a normal defense mechanism against identity confusion. The major task at this stage is to search for a personal identity that is different from the identity of their family. A sense of intimacy is associated with the psychosocial development of early adulthood. The chief developmental task for preschool-age children is to develop a sense of initiative.
Arrange the five stages of Sigmund Freud's psychosexual development in an order that a person would experience them.
Freud described five stages of psychosexual development in humans. The first is the oral stage from birth to 18 months. During this stage, the child gains pleasure from chewing, sucking, and biting. The anal stage is the second stage from 18 months to 3 years of age. During this stage, many children learn bowel and bladder control. The phallic stage is the period between 3 and 6 years of age. During this stage, the child gains pleasure through self-stimulation. Latency is the period from 6 years to puberty, during which all sexual interests are repressed. The genital stage is the final stage of psychosexual development. This stage occurs from puberty onward, during which sexual feelings are reawakened.
A head nurse is teaching student nurses about Sigmund Freud's theory of development. According to Freud, what is the basic instinctual impulse drive to achieve pleasure called?
ID
A nurse is conducting a teaching session on Lawrence Kohlberg's theory. How many stages should the nurse tell the students that there are in Kohlberg's theory of moral development?
Kohlberg' theory of moral development is an expansion of Piaget's theory. According to this theory there are six stages of moral development in three levels. The six stages include Punishment and Obedience Orientation, Instrumental Relativist Orientation, Good Boy - Nice Girl Orientation, Society-Maintaining Orientation, Social Contract Orientation, and Universal Ethical Principle Orientation. STUDY TIP: It's a good idea make flashcards with a developmental theory on one side and the creator and details about it on the other. For Kohlberg, you would list the six stages and their names on the back. Then you can quiz yourself when you have a few minutes. Pick a different color pen to write each flashcard to help your visual memory.
A nurse is assessing a 10-year-old child for developmental abilities. According to Jean Piaget's theory of cognitive development, what are the usual abilities of such a child? Select all that apply.
Piaget's theory of cognitive development contains four periods. A child of 10 years is in the third period, where the child is able to think about an action which the child used to perform earlier. The child is also able to describe an action without actually doing it. A child who is 2 to 7 years of age demonstrates magical thinking influenced by fantasy. The ability to learn that they are separate from the environment through reflex actions is seen in children from birth to 2 years of age (period I). STUDY TIP: Do not expect to achieve the maximum benefits of this review tool by cramming a few days before the examination. Instead, organize planned study sessions in an environment that you find relaxing, free of stress, and supportive of the learning process.
Which age group of children has imaginary playmates?
Preschoolers usually have imaginary playmates. These playmates play with the child when he is lonely, or accomplish what the child is still trying to do. Having imaginary playmates is a healthy sign. Infants engage in exploratory play and use their senses for observation and examination. Toddlers engage in parallel play. They do not have imaginary playmates. Adolescents usually have organized play. STUDY TIP: To help you remember the characteristics of various stages of growth, recall individuals you know or have known who have those characteristics. Do you have a sibling, niece or nephew who had an imaginary playmate? How old were they at that time? Relating general characteristics to individuals in your life will help you remember the stage of each characteristic.
Nine-year-old Brian has a difficult time making friends at school and being chosen to play on the team. He also has trouble completing his homework and, as a result, receives little positive feedback from his parents or teacher. According to Erikson's theory, failure at this stage of development results in:
School-age children need to feel real accomplishment and be accepted by peers to develop a sense of industry.
In evaluating the gross-motor development of a 7-month-old infant, which of the following would the nurse expect the infant to do?
The 7-month-old infant should be able to turn from abdomen to back and back to front.
Based on knowledge of the developmental tasks of Erikson's Industry versus Inferiority stage, the nurse emphasizes proper technique for use of an inhaler with a 10-year-old boy so he will:
The developmental stage of Industry versus Inferiority (ages 6-12) is focused on incorporating feedback from peers and teachers, increasing self-esteem with new skill mastery, and promoting awareness of strengths and limitations. STUDY TIP: Role play with your study group to memorize Erickson's stages. Pick an age group, but don't tell the group what it is. Then make statements consistent with the stage and have your study group guess the stage. For instance, if you were pretending to be an 8-year-old, you could say, "I had a great time playing with my friends today, and the teacher gave me a gold star when I finished my work!"
A senior nurse is teaching a group of students about Erikson's developmental stages. Which statements are true about the theory? Select all that apply.
The developmental task of toddlers is to develop a sense of autonomy by exercising their independence in performing tasks. If the task is not done well, they feel ashamed and become doubtful. The preschoolers tend to initiate activities, explore the environment and make new friends. A feeling of guilt may develop if they overstep their abilities. The school-age children tend to be industrious and strive to develop competence and skills for better functioning. The adolescence stage is involved in developing a personal identity. The infancy stage marks the development of trust.
The nurse is assessing an 8-year-old patient. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development; what would be the characteristics of this patient? Select all that apply.
The nurse is assessing an 8-year-old patient. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development; what would be the characteristics of this patient? Select all that apply.
What are the important cognitive and learning skills that a nurse can observe in a preschool child while playing? Select all that apply.
The nurse may identify magical thinking in preschool children due to their egocentric thoughts. Children use magical thinking and think that they can make anything happen by simple wishing. Some preschool children may also have imaginary friends. Preschool children use symbolic thinking in which internal images are used to represent object and persons. Preschool children are able to create very complicated scenarios in their minds. Toddlers exhibit curious and explorative behavior due to increased independence. They exhibit reflexive actions in response to an environmental stimulus.
The nurse is assessing an 8-year-old patient. According to Erikson's theory of psychosocial development; what would be the characteristics of this patient? Select all that apply.
This 8-year-old child is in the Industry versus Inferiority stage. In this stage, the child usually learns to play and work with his peers. The child is encouraged by accomplishments and praise. A teenager is usually preoccupied with appearance and body image. A young adult may search for meaningful friendships and an intimate relationship with another person. STUDY TIP: Role play with your study group to memorize Erickson's stages. Pick an age group, but don't tell the group what it is. Then make statements consistent with the stage and have your study group guess the stage. For instance, if you were pretending to be an 8-year-old, you could say, "I had a great time playing with my friends today, and the teacher gave me a gold star when I finished my work!"
The nurse teaches parents how to have their children learn impulse control and cooperative behaviors. This would be during which of Erickson's stages of development?
Toddlers are learning that parents and society have expectations about behaviors and that they must learn to control their behavior. STUDY TIP: Assign stages of Erickson's development to the children and people you know. It will help you to remember Erickson's stages if you have an actual person to consider for each stage.
The nursing student is learning about Kohlberg's theory of moral development. Which characteristics suggest that an individual belongs to the conventional reasoning level? Select all that apply.
Toddlers are learning that parents and society have expectations about behaviors and that they must learn to control their behavior. STUDY TIP: Assign stages of Erickson's development to the children and people you know. It will help you to remember Erickson's stages if you have an actual person to consider for each stage.
At a well-child examination, the mother comments that her toddler eats little at mealtime, will only sit briefly at the table, and wants snacks all the time. Which of the following should the nurse recommend?
Toddlers are not growing as quickly as they did during infancy and thus eat smaller meals; nutritious snacks can help to ensure that they gain the nutrients they need. STUDY TIP: The old standbys of enough sleep and adequate nutritional intake also help keep excessive stress at bay. Although nursing students learn about the body's energy needs in anatomy and physiology classes, somehow they tend to forget that glucose is necessary for brain cells to work. Skipping breakfast or lunch or surviving on junk food puts the brain at a disadvantage.
A school health nurse is interviewing an adolescent. What strategies of communication should the nurse follow to promote communication between the adolescent and the nurse? Select all that apply.
When interviewing an adolescent, it is important to ask open-ended questions so that they can give information freely. The nurse should look for the meaning behind their words or actions and look for clues regarding their emotional status; children of this age group may not express emotions well. Do not be afraid to ask questions about illegal, unsafe, or otherwise undesirable behavior. Research has shown that they will not interpret the question as approval to engage in that behavior. Most adolescents would prefer to discuss these behaviors privately, so it is best, if possible, to interview an adolescent patient without the parents present.
The primary health care provider prescribes screening tests for red blood cell disorders in a pregnant patient. What might be the patient's ethnic origin? Select all that apply.
Women of African, Mediterranean, and Southeast Asian descent are at an increased risk of having children with red blood cell disorders. Due to their cultural, ethnic, and religious practices, they are at an increased risk of having children with hemoglobinopathies. The women of Ashkenazi Jewish and Eastern European descent are at risk of having children with Tay-Sachs disease. This is a fatal genetic lipid disorder. STUDY TIP: Rest is essential to the body and brain for good performance; think of it as recharging the battery. A run-down battery provides only substandard performance. For most students, it is better to spend 7 hours sleeping and 3 hours studying than to cut sleep to 6 hours and study 4 hours. The improvement in the rested mind's efficiency will balance out the difference in the time spent studying. Knowing your natural body rhythms is necessary when it comes to determining the amount of sleep needed for personal learning efficiency.
When nurses are communicating with adolescents, they should:
look for emotional clues
