Confidence and self efficacy in sports performance

Children with negative self esteem are more likely to:

- Be Depressed - Have eating Disorders - Engage in risky behaviour -Not Participate in sports or physical activity - Get bullied or become bullies

what are the four types of information from Bandura model of self efficacy

- Performance accomplishments: A reminder of previous successes in the related skill or situation. -Vicarious experiences: watching others perform the skill in question - Verabal persuasion: Convincing the athlete of their ability to perform the skill - emotional arousal: The evaluation the performer makes of a physiological state

Benefits of positive self esteem

- Reduced anxiety - A More optimistic outlook on life -Fewer interpersonal problems - Less chance of comforting to social pressure - better body image -Being less likely to engage in risky behaviour such as drug abuse

What is the interactionist approach

- recognise trait theory and social learning theory both have a Role in behaviour and personality. - Offers more realistic explanation of personality. explains how different behaviours produced for different situations -Suggests that we base behaviour on inherent traits that we then adapt to the situation we are in.

Key Points of drive theory

-quality of performance depends on how well the skill has been learned. -Motor programmes that have already been learned are said to be the dominant response. - Dominant response or behaviour is most likely to emerge when a performer experiences an increase in arousal.

what is introversion

A person who does not seek social situations but likes peace and quiet and is good at concentrating

What is extroversion

A person who seeks social situations and likes excitement but lacks concentration

What are the methods of changing attitudes

1. Persuasive communication 2. cognitive dissonance.

What is a stable personality trait

Someone who does not swing from one emotion to another but constant in behaviour

Unstable personality

Someone who is highly anxious and has unpredictable emotions

What are the six components of vealyey's model of sport confidence

Sporting context. SC-Trait Competitive orientation SC-state Behavioural response Subjective outcome.

What is drive theory:

The relationship between arousal and performance. drive theory suggests that the more aroused you are the better the performance will be.

What is self efficacy

The self confidence we have in a specific situation

Give a sporting example of self efficacy

The term self efficacy is often used for self confidence in a specific situation. A person who has belief in their ability to achieve success will have high self-efficacy-for example, a tennis player's belief in how many first serves will be successful .

What are the comments of attitudes

The triadic model has three elements - Cognitive componens: What we know and believe about the attitude object (beliefs) -Affective component: How we feel about the attitude object (emotions) -Behavioural component: How we behave towards, respond to or intend to respond to the attitude object (behaviour)

How does sports confidence affect self esteem:

Those with high levels of sports confidence will often have high self esteem.

what is inverted u theory

arousal facilitates performance up to an optimal level, beyond which further increases in arousal are associated with reduced performance

What are attitudes?

feelings, often influenced by our beliefs, that predispose us to respond in a particular way to objects, people, and events

How are negative attitudes formed

not believing in the benefits of exercise a bad past experience, e.g injury a lack of ability fear of taking part in sport. surfing stress when taking part the influence of others when non participation is the norm.

cognitive dissonance

According to this theory individuals like to be consistent in what they do and feel and believe (triadic model). This theory results in individuals having contradictory thoughts about something or someone, which creates an attitude. For example, a rugby player might believe that aerobics is too 'girls', so the coach tells him that some of the fittest people do it to improve stamina. this attack on the players bleed causes a change in attitude and the player now does aerobics to keep fit.

Sporting example of sports confidence

An athlete with high levels of sports confidence will do better in a 100m race than someone with low levels of sports confidence.

How are positive attitudes formed

Belief in the benefits of exercise enjoyable experiences ins port being good at a particular sport being excited by the challenge of sport using sport as a stress release the influence of others where participation is the norm.

Examples of Type A personality

Highly Competitive Strong desire to succeed Works fast likes to be in control prone to suffer stress

What is persuasive communication and the principles

IT is an active, non coercive attempt to reinforce or modify attitudes in sports. - The persuader: the person attempting the change (coach, team manger, teacher, captain) - The message: The quality of the message the persuader is giving - The receiver: The person whose attitude the persuader is trying to change.

Examples of type B personalities

Non-competitive Unambitious works more slowly does not enjoy being in control less prone to stress.

Draw/Describe Vealey's sports confidence model

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How does sports confidence affect participation

People with low levels of sports confidence may shy away from activities.

According to Bandura, what four things can affect self-efficacy

Performance accomplishments, vicarious experiences, verbal persuasion, emotional arousal.

On what three things can sports confidence have an effect?

Performance, Participation, self esteem

Key points of Inverted u Theory

Personality: extroverts learn best under conditions of high arousal introverts under conditions of low arousal. Type of Task: High arousal: Gross/simple/ballistic/closed(rugby tackle) Low arousal: Fine, complex, open skills. (snooker shot) Stage of learning Low arousal: Cognitive/associative. High Arosual: Autonomous

How does sport affect self esteem

Self esteem can be enhanced by positive experiences in sports

Describe the two types of motivation

1. intrinsic: Motivation is the drive from within, for example wanting to achieve mastery for its own sake. this includes feeling of fun enjoyment and satisfaction 2. Extrinsic motivation comes from an outside source, for example a trophy or rewards. it is a valuable motivator for the beginner, but will eventually undermine intrinsic motivation.

What is motivation

1.Our inner drive towards achieving a goal 2.External pressures and rewards we perceive 3. The Intensity (arousal level) and the direction of our behaviour.

Principles of social learning theory

Rather than being born with characteristics we learn them from other people especially those that we aspire to eg idols, parents, role models. - Behaviour changes depending on the situation and is therefore a product of our interaction with the environment. - Personality is learned by observing, modelling and imitating behaviour, and through experience. Psychological functioning occurs as a result of environmentl detriments affecting behaviour.

What is cognitive arousal

Relates to the changing physchological state of the body e.g increases in anxiety.

What is somantic arousal

Relates to the changing physiological state of the body, E.g increased heart rate.

What is sports confidence

The belief or degree of certainty individuals possess about their ability to be successful in sport

What does Valley's sport confidence model look at

Vaeley's Sport confidence model (1986) investigates the relationship between achievement motivation or competitiveness and self confidence in sport.

How does a high level of self esteem affect performance

performers with high levels of self esteem will have better performances because sports often demands high levels of arousal.