Consumer Behavior Midterm
Verbal communication systems
(languages) are immediately obvious to anyone entering a foreign culture
African Americans constitute about __________ percent of the U.S. population.
13
modern gender orientation
A marriage in which husband and wife share responsibilities. Both work, and they share homemaking and child care responsibilities.
subliminal stimulus
A message presented so fast, softly or masked by other messages that one is not aware of seeing or hearing it
brand community
A nongeographically bound community, based on a structured set of social relationships among owners of a brand and the psychological relationship they have with the brand itself, the product in use, and the firm.
Hispanic
A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.
perceptual relativity
A relative process rather than absolute
Which segment of mature customers is psychologically well adjusted but has physical challenges?
Ailing Outgoers
Which segment of the African American market identified by Yankelovich is middle age, female, has the lowest income, feels "Black slang" should be avoided, and strongly supports "Buying Black?"
Broadcast Blacks
conspicuous consumption
Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position
Hispanics of __________ origin tend to have the highest income level among Hispanics.
Cuban and Puerto Rican
working class aristocrats
Dislike the upper-middle class and prefer products and stores positioned at their social-class level
A nonfamily has at least two members related by birth, marriage, or adoption, one of whom is the one who owns or rents the residence.
False
A segment of a larger culture whose members share distinguishing values and patterns of behavior is known as social norms.
False
Americans began to place a decreased emphasis on leisure, immediate gratification, and sensual gratification after the end of World War II.
False
Appeal marketing involves creating or sponsoring an event that has a particular appeal to a market segment.
False
Asian Indian Americans tend to share the family decision-making duties and responsibilities between the wife and husband.
False
Attraction is a group classification variable that refers to the closeness and intimacy of the group linkages.
False
E-gossip is an online "pass-it-along" marketing strategy.
False
Embodying happens when a lifecycle change occurs and its physical manifestations are anticipated in relation to physical space needs.
False
Ethnic groups are the sole basis for subcultures in the United States.
False
Families considering the purchase of products such as a house, furniture, or a vacation typically use husband-dominant decision making.
False
Marketers rarely target multigenerational families because their purchasing power is minimal.
False
Mexican Americans tend to live in California, New York, and Florida.
False
The "Skeptical Individuals" environmental activist segment is highly dismissive of environmental concerns, and doesn't believe global warming exists.
False
The behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a given society are known as gender identity.
False
The constant flow of communication occurs when one person receives information from the mass media or other sources and passes it on to others.
False
The organization is the basic consumption unit for most consumer goods.
False
Twenty-five percent of millennial fathers claim primary or shared responsibility for grocery shopping.
False
When a couple has children, expenditures on personal care products usually increase.
False
The approximate population of the United States today is 249 million.
False (316 million)
Generation X is also referred to as the echo boomers.
False (Gen Y is)
The newest generation born 2010 to the present is known as the Tweens.
False (Generation Z)
Gender is the most widely applied single cue we use to initially evaluate and define individuals we meet.
False (Occupation)
The nouveaux riches are most commonly associated with the upper-upper class.
False (the lower upper class)
The teenage segment is challenging to marketers because of their limited spending ability.
False (they account for $200 billion in purchasing power)
Identification influence is also called informational influence.
False - it is also called value expressive influence
Market mavens tend to be middle-aged shoppers with great influence over older, lower-income shoppers.
False - market mavens tend to be younger, with slightly higher household income than general US population
Affective interpretation is a process whereby stimuli are placed into existing categories of meaning.
False. Affective interpretation is the emotional response triggered by a stimulus such as an ad.
Advertorials are program-length commercials with an 800 number and/or Web address through which to order or request additional information.
False. These are infomercials
Co-branding is when an existing brand extends to a new category with the same name.
False. This is brand extension Co-branding is an alliance in which two brands are put together on a single product
Clutter refers to the density of stimuli in the environment.
False. This is brand extensionCo-branding is an alliance in which two brands are put together on a single product
enviropreneurial marketing
Firms that convince environmentally concerned consumers that their products are environmentally sound.
extinction
Forgetting in conditioned learning
Green Marketing
Involves (1) developing products whose production, use, or disposal is less harmful to the environment than the traditional versions of the product; (2) developing products that have a positive impact on the environment; or (3) tying the purchase of a product to an environmental organization or event.
Which of the following is true regarding the Roman Catholic subculture?
It is highly structured and hierarchical and A basic tenet is that the primary purpose of marriage is procreation.
personal space
It is the nearest that others can come to you in various situations without your feeling uncomfortable
A distinctive subgroup of society that self-selects on the basis of a shared commitment to a particular product class, brand, or consumption activity is
None of these are correct
polychronic time perspective
People and relationships take priority over schedules, and activities occur at their own pace rather than according to a predetermined timetable.
Which of the following groups is characterized by emphasis on individual responsibility and control, a strong work ethic, and relatively small families?
Protestants
Norms
Rules that specify or prohibit certain behaviors in specific situations.
_____ result when cultural norms are violated
Sanctions
household life cycle (HLC)
Segmentation technique acknowledging changes in family composition and income alter household demand for products and services
The degree of consistency an individual has across all the status dimensions is known as
Status Crystallization
Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)
The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country
Culture
The complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society.
opinion leader
These individuals actively filter, interpret, or provide product and brand-relevant information to their family, friends, and colleagues.
self-referencing
Thinking about new information and how it relates to you personally. Form of encoding
A positive mood during the presentation of information such as brand names enhances learning.
True
A stepfamily consists of a married-couple family household with at least one child under the age of 18 who is a stepchild (i.e., a son or daughter through marriage).
True
Brand ambassadors are paid users of a product to encourage others to become consumer of a given brand.
True
Buzz marketing is known as the exponential expansion of WOM.
True
Chunking occurs when a person organizes individual items into groups of related items that can be processed as a single unit.
True
Cohort analysis involves describing and explaining the attitudes, values, and behaviors of an age group as well as predicting its future attitudes, values, and behaviors.
True
Fatalists tend to feel they don't have control over the outcome of events.
True
Imagery processing involves the recall and mental manipulation of sensory images, including sight, smell, taste, and tactile (touch) sensations.
True
Many Muslims are reluctant to eat in American restaurants due to concerns with how the food is prepared.
True
Memory is the total accumulation of prior learning experiences.
True
Older singles who are single by circumstances (i.e., death of a spouse) tend to engage in coping behaviors such as spending more time watching television.
True
One way for a marketer to avoid memory interference is to avoid competing advertising.
True
Product involvement indicates motivation or an interest in a specific product category, and it can be temporary or enduring.
True
The Connected Black Teens segment identified by Yankelovich is young, tech savvy, brand conscious, and not as focused on only interacting with those of the same ethnicity.
True
The adoption process is the series of steps or stages a consumer goes through when purchasing an innovation.
True
Expectations is an individual characteristic that influences interpretation.
True Expectations can lead to interpretation that is inconsistent with objective reality
online community
a community that interacts over time around a topic of interest on the internet
schema
a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information
iconic role learning
a concept or the association between two or more concepts in the absence of conditioning
product positioning
a decision by a marketer to try to achieve a defined brand image relative to competition within a market segment
product repositioning
a deliberate decision to significantly alter the way the market views a product
consumption subculture
a distinctive subgroup of society that self-selects on the basis of a shared commitment to a particular product class, brand, or consumption activity
refernce group
a group whose presumed perspectives or values are being used by an individual as the basis for hos or her current behavior
social class system
a hierarchical division of a society into relatively distinct and homogeneous groups with respect to attitudes, values, and lifestyles
nonfamily household
a householder living alone or exclusively with others to whom he or she is not related
Traditional gender orientations
a marriage in which the husband assumes the responsibility for providing for the family and the wife runs the house and takes care of the children
traditional family
a married opposite-sex couple and their own or adopted children living at home
pulsing
a media scheduling method that combines flighting and continuous scheduling
information processing
a series of activities by which stimuli are perceived, transformed into information, and stored
conditioning
a set of procedures that marketers can use to increase the chances that an association between two stimuli is formed or learned
hemispheric lateralization
a term applied to activities that take place on each side of the brain
lululemon's strength of brand can be attributed to its
ability to bond with its customers and the community.
concepts
abstractions of reality that capture the meaning of an item in terms of other concepts
flashbulb memory
acute memory for the circumstances surrounding a surprising and novel event
__________ holds that over time consumers adjust to and quit noticing repeated stimuli.
adaptation level theory.
Marketing to children can be accomplished by
advertising through direct mail advertising in magazines with strong readership among children advertising on the Internet all of the above
The household life cycle is based on
age, marital status, and the presence and age of children.
household
all the people who occupy a housing unit
co-branding
an alliance in which two brands are put together on a single product
innovation
an idea, practice, or product perceived to be new by the relevant individual or group
Normative influence occurs when
an individual fulfills group expectations to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction.
analogical reasoning
an inference process that allows consumers to use an existing knowledge base to understand a new situation or object
A person who consistently filters, interprets, and/or provides information to other group members is
an opinion leader.
Learning is
any change in the content or organization of long-term memory and/or behavior.
learning
any change in the content or organization of long-term memory or behavior
Ambush Marketing
any communication or activity that implies, or from which one could reasonably infer, that an organization is associated with an event, when in fact it is not
family household
at least two members related by birth, marriage, or adoption, one of whom is the householder
When the receptor nerves are activated and pass the sensations on to the brain for processing, __________ has occurred.
attention
smart banners
banner ads that are activated based on terms used in search engines
Individuals tend to use which approaches to resolve purchase conflict?
bargaining and impression management
community
characterized by consciousness of kind, shared rituals and traditions, and a sense of moral responsibility
Primary groups are
characterized by frequent interpersonal contact.
The baby boom generation is
characterized by time poverty
Playing popular music in the background of an ad with the expectation that the advertised product will then elicit the same positive feelings is based on
classical conditioning.
Consumption-related attitudes
cognitive and affective orientations toward marketplace stimuli such as advertisements, salespeople, warranties, and so forth
imagery
concrete sensory representations of ideas, feelings, and objects.
cognitive learning
encompasses all the mental activities of humans as they work to solve problems or cope with situations
Perception involves the information processing stages of
exposure, attention, and interpretation.
A script is a memory structure involving a complex web of association.
false A script is a memory of how an action sequence should occur
Interpretation occurs when a stimulus is placed within a person's relevant environment and comes within range of their receptor nerves.
false Exposure occurs this way
In cognitive learning, forgetting is often referred to as extinction.
false in cognitive learning, forgetting is often referred to as retrieval failure
Transient memory, also known as working memory, is the portion of the total memory that is currently in use.
false short-term memory, also known as working memory, is the portion of the total memory that is currently in use.
Attention generally increases across repeated exposures, and repetition often increases recall.
false. Attention generally decreases across repeated exposures, and repetition often increases recall.
primary groups
family and friends, and involve strong ties and frequent interaction
Which type of memory is acute memory for the circumstances surrounding a surprising and novel event?
flashbulb memory
retrieval failure
forgetting in cognitive learning
mature market
generally defined as consumers 55 years of age and over
inference
goes beyond what is directly stated or presented
Consumers who are above-average viewers of FOX News Channel tend to have
graduated from high school
dissociative reference group
groups with negative desirability, and can influence behavior just like those with positive desirability
Self-oriented values include
hard work-leisure, active-passive, and religious-secular.
Compared to the general population, Asian Americans
have a higher average income
perceptual defenses
individuals are not passive recipients of marketing messages
analytical reasoning
individuals engage in creative thinking to restructure and recombine existing information as well as new information to form new associations and concepts
Word-of-Mouth (WOM) Communication
individuals sharing information with other individuals in a verbal form, including face to face, phone, and the internet
A series of activities by which stimuli are perceived, transformed into information, and stored is known as
information processing.
Adopter Categories
innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards
rhetorical figures
involve the use of an unexpected twist or artful deviation in how a message is communicated either visually in the ad's picture or verbally in the ad's text or headline
multistep flow of communication
involves opinion leaders for a particular product area who actively seek relevant information from the mass media as well as other sources
operant conditioning
involves rewarded desirable behaviors such as brand purchases with a positive outcome that serves to reinforce the behavior
zapping
involves switching channels when a commercial appears
cognitive interpretation
is a process whereby stimuli are placed into existing categories of meaning
long-term memory (LTM)
is that portion of total memory devoted to permanent information storage
brand equity
is the value consumers assign to a brand above and beyond the functional characteristics of the product.
Vicarious Learning/Modeling
learning by observing the outcomes of others' behaviors and adjusting your own behavior accordingly
Compared to Delayed Full Nest I households, Full Nest I households have
less income
laggards
locally oriented and engage in limited social interaction
enduring involvement
long-term interest in an offering, activity, or decision
step family
married-couple family household with at least one child under the age of 18 who is a stepchild
brand familiarity
may require less attention to the brand's ads because of their high existing knowledge
Traditionally, America was considered a
melting pot with western European values
script
memory of how an action sequence should occur
High-involvement learning
none of the above High involvement learning occurs when the consumer is motivated to process or learn the material
The heterogeneous nature of American society is being accentuated by
none of these
aspiration reference groups
nonmembership groups with a positive attraction, also exert a strong influence
McNeal's five-stage model of how children learn to shop by visiting supermarkets and other retail outlets with a parent consists of
observing making requests making selections all of the above
modeling
occurs when a child learns appropriate, or inappropriate, consumption behaviors by observing others
mediation
occurs when a parent alters a child's initial interpretation of, or response to, a marketing or other stimulus
instrumental training
occurs when a parent or sibling specifically and directly attempts to bring about certain responses through reasoning or reinforcement
exposure
occurs when a stimulus is placed within a person's relevant environment and comes within range of their sensory receptor nerves
normative influence
occurs when an individual fulfills group expectations to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction
informational influence
occurs when an individual uses the behaviors and opinions of reference group members as potentially useful bits of information
information overload
occurs when consumers are confronted with so much information that they cannot or will not attend to all of it
memory interference
occurs when consumers have difficulty retrieving a specific piece of information because other related information in memory gets in the way
identification influence
occurs when individuals have internalized the group's values and norms
zipping
occurs when one fast-forwards through a commercial on a prerecorded program
attention
occurs when the stimulus activates one or more sensory receptor nerves, and the resulting sensations go to the brain for processing
perceptual mapping
offers marketing managers a useful technique for measuring and developing a product's position
brand leverage
often termed family branding, brand extensions, or umbrella branding, refers to marketers capitalizing on brand equity by using an existing brand name for new products.
The process of using reinforcement to alter the probability that a given behavior will be repeated is known as
operant conditioning.
early adopters
opinion leaders in local reference groups
short-term memory (STM)
or working memory, is the portion of total memory that is currently activated or in use
market mavens
people who search, accumulate, and share product knowledge with others
contextual cues
present in the situation play a role in consumer interpretation independent of the actual stimulus
Closure
presenting an incomplete stimulus with the goal of getting consumers to complete it and thus become more engaged and involved
Firgure-ground
presenting the stimulus in such a way that it is perceived as the focal object to be attended to and all other stimuli are perceived as the background
stimulus discrimination
process of learning to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli
A method marketers use in response to ad avoidance is known as
product placement.
Secondary groups
professional and neighborhood associations, involve weaker ties and less frequent interaction
infomercials
program-length television commercials with a toll-free number and/or web address through which to order or request additional information
product placement
provides exposure that consumers don't try to avoid, it shows how and when to use the product, and it enhances the product's image
In most individuals, the left brain appears to control
rational thought and verbal material.
Stimulus generalization
rub-off effect, occurs when a response to one stimulus is elicited by a similar but distinct stimulus
Product sampling is sometimes called
seeding.
Piaget's stages of cognitive development
sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational
cross-promotions
signage in one area of the store promotes complementary products in another
late majority
skeptics who adopt new products when they feel it is necessary
When scandals hurt the scandalized brand but also damage competitors in the industry the term for this effect is
spillover.
proximity
stimuli positioned close together are perceived as belonging to the same category
adaptation level theory
suggests that if a stimulus doesn't change, over time we adapt or habituate to it and begin to notice it less
early majority
tend to be cautious about innovations
interpretation
the assignment of meaning to sensations
The household is
the basic consumption unit for most consumer goods.
semantic memory
the basic knowledge and feelings an individual has about a concept
explicit memory
the conscious recollection of a exposure event
low-involvement learning
the consumer has little or no motivation to process or learn the material
high-involvement learning
the consumer is motivated to process or learn the material
maintenance rehearsal
the continual repetition of a piece of information in order to hold it in current memory for use in problem solving or transferal to LTM
affective interpretation
the emotional or feeling response triggered by a stimulus such as an ad
Buzz
the expansion of word-of-mouth
Which of the following factors does not determine attention:
the interpretation
Consumption-related preferences
the knowledge, attitudes, and values that cause people to attach differential evaluations to products, brands, and retail outlets
The greater the role specialization and the more closely related the product is to the area of specialization
the less likely a joint decision will be made.
accessibility
the likelihood and ease with which information can be recalled from LTM
diffusion process
the manner in which innovations spread throughout a market
episodic memory
the memory of a sequence of events in which a person participated
just noticeable difference (JND)
the minimum amount that one brand can differ from another with the difference still being noticed
Asch Phenomenon
the naive subject almost always agrees with the incorrect judgement of others
implicit memory
the nonconscious retrieval of previously encountered stimuli
punishment
the opposite of reinforcement, it is any consequence that decreased the likelihood that a given response will be repeated in the future.
stimulus organization
the physical arrangement of the stimulus objects
sensory discrimination
the physiological ability of an individual to distinguish between similar stimuli
family decision making
the process by which decisions that directly or indirectly involve two or more family members are made
consumer socialization
the process by which young people acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes relevant to their functioning in the marketplace
two-step flow of communication
the process of one person's receiving information from the mass media or other sources and passing it on to others
Perception
the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
classical conditioning
the process of using an established relationship between one stimulus and response to bring about the learning of the same response to a different stimulus
brand image
the schematic memory of a brand
adoption process
the steps individuals go through on the way to accepting or rejecting a new idea
elaborative activities
the use of previously stored experiences, values, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings to interpret and evaluate information in working memory as well as to add relevant previously stored information
permission-based marketing
the voluntary and self-selected nature of such online offerings, where consumers "opt in" to receive e-mail-based promotions
consumer skills
those capabilities necessary for purchases to occur such as understanding money, budgeting, product evaluation, and so forth
advertising wearout
too much repetition can cause consumers to actively shut out the message, evaluate it negatively, or disregard it
muting
turning the sound off during commercial breaks
A group is broadly defined as
two or more individuals who share a set of norms, values, or beliefs and have certain implicitly or explicitly defined relationships to one another such that their behavior is interdependent.
group
two or more individuals who share a set of norms, values, or beliefs and have certain implicitly or explicitly defined relationships to one another such that their behaviors are interdependent
Classical conditioning involves
using an established relationship between a stimulus and response to generate the same response to a different stimulus.
Innovators
venturesome risk takers
online social network site
web-based service that allows individuals to (1) construct a public or semipublic profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system
brand extension
where an existing brand extends to a new category with the same name
ad avoidance
zipping, zapping, and muting are simply mechanical ways for consumers to selectively avoid exposure to advertising messages
Voluntary Simplicity
consumers' efforts to reduce their reliance on consumption and material possessions
Greenwashing
a firm promotes environmental benefits that are unsubstantiated and on which they don't deliver
An age cohort refers to
a group of people who have experienced a common social, political, historical, and economic environment.
generation or age cohort
a group of persons who have experienced a common social, political, historical, and economic environment
nouveaux riches
a person who is newly rich
subculture
a segment of a larger culture whose members share distinguishing values and patterns of behavior
Index of Social Position (ISP)
a two-item index that is well developed and widely used
Ascribed role
an attribute over which the individual has little or no control
Subjective Discretionary Income (SDI)
an estimate by the consumer of how much money he or she has available to spend on nonessentials
Regional Subcultures
arise as a result of climatic conditions, the natural environment and resources, the characteristics of the various immigrant groups that have settled in each region, and significant social and political events
achievement role
based on performance criteria over which the individual has some degree of control
monochronic time perspective
believing that a person does one thing at a time, we have a strong orientation toward the present and the short-term future
Born-again Christians
characterized by a strong belief in the literal truth of the Bible, a very strong commitment to their religious beliefs, having had a "born-again" experience, and encouraging others to believe in Jesus Christ
Event Marketing
creating or sponsoring an event that has a particular appeal to a market segment
Cultures differ in terms of
demographics, nonverbal communications, values, and languages
Demographics
describe a population in terms of its size, structure, and distribution
Religious Subcultures
different religions in America prescribe differing values and behaviors
Cultures that value _____ accept a wide variety of personal behaviors and attitudes, foods, dress, and other products and services.
diversity
Which of the following are common single-item indexes of social class?
education and income
Single-item indexes
estimate social status on the basis of a single dimension such as education, income, or occupation
class to mass
expanding opportunities for less affluent consumers to afford luxury
Psychographics describes a population in terms of its size, structure, and distribution.
false
The cost of a specialty market basket of products bought in a given country relates to the purchasing power parity (PPP) concept.
false
The most relevant factor influencing the growth of a global culture is travel.
false
The voluntary simplicity movement in America relates to a shift in the masculine/feminine value.
false
Traditionally, China has tended to value individualism over collectivism
false
Twenty-five percent of millennial fathers claim primary or shared responsibility for grocery shopping
false
Major firms such as American Express
first approached the gay market using standard ads
The term that refers to the degree to which a person has various levels of the traits of masculinity or felinity is
gender identity
Cause-Related Marketing (CRM)
marketing that ties a company and its products to an issue or cause with the goal of improving sales or corporate image while providing benefits to the cause
Which of the following values would be most critical for the success of mandated package recycling?
nature
Gerontographics
one segmentation approach to the mature market that incorporates aging processes and life events related to the physical health and mental outlook of older consumers
cognitive age
one's perceived age, a part of one's self-concept
societal rank
one's position relative to others on one or more dimensions valued by society
Sanctions
penalties ranging from mild social disapproval to banishment from the group
A shift from an active to a passive orientation would most likely affect
they types of advertising themes used.
ethnic subculture
those whose members' unique shared behaviors are based on a common racial, language, or national background
Which of the following is a factor influencing nonverbal communications?
time, etiquette, symbols, relationships
Language is one of the cultural factors that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy.
true
Less than 50 percent of American adults exercise regularly
true
Terminal materialism refers to the acquisition of items for the sake of owning the item itself.
true
Which of the following is NOT an approach to green marketing?
utilizing only local components in products
Which of the following is not an approach to green marketing?
utilizing only local components in products
For many Americans, from the late 1980s until 1995 real income values
were stagnant or declining
Cultural Values
widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable
Cultural values are
widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable
A cultural norm is
A set of rules that specify ranges of appropriate behaviors.
Which of the following is an environment-oriented value?
All of the above. cleanliness, performance/status, tradition/change, cleanliness and tradition/change
Which of the following is/are true regarding CRM and social marketing?
Cause-related marketing ties a company and its products to an issue or cause
Which of the following values would be most critical for the success of a new antibacterial grocery cart handle?
Cleanliness
Americans began a decreased emphasis on leisure, immediate gratification, and sensual gratification after the end of WWII
False
Cause-related and personal marketing both refer to the application of marketing principles and tactics to advance a cause such as a charity, an ideology, or an activity.
False
Product and service offerings that target the GLBT community almost never require modification.
False
Why has the population of the United States grown steadily since 1960?
Longer life expectancies and immigration
environment-oriented values
prescribe a society's relationship to its economic and technical as well as its physical environment
other-oriented values
reflect a society's view of the appropriate relationships between individuals and groups within that society
self-oriented values
reflect the objectives and approaches to life that the individual members of society find desirable
Multi-item indexes
take into account numerous variables simultaneously and weight these according to a scheme that reflects societal views
terminal materialism
the acquisition of items for the sake of owning the item itself
instrumental materialism
the acquisition of things to enable one to do something
Nonverbal communication systems
the arbitrary meanings a culture assigns actions, events, and things other than words
gender roles
the behaviors considered appropriate for males and female in a given society
acculturation
the degree to which an immigrant has adapted to his or her new culture
secular society
the educational system, government, and political process are not controlled by a religious group, and most people's daily behaviors are not guided by strict religious guidelines
status crystallization
the more consistent an individual is on all status dimensions, the greater the degree of status crystallization for the individual
Glocalization
the practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations.
cohort analysis
the process of describing and explaining the attitudes, values, and behaviors of an age group as well as predicting its future attitudes, values, and behaviors