Construction Materials and Methods Final Review
Integrated Project Delivery
- A Formal binding single multiparty contract structure that includes at min. architect, owner and builder - shared risk and reward by the team -partiipation of all stakeholders earlier in the design -design and construction processes focused on optimal results -owner involvement is a must -indemnification from litigation for those in the tea, -hospitals and huge companies that constantly build use this method
Assuming that all conditions are the same in the building, of each of the following groups, which one is allowed to have more area and height? Concrete Type Building 1: Concrete Building 2: Wood Occupancy Building 1: Movie theatre Building 2: Stadium Fire Protection System Building 1: With automatic sprinkler Building 2: Without automatic sprinkler Frontage Building 1: With frontage of 2000 ft2 Building 2: With frontage of 1000 ft2
1. Concrete 2.Stadium 3. With automatic sprinkler 4. Frontage of 2000 ft^2
Project Delivery Methods
1.Design Bid Build 2.Design Negotiate Build 3. Construction Manager as Agent 4.Construction Manager at Risk 5.Design Build 6.Integrated Project Delivery
The size of column footing is 3ft X 3ft and the column load is 2000 lb. What is the stress in (lb/ft2) under the column?
222.2 lb/ft^2
How many divisions in CSI masterformat?
50 divisions
In a building whose structural system consists of columns, beams and floor and roof slabs, the columns are spaced at 40 ft on center in one direction and 25 ft on center in the other direction. What is the tributary area for an interior column? A. 1000 ft^2 B. 1000 ft C. 500 ft^2 D. 250 ft^2 E. none of the above
A. 1000 ft^2
Which of the following metal stud wall assemblies gives a higher overall R-value? In both assemblies, the total amount of insulation is R-15. A. Assembly A has an exterior insulating sheathing of R-10 and a within stud insulation of R-5 B. Assembly B has an exterior insulating sheathing of R-12 and within stud insulation of R-3
A. Assembly A has an exterior insulating sheathing of R-10 and a within stud insulation of R-5
Which of the following loads can be estimated with greatest certainty? A. Dead Loads B. Live Loads C. Wind Loads D. Earthquake Loads E. Snow Loads
A. Dead loads
Which of the following nailed connections is the strongest? a. Face nailing. b. Toe nailing. c. End nailing
A. Face nailing
Which of the following occupancies has the highest floor live load? A. Classroom B. Hotel guest rooms C. Library stack rooms D. Library reading rooms E. Offices
A. Library Stack rooms
Nails work best when they are subjected to a. Shear b. Tension
A. Shear
A jack stud is always accompanied by a king stud. a. True. b. False.
A. True
An OSB panel generally has greater shear strength than a plywood panel of the same size and thickness. a. True b. False
A. True
Dynamic joint or movement joint allows materials to move independently. A. True B. False
A. True
Nail popping is primarily a problem in floor sheathing and is caused by the shrinkage of floor joist. a. True. b. False. a. None of the above
A. True
The loads on a floor are generally expressed in A. lb/ft^2 B. lb/ft C. lb D. lb/ft^3
A. lb/ft^2
The roof live load in a building is generally a. less than the floor live load. b. greater than the floor live load. c. the same as the floor live load.
A. less than the floor live load
In which of the following roofs will you consider the effect of rain load? A. roof with a parapet B. roof without a parapet
A. roof with a parapet
Everything else being the same, a building constructed of heavyweight materials is subjected to a greater earthquake load than a building constructed of lightweight materials A. true B. false
A. true
For wind blowing along one of the two major axes of a rectangular building, the windward wall is subjected to positive (toward-the-wall) pressure. A. true B. false
A. true
What is expansion and control joint? Why are they designed?
An expansion joint and a control joint divide buildings into two or more separate buildings. An expansion joint is designed to separate building elements and accommodate, sometimes large,expected movements in the building materials it separates. A control joint is designed to prevent cracking on building materials and elements due to temperature.
Design Team
Architects Landscape Architects Civil and Structural Engineers MEP Engineers
What are the three factors that affect fire safety in a building?
Architectural design, fire protection system, public education
A rectangular column measuring 12 in. × 12 in. in cross section carries a load of 18 kips. What is the stress in the column? A. 18 kips B. 18 ksi C. 2.25 ksi D. 125 psi E. none of the above
B. 18 ksi
The two main categories under which all building loads may be classified are A. Dead loads and live loads. B. Gravity loads and lateral loads. C. Terrestrial loads and celestial loads. D. First-class and second-class loads
B. Gravity loads and lateral loads
Which of the following beam cross sections is structurally more efficient in bending? A. Rectangular (solid) section B. I-section
B. I-section
A glulam member a. Must be made using long, continuous lengths of high-grade sawn lumber. b. Is generally stronger and stiffer than sawn lumber of the same dimensions. c. Requires complete protection from exterior elements due to its water-soluble adhesive. d. None of the above. e. All of the above.
B. Is generally stronger and stiffer than sawn lumber of the same dimensions
A header over an opening bears directly on a. Cripple studs. b. Jack studs. c. King studs. d. Common studs.
B. Jack studs
The most common use of glulam members is in a. Structural panels b. Long-span beams c. Short-span beams d. None of the above
B. Long-span beams
Plywood panels should be placed with their longer dimension a. Parallel to rafters or joists. b. Perpendicular to rafters or joists. c. Diagonal to rafters or joists. d. Either (a) or (b). e. Either (a) or (c).
B. Perpendicular to rafters or joists
The primary purpose of full-depth blocking in a floor frame is to a. Reduce compressive stresses in floor foists. b. Prevent buckling of floor joists. c. Reduce tensile stresses in floor joists. d. Give additional nailing surface for a gypsum board ceiling. e. Give additional nailing surface for floor sheathing.
B. Prevent buckling of floor joists
Which one of the following support systems is the best choice when you excavate more than 15ft and try to prevent water penetration to the building? A. Contiguous bored concrete piles. B. Scant piles. C. Sheet piles D. Solider pile with I section for the piles.
B. Scant piles
A floor in a WLF building that supports a non-load-bearing wall generally requires no additional strengthening or stiffening when a. The wall runs parallel to floor joists. b. The wall runs perpendicular to floor joists.
B. The wall runs perpendicular to floor joists
A corner made by two WLF walls must have at least a. Two studs. b. Three studs. c. Four studs. d. Five studs. e. Six studs
B. Three studs
The top plate in a WLF wall generally consists of a. One 2-by member. b. Two 2-by members. c. Three2-by members. d. Any one of the above, depending on architectural considerations. e. None of the above
B. Two 2-by members
Which system is used to dewater the soil if the water table is high? A. Sumps B. Well points
B. Well points
Which gives greater warning before failure? A. a brittle material B. a ductile material
B. a ductile material
An average tornado strikes a larger area on the ground than a hurricane A. true B. false
B. false
For wind blowing along one of the two major axes of a rectangular building, the leeward wall is subjected to positive (toward-the-wall) pressure. A. true B. false
B. false
Nail plates, used to join members of a truss, are generally used only on one face of the truss a. True b. False
B. false
Roof live load is a function of the building's occupancy A. true B. false
B. false
In which situation do we need to steel casing to build a reinforced concrete pier? A. When water table is high B. When building on sandy soil
Both A and B
Which building would experience vibrations with higher intensity during an earthquake; Building located on a rock or building located on soft soil?
Building located on soft soil
The U-value and R-value of an assembly are related to each other by which relationship? A. U=R B. U+R=1 C. (U)(R)=1 D. U^2+R^2=1 E. none of the above
C. (U)(R)=1
A 20-ft high column shortens by 0.6 in. under a load. What is the resulting strain in the columns? A. .0020 B. .0020 in C. .00025 D. .0025 E. none of the above
C. .00025
For most of the United States, the design wind speed for an average-risk building is A. 95 mph B. 105 mph C. 115 mph D. 125 mph E. 150 mph
C. 115 mph
The roof live load in a residential occupancy is generally assumed to be A. 40 psi B. 10 psi C. 20 psf D. 5 psi E. none of the above
C. 20 psf
Which one of the following support systems can be used in urban location where there is a building right next to the excavation site? A. Steel sheet piles. B. Soil nailing. C. Secant piles.
C. Secant Piles
On leeward wall, the wind pressure A. increases with height above the ground B. decreases with height above the ground C. is almost constant with height above the ground
C. is almost constant with height above the ground
The bending stresses along the neutral axis of a beam are A. minimum B. maximum C. zero D. none of the above
C. zero
When a cable or rope is compressed by a force, what is the compressive stress in it? A. equal to the load applied B. force divided by the cross-sectional area of rope C. zero D. infinite E. none of the above
C. zero
Why can't we build slab on-ground foundation in the area with clay soil?
Clay soil can expand and contract when exposed to water and also when drying which can cause the slab to crack and eventually cause breaking of the slab which is why we can't build a slab on ground foundation in an area with clay soil.
What is creep deflection and when is it critical?
Creep deflection is when a beam starts to bend due to the loads on the beam. Creep deflection is critical when it comes to spandrel beams.When a non-load bearing wall is directly underneath a spandrel beam, there should be an adequate amount of space from the beam and the top of the wall to allow the beam to deflect under the load otherwise the load from the beam will be transferred directly to the wall which could damage it.
Balanced glulam beams are mandated for a. Continuous beams b. Single-span beams c. Beams with an overhang d. (a) and (c) e. (b) and (c)
D. a and c
In relation to its compressive strength, the tensile strength of concrete is A. much higher B. slightly higher C. nearly the same D. much lower E. slightly lower
D. much lower
Highest wind speeds are usually obtained in A. hurricanes B. wind storms C. thunderstorms D. tornadoes
D. tornadoes
What is differential settlement and why should we make sure it will not happen in a structure?
Differential settlement of a building means one part of the building settles more and another part of the building settles less. This can cause the building to collapse which is why it should be prevented.
The center-to-center spacing of framing members in a WLF building is mainly based on a. Age-old practice. b. Structural considerations. c. The size of sheathing panels. d. Insulation requirements. e. (b) and (c)
E. b and c
Blocking between floor joists is required where a. The joists bear on a wall. b. The joists bear on a beam. c. The joists are hung on a beam using joist hangers. d. All of the above. e. Both (a) and (b).
E. both a and b
Static Joints deform. A. True B. False
False
How a pier or pile foundation resists the loads of a building? (Just mention the name of the mechanisms)
Friction and bearing
Construction Manager as Owners Agent
In the CMAA method, the Construction Manager does not act as the General Contractor instead the Owner is responsible for the construction phase.
Construction Manager at Risk
In the CMAR method, the Construction Manager is the General Contractor and has direct contact with subcontractors which means the Construction Manager is responsible for the construction phase.
Explain why exterior placement of insulation in the building envelope is preferable?
Insulation is placed between two areas to minimize the movement of heat from one area to the other which determines where the insulation should be placed. Internal placement of insulation is to keep that area warmer or colder than the rest of the building for example a walk in freezer. Exterior placement of insulation lets the exterior wall mass store heat in order to minimize or prevent heat from entering to the interior of the building which for the overall building is preferable.
Explain what is integrated project delivery and how it differs from the other methods of project delivery.
Integrated Project Delivery is the method in which there is a very good harmony between the Owner, Architect, and Contractor and all of the stakeholders in the project contribute in constructing the virtual model of the building. One of the key differences and benefits with IPD compared to other project delivery methods is that mistakes will be caught during the design process whereas with other methods they would mainly be seen during the construction process. So although the IPD method has a longer design phase, the construction phase will be shorter compared to other methods and this method will provide the least amount of mistakes as well.
In which locations of the building do we need to provide insulation (Please explain in detail).
It is important to insulate the interior components, exterior components, and below ground components of a building. These locations of the building need to be insulated in order to prevent or reduce heat from transferring to the inside of the building.
What does LEED stand for?
Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design
Project Delivery Phases
Pre-design, design, pre-construction, construction, post construction
What are the stages of project delivery?
Predesign, Design, Preconstruction, Construction, and Post Construction.
Determine the R-value of a wall consisting of 2 X 4 (actual dimensions 1.5in. X 3.5 in.) wood studs spaced 16in. on center. The spaces between the studs are filled with 3.5in. thick fiberglass insulation. Other members of the wall are shown in Figure below. (Ignore R value of the studs)
R > 15.24
Design Phases
Schematic Design stage (SD) Design Development stage (DD) Construction Document stage (CD)
What are shop drawings, why are they required and for which items? Who prepare them and do they require any approval? If so, by whom? Explain.
Shop Drawings are sets of detailed drawings produced by a manufacturer for a specific material. They're required to know how a specific material will be placed on the building, for example, if you order rebar for a slab then the steel manufacturer will send a set of shop drawings showing how the rebar must be placed of course the general contractor has to submit these drawings and send a sample of the material to the architect for approval.
What size of soil particles are considered as fine soil?
Soils less than .075mm
How can we prevent surface condensation and concealed condensation?
Surface Condensation can be prevented by increasing the R-value of the assembly.Concealed condensation can be prevented by installing a vapor barrier in the assembly and making sure there is a way for water vapor to escape in case it gets inside the assembly.
How can you prevent surface condensation?
Surface condensation can be prevented by simply increasing the R-value of an assembly.
Who is responsible for the design and construction stages of project delivery?
The Architects, Landscape Architects, Civil and Structural Consultants, and MEPConsultants are responsible for the design stage. The General Contractors areresponsible for the Construction stage.
Provide the spelled-out versions of the acronyms "CMAA" and "CMAR". Then, explain the difference between the two project delivery methods. Use sketches to illustrate the contractual relationships between various parties involved in both methods.
The CMAA project delivery stands for Construction Manager as the Owner's Agent and the CMAR project delivery stands for Construction Manager at Risk. In the CMAA method, the Construction Manager does not act as the General Contractor instead the Owner is responsible for the construction phase. In the CMAR method, the Construction Manager is the General Contractor and has direct contact with subcontractors which means the Construction Manager is responsible for the construction phase.
explain what fast-track scheduling is, and then, list its advantages and disadvantages.
The advantages of Fast Track Scheduling is that this is the fastest project delivery method so it saves a lot of time and money to build a project. Some of the disadvantages with this method could be quality of the building since it is being built at a fast pace and planning issues with the project.
What are the goals of sustainable design?
The goals of sustainable design are integrated site design, water conservation, energy conservation and atmospheric protection, resource efficiency, and indoor environmental quality.
Why should we install header on top of the openings? The openings under a header are usually for windows to be installed. If there is no header, all the loads above where a header should be will be transferred directly to the window which could damage or break the window.
The openings under a header are usually for windows to be installed. If there is no header, all the loads above where a header should be will be transferred directly to the window which could damage or break the window.
Design Negotiate Build
The owner and contractor negotiate a construction contract in order to achieve mutual benefit and avoid inherent risks of competitive bidding.
Design-Build
The owner contracts with one entity (a person or firm) to provide both design and construction services, that entity then subcontracts portions of the work to others as needed
Design-Bid-Build
The owner has two separate contracts with an architect and contractor. Architect designs the project, project is sent to bid, and then the contractor who wins the bid constructs the project
What is the primary purpose of building code? Explain.
The primary purpose of a building code is safety. This includes line safety, fire and smoke safety, structural safety, health and welfare, and property protection. For example, with structural safety there are building codes that require the building to be built in such a way that the building won't be damaged and have a possibility of collapsing.
What are the requirements of fire-rated assembly?
The requirements of a fire-rated safety are structural integrity, fire and smoke tightness, and low temperature of unexposed face.
What is thermal bridge?
Thermal bridging is when a more conductive or poorly insulated material allows an easy pathway for heat to flow across a thermal barrier.
What do you recommend to increase overall R-value?
To increase the overall R value you can increase the rvalue of assembly B or you could increase the value of assembly A but the best option is to increase the r value of the section that has the lowest r value.
which is the most combustable type of building? Type 1 or Type 5?
Type 5
Why can't we build slab on-ground foundation in the area with cold climate?
We can't build slab on ground foundation on cold climate because in cold climate the ground become freezes and this freezing can transfer at the worst part of slab and ultimately lead to cold floors in winter and also its lead to shrinkage of the the floors in the concrete.
The _______ in a building is an important part of fire and smoke safety which consists of three components, having an exit, exit access, and exit discharge.
What is the means of egress in a building?
What are the different type of lateral loads?
Wind loads, earthquake loads, earth pressure, water pressure, and blast and impact loads
Why should we provide attic ventilation?
Without attic ventilation there can be a build up of ice dams which can increase the load of overhangs and gutters. Ceiling insulation and attic ventilation helps to eliminate ice dams as well as the buildup of water vapor.
Briefly explain two methods to insulate air borne sound in the walls.
You can add fibrous insulation in stud cavities which will then increase the stc or you could use multiple gypsum boards to increase the weight of the assembly which will then increase the stc of the wall. Also decoupling and staggered studs.
What is the construction type of the following structures? a. steel frame building b. light wood frame building c. reinforced concrete building d. heavy timber building e. building with exterior masonry walls and steel floor deck f. building walls with exterior masonry wall and light wood frame interior walls
a. type 2 b. type 5 c. type 1 d. type 4 e. type 3 f. type 3
what are the two types of movement joints?
building joints and component joints
What are the different types of gravity loads?
dead loads, live loads, rain loads, and snow loads
Where should there be insulation?
interior, exterior, and below ground components
HW#5, 1 and 2
look at HW#5 google doc
Which foundation can be used for a building located on the expansive soil (Clay)? (Select all apply). A. Mat foundation B. Raft foundation C. Steel pile D. Footings E. Reinforced concrete pier
mat foundation, raft foundation, steel pile, reinforced concrete pier
