Consumer Behavior Midterm

Verbal communication systems

(languages) are immediately obvious to anyone entering a foreign culture

African Americans constitute about __________ percent of the U.S. population.

13

modern gender orientation

A marriage in which husband and wife share responsibilities. Both work, and they share homemaking and child care responsibilities.

subliminal stimulus

A message presented so fast, softly or masked by other messages that one is not aware of seeing or hearing it

brand community

A nongeographically bound community, based on a structured set of social relationships among owners of a brand and the psychological relationship they have with the brand itself, the product in use, and the firm.

Hispanic

A person of Cuban, Mexican, Puerto Rican, South or Central American, or other Spanish culture or origin regardless of race.

perceptual relativity

A relative process rather than absolute

Which segment of mature customers is psychologically well adjusted but has physical challenges?

Ailing Outgoers

Which segment of the African American market identified by Yankelovich is middle age, female, has the lowest income, feels "Black slang" should be avoided, and strongly supports "Buying Black?"

Broadcast Blacks

conspicuous consumption

Buying and using products because of the "statement" they make about social position

Hispanics of __________ origin tend to have the highest income level among Hispanics.

Cuban and Puerto Rican

working class aristocrats

Dislike the upper-middle class and prefer products and stores positioned at their social-class level

A nonfamily has at least two members related by birth, marriage, or adoption, one of whom is the one who owns or rents the residence.

False

A segment of a larger culture whose members share distinguishing values and patterns of behavior is known as social norms.

False

Americans began to place a decreased emphasis on leisure, immediate gratification, and sensual gratification after the end of World War II.

False

Appeal marketing involves creating or sponsoring an event that has a particular appeal to a market segment.

False

Asian Indian Americans tend to share the family decision-making duties and responsibilities between the wife and husband.

False

Attraction is a group classification variable that refers to the closeness and intimacy of the group linkages.

False

E-gossip is an online "pass-it-along" marketing strategy.

False

Embodying happens when a lifecycle change occurs and its physical manifestations are anticipated in relation to physical space needs.

False

Ethnic groups are the sole basis for subcultures in the United States.

False

Families considering the purchase of products such as a house, furniture, or a vacation typically use husband-dominant decision making.

False

Marketers rarely target multigenerational families because their purchasing power is minimal.

False

Mexican Americans tend to live in California, New York, and Florida.

False

The "Skeptical Individuals" environmental activist segment is highly dismissive of environmental concerns, and doesn't believe global warming exists.

False

The behaviors considered appropriate for males and females in a given society are known as gender identity.

False

The constant flow of communication occurs when one person receives information from the mass media or other sources and passes it on to others.

False

The organization is the basic consumption unit for most consumer goods.

False

Twenty-five percent of millennial fathers claim primary or shared responsibility for grocery shopping.

False

When a couple has children, expenditures on personal care products usually increase.

False

The approximate population of the United States today is 249 million.

False (316 million)

Generation X is also referred to as the echo boomers.

False (Gen Y is)

The newest generation born 2010 to the present is known as the Tweens.

False (Generation Z)

Gender is the most widely applied single cue we use to initially evaluate and define individuals we meet.

False (Occupation)

The nouveaux riches are most commonly associated with the upper-upper class.

False (the lower upper class)

The teenage segment is challenging to marketers because of their limited spending ability.

False (they account for $200 billion in purchasing power)

Identification influence is also called informational influence.

False - it is also called value expressive influence

Market mavens tend to be middle-aged shoppers with great influence over older, lower-income shoppers.

False - market mavens tend to be younger, with slightly higher household income than general US population

Affective interpretation is a process whereby stimuli are placed into existing categories of meaning.

False. Affective interpretation is the emotional response triggered by a stimulus such as an ad.

Advertorials are program-length commercials with an 800 number and/or Web address through which to order or request additional information.

False. These are infomercials

Co-branding is when an existing brand extends to a new category with the same name.

False. This is brand extension Co-branding is an alliance in which two brands are put together on a single product

Clutter refers to the density of stimuli in the environment.

False. This is brand extensionCo-branding is an alliance in which two brands are put together on a single product

enviropreneurial marketing

Firms that convince environmentally concerned consumers that their products are environmentally sound.

extinction

Forgetting in conditioned learning

Green Marketing

Involves (1) developing products whose production, use, or disposal is less harmful to the environment than the traditional versions of the product; (2) developing products that have a positive impact on the environment; or (3) tying the purchase of a product to an environmental organization or event.

Which of the following is true regarding the Roman Catholic subculture?

It is highly structured and hierarchical and A basic tenet is that the primary purpose of marriage is procreation.

personal space

It is the nearest that others can come to you in various situations without your feeling uncomfortable

A distinctive subgroup of society that self-selects on the basis of a shared commitment to a particular product class, brand, or consumption activity is

None of these are correct

polychronic time perspective

People and relationships take priority over schedules, and activities occur at their own pace rather than according to a predetermined timetable.

Which of the following groups is characterized by emphasis on individual responsibility and control, a strong work ethic, and relatively small families?

Protestants

Norms

Rules that specify or prohibit certain behaviors in specific situations.

_____ result when cultural norms are violated

Sanctions

household life cycle (HLC)

Segmentation technique acknowledging changes in family composition and income alter household demand for products and services

The degree of consistency an individual has across all the status dimensions is known as

Status Crystallization

Purchasing Power Parity (PPP)

The amount of money needed in one country to purchase the same goods and services in another country

Culture

The complex whole that includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by humans as members of society.

opinion leader

These individuals actively filter, interpret, or provide product and brand-relevant information to their family, friends, and colleagues.

self-referencing

Thinking about new information and how it relates to you personally. Form of encoding

A positive mood during the presentation of information such as brand names enhances learning.

True

A stepfamily consists of a married-couple family household with at least one child under the age of 18 who is a stepchild (i.e., a son or daughter through marriage).

True

Brand ambassadors are paid users of a product to encourage others to become consumer of a given brand.

True

Buzz marketing is known as the exponential expansion of WOM.

True

Chunking occurs when a person organizes individual items into groups of related items that can be processed as a single unit.

True

Cohort analysis involves describing and explaining the attitudes, values, and behaviors of an age group as well as predicting its future attitudes, values, and behaviors.

True

Fatalists tend to feel they don't have control over the outcome of events.

True

Imagery processing involves the recall and mental manipulation of sensory images, including sight, smell, taste, and tactile (touch) sensations.

True

Many Muslims are reluctant to eat in American restaurants due to concerns with how the food is prepared.

True

Memory is the total accumulation of prior learning experiences.

True

Older singles who are single by circumstances (i.e., death of a spouse) tend to engage in coping behaviors such as spending more time watching television.

True

One way for a marketer to avoid memory interference is to avoid competing advertising.

True

Product involvement indicates motivation or an interest in a specific product category, and it can be temporary or enduring.

True

The Connected Black Teens segment identified by Yankelovich is young, tech savvy, brand conscious, and not as focused on only interacting with those of the same ethnicity.

True

The adoption process is the series of steps or stages a consumer goes through when purchasing an innovation.

True

Expectations is an individual characteristic that influences interpretation.

True Expectations can lead to interpretation that is inconsistent with objective reality

online community

a community that interacts over time around a topic of interest on the internet

schema

a concept or framework that organizes and interprets information

iconic role learning

a concept or the association between two or more concepts in the absence of conditioning

product positioning

a decision by a marketer to try to achieve a defined brand image relative to competition within a market segment

product repositioning

a deliberate decision to significantly alter the way the market views a product

consumption subculture

a distinctive subgroup of society that self-selects on the basis of a shared commitment to a particular product class, brand, or consumption activity

refernce group

a group whose presumed perspectives or values are being used by an individual as the basis for hos or her current behavior

social class system

a hierarchical division of a society into relatively distinct and homogeneous groups with respect to attitudes, values, and lifestyles

nonfamily household

a householder living alone or exclusively with others to whom he or she is not related

Traditional gender orientations

a marriage in which the husband assumes the responsibility for providing for the family and the wife runs the house and takes care of the children

traditional family

a married opposite-sex couple and their own or adopted children living at home

pulsing

a media scheduling method that combines flighting and continuous scheduling

information processing

a series of activities by which stimuli are perceived, transformed into information, and stored

conditioning

a set of procedures that marketers can use to increase the chances that an association between two stimuli is formed or learned

hemispheric lateralization

a term applied to activities that take place on each side of the brain

lululemon's strength of brand can be attributed to its

ability to bond with its customers and the community.

concepts

abstractions of reality that capture the meaning of an item in terms of other concepts

flashbulb memory

acute memory for the circumstances surrounding a surprising and novel event

__________ holds that over time consumers adjust to and quit noticing repeated stimuli.

adaptation level theory.

Marketing to children can be accomplished by

advertising through direct mail advertising in magazines with strong readership among children advertising on the Internet all of the above

The household life cycle is based on

age, marital status, and the presence and age of children.

household

all the people who occupy a housing unit

co-branding

an alliance in which two brands are put together on a single product

innovation

an idea, practice, or product perceived to be new by the relevant individual or group

Normative influence occurs when

an individual fulfills group expectations to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction.

analogical reasoning

an inference process that allows consumers to use an existing knowledge base to understand a new situation or object

A person who consistently filters, interprets, and/or provides information to other group members is

an opinion leader.

Learning is

any change in the content or organization of long-term memory and/or behavior.

learning

any change in the content or organization of long-term memory or behavior

Ambush Marketing

any communication or activity that implies, or from which one could reasonably infer, that an organization is associated with an event, when in fact it is not

family household

at least two members related by birth, marriage, or adoption, one of whom is the householder

When the receptor nerves are activated and pass the sensations on to the brain for processing, __________ has occurred.

attention

smart banners

banner ads that are activated based on terms used in search engines

Individuals tend to use which approaches to resolve purchase conflict?

bargaining and impression management

community

characterized by consciousness of kind, shared rituals and traditions, and a sense of moral responsibility

Primary groups are

characterized by frequent interpersonal contact.

The baby boom generation is

characterized by time poverty

Playing popular music in the background of an ad with the expectation that the advertised product will then elicit the same positive feelings is based on

classical conditioning.

Consumption-related attitudes

cognitive and affective orientations toward marketplace stimuli such as advertisements, salespeople, warranties, and so forth

imagery

concrete sensory representations of ideas, feelings, and objects.

cognitive learning

encompasses all the mental activities of humans as they work to solve problems or cope with situations

Perception involves the information processing stages of

exposure, attention, and interpretation.

A script is a memory structure involving a complex web of association.

false A script is a memory of how an action sequence should occur

Interpretation occurs when a stimulus is placed within a person's relevant environment and comes within range of their receptor nerves.

false Exposure occurs this way

In cognitive learning, forgetting is often referred to as extinction.

false in cognitive learning, forgetting is often referred to as retrieval failure

Transient memory, also known as working memory, is the portion of the total memory that is currently in use.

false short-term memory, also known as working memory, is the portion of the total memory that is currently in use.

Attention generally increases across repeated exposures, and repetition often increases recall.

false. Attention generally decreases across repeated exposures, and repetition often increases recall.

primary groups

family and friends, and involve strong ties and frequent interaction

Which type of memory is acute memory for the circumstances surrounding a surprising and novel event?

flashbulb memory

retrieval failure

forgetting in cognitive learning

mature market

generally defined as consumers 55 years of age and over

inference

goes beyond what is directly stated or presented

Consumers who are above-average viewers of FOX News Channel tend to have

graduated from high school

dissociative reference group

groups with negative desirability, and can influence behavior just like those with positive desirability

Self-oriented values include

hard work-leisure, active-passive, and religious-secular.

Compared to the general population, Asian Americans

have a higher average income

perceptual defenses

individuals are not passive recipients of marketing messages

analytical reasoning

individuals engage in creative thinking to restructure and recombine existing information as well as new information to form new associations and concepts

Word-of-Mouth (WOM) Communication

individuals sharing information with other individuals in a verbal form, including face to face, phone, and the internet

A series of activities by which stimuli are perceived, transformed into information, and stored is known as

information processing.

Adopter Categories

innovators, early adopters, early majority, late majority, laggards

rhetorical figures

involve the use of an unexpected twist or artful deviation in how a message is communicated either visually in the ad's picture or verbally in the ad's text or headline

multistep flow of communication

involves opinion leaders for a particular product area who actively seek relevant information from the mass media as well as other sources

operant conditioning

involves rewarded desirable behaviors such as brand purchases with a positive outcome that serves to reinforce the behavior

zapping

involves switching channels when a commercial appears

cognitive interpretation

is a process whereby stimuli are placed into existing categories of meaning

long-term memory (LTM)

is that portion of total memory devoted to permanent information storage

brand equity

is the value consumers assign to a brand above and beyond the functional characteristics of the product.

Vicarious Learning/Modeling

learning by observing the outcomes of others' behaviors and adjusting your own behavior accordingly

Compared to Delayed Full Nest I households, Full Nest I households have

less income

laggards

locally oriented and engage in limited social interaction

enduring involvement

long-term interest in an offering, activity, or decision

step family

married-couple family household with at least one child under the age of 18 who is a stepchild

brand familiarity

may require less attention to the brand's ads because of their high existing knowledge

Traditionally, America was considered a

melting pot with western European values

script

memory of how an action sequence should occur

High-involvement learning

none of the above High involvement learning occurs when the consumer is motivated to process or learn the material

The heterogeneous nature of American society is being accentuated by

none of these

aspiration reference groups

nonmembership groups with a positive attraction, also exert a strong influence

McNeal's five-stage model of how children learn to shop by visiting supermarkets and other retail outlets with a parent consists of

observing making requests making selections all of the above

modeling

occurs when a child learns appropriate, or inappropriate, consumption behaviors by observing others

mediation

occurs when a parent alters a child's initial interpretation of, or response to, a marketing or other stimulus

instrumental training

occurs when a parent or sibling specifically and directly attempts to bring about certain responses through reasoning or reinforcement

exposure

occurs when a stimulus is placed within a person's relevant environment and comes within range of their sensory receptor nerves

normative influence

occurs when an individual fulfills group expectations to gain a direct reward or to avoid a sanction

informational influence

occurs when an individual uses the behaviors and opinions of reference group members as potentially useful bits of information

information overload

occurs when consumers are confronted with so much information that they cannot or will not attend to all of it

memory interference

occurs when consumers have difficulty retrieving a specific piece of information because other related information in memory gets in the way

identification influence

occurs when individuals have internalized the group's values and norms

zipping

occurs when one fast-forwards through a commercial on a prerecorded program

attention

occurs when the stimulus activates one or more sensory receptor nerves, and the resulting sensations go to the brain for processing

perceptual mapping

offers marketing managers a useful technique for measuring and developing a product's position

brand leverage

often termed family branding, brand extensions, or umbrella branding, refers to marketers capitalizing on brand equity by using an existing brand name for new products.

The process of using reinforcement to alter the probability that a given behavior will be repeated is known as

operant conditioning.

early adopters

opinion leaders in local reference groups

short-term memory (STM)

or working memory, is the portion of total memory that is currently activated or in use

market mavens

people who search, accumulate, and share product knowledge with others

contextual cues

present in the situation play a role in consumer interpretation independent of the actual stimulus

Closure

presenting an incomplete stimulus with the goal of getting consumers to complete it and thus become more engaged and involved

Firgure-ground

presenting the stimulus in such a way that it is perceived as the focal object to be attended to and all other stimuli are perceived as the background

stimulus discrimination

process of learning to respond differently to similar but distinct stimuli

A method marketers use in response to ad avoidance is known as

product placement.

Secondary groups

professional and neighborhood associations, involve weaker ties and less frequent interaction

infomercials

program-length television commercials with a toll-free number and/or web address through which to order or request additional information

product placement

provides exposure that consumers don't try to avoid, it shows how and when to use the product, and it enhances the product's image

In most individuals, the left brain appears to control

rational thought and verbal material.

Stimulus generalization

rub-off effect, occurs when a response to one stimulus is elicited by a similar but distinct stimulus

Product sampling is sometimes called

seeding.

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

sensorimotor, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operational

cross-promotions

signage in one area of the store promotes complementary products in another

late majority

skeptics who adopt new products when they feel it is necessary

When scandals hurt the scandalized brand but also damage competitors in the industry the term for this effect is

spillover.

proximity

stimuli positioned close together are perceived as belonging to the same category

adaptation level theory

suggests that if a stimulus doesn't change, over time we adapt or habituate to it and begin to notice it less

early majority

tend to be cautious about innovations

interpretation

the assignment of meaning to sensations

The household is

the basic consumption unit for most consumer goods.

semantic memory

the basic knowledge and feelings an individual has about a concept

explicit memory

the conscious recollection of a exposure event

low-involvement learning

the consumer has little or no motivation to process or learn the material

high-involvement learning

the consumer is motivated to process or learn the material

maintenance rehearsal

the continual repetition of a piece of information in order to hold it in current memory for use in problem solving or transferal to LTM

affective interpretation

the emotional or feeling response triggered by a stimulus such as an ad

Buzz

the expansion of word-of-mouth

Which of the following factors does not determine attention:

the interpretation

Consumption-related preferences

the knowledge, attitudes, and values that cause people to attach differential evaluations to products, brands, and retail outlets

The greater the role specialization and the more closely related the product is to the area of specialization

the less likely a joint decision will be made.

accessibility

the likelihood and ease with which information can be recalled from LTM

diffusion process

the manner in which innovations spread throughout a market

episodic memory

the memory of a sequence of events in which a person participated

just noticeable difference (JND)

the minimum amount that one brand can differ from another with the difference still being noticed

Asch Phenomenon

the naive subject almost always agrees with the incorrect judgement of others

implicit memory

the nonconscious retrieval of previously encountered stimuli

punishment

the opposite of reinforcement, it is any consequence that decreased the likelihood that a given response will be repeated in the future.

stimulus organization

the physical arrangement of the stimulus objects

sensory discrimination

the physiological ability of an individual to distinguish between similar stimuli

family decision making

the process by which decisions that directly or indirectly involve two or more family members are made

consumer socialization

the process by which young people acquire skills, knowledge, and attitudes relevant to their functioning in the marketplace

two-step flow of communication

the process of one person's receiving information from the mass media or other sources and passing it on to others

Perception

the process of organizing and interpreting sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events

classical conditioning

the process of using an established relationship between one stimulus and response to bring about the learning of the same response to a different stimulus

brand image

the schematic memory of a brand

adoption process

the steps individuals go through on the way to accepting or rejecting a new idea

elaborative activities

the use of previously stored experiences, values, attitudes, beliefs, and feelings to interpret and evaluate information in working memory as well as to add relevant previously stored information

permission-based marketing

the voluntary and self-selected nature of such online offerings, where consumers "opt in" to receive e-mail-based promotions

consumer skills

those capabilities necessary for purchases to occur such as understanding money, budgeting, product evaluation, and so forth

advertising wearout

too much repetition can cause consumers to actively shut out the message, evaluate it negatively, or disregard it

muting

turning the sound off during commercial breaks

A group is broadly defined as

two or more individuals who share a set of norms, values, or beliefs and have certain implicitly or explicitly defined relationships to one another such that their behavior is interdependent.

group

two or more individuals who share a set of norms, values, or beliefs and have certain implicitly or explicitly defined relationships to one another such that their behaviors are interdependent

Classical conditioning involves

using an established relationship between a stimulus and response to generate the same response to a different stimulus.

Innovators

venturesome risk takers

online social network site

web-based service that allows individuals to (1) construct a public or semipublic profile within a bounded system, (2) articulate a list of other users with whom they share a connection, and (3) view and traverse their list of connections and those made by others within the system

brand extension

where an existing brand extends to a new category with the same name

ad avoidance

zipping, zapping, and muting are simply mechanical ways for consumers to selectively avoid exposure to advertising messages

Voluntary Simplicity

consumers' efforts to reduce their reliance on consumption and material possessions

Greenwashing

a firm promotes environmental benefits that are unsubstantiated and on which they don't deliver

An age cohort refers to

a group of people who have experienced a common social, political, historical, and economic environment.

generation or age cohort

a group of persons who have experienced a common social, political, historical, and economic environment

nouveaux riches

a person who is newly rich

subculture

a segment of a larger culture whose members share distinguishing values and patterns of behavior

Index of Social Position (ISP)

a two-item index that is well developed and widely used

Ascribed role

an attribute over which the individual has little or no control

Subjective Discretionary Income (SDI)

an estimate by the consumer of how much money he or she has available to spend on nonessentials

Regional Subcultures

arise as a result of climatic conditions, the natural environment and resources, the characteristics of the various immigrant groups that have settled in each region, and significant social and political events

achievement role

based on performance criteria over which the individual has some degree of control

monochronic time perspective

believing that a person does one thing at a time, we have a strong orientation toward the present and the short-term future

Born-again Christians

characterized by a strong belief in the literal truth of the Bible, a very strong commitment to their religious beliefs, having had a "born-again" experience, and encouraging others to believe in Jesus Christ

Event Marketing

creating or sponsoring an event that has a particular appeal to a market segment

Cultures differ in terms of

demographics, nonverbal communications, values, and languages

Demographics

describe a population in terms of its size, structure, and distribution

Religious Subcultures

different religions in America prescribe differing values and behaviors

Cultures that value _____ accept a wide variety of personal behaviors and attitudes, foods, dress, and other products and services.

diversity

Which of the following are common single-item indexes of social class?

education and income

Single-item indexes

estimate social status on the basis of a single dimension such as education, income, or occupation

class to mass

expanding opportunities for less affluent consumers to afford luxury

Psychographics describes a population in terms of its size, structure, and distribution.

false

The cost of a specialty market basket of products bought in a given country relates to the purchasing power parity (PPP) concept.

false

The most relevant factor influencing the growth of a global culture is travel.

false

The voluntary simplicity movement in America relates to a shift in the masculine/feminine value.

false

Traditionally, China has tended to value individualism over collectivism

false

Twenty-five percent of millennial fathers claim primary or shared responsibility for grocery shopping

false

Major firms such as American Express

first approached the gay market using standard ads

The term that refers to the degree to which a person has various levels of the traits of masculinity or felinity is

gender identity

Cause-Related Marketing (CRM)

marketing that ties a company and its products to an issue or cause with the goal of improving sales or corporate image while providing benefits to the cause

Which of the following values would be most critical for the success of mandated package recycling?

nature

Gerontographics

one segmentation approach to the mature market that incorporates aging processes and life events related to the physical health and mental outlook of older consumers

cognitive age

one's perceived age, a part of one's self-concept

societal rank

one's position relative to others on one or more dimensions valued by society

Sanctions

penalties ranging from mild social disapproval to banishment from the group

A shift from an active to a passive orientation would most likely affect

they types of advertising themes used.

ethnic subculture

those whose members' unique shared behaviors are based on a common racial, language, or national background

Which of the following is a factor influencing nonverbal communications?

time, etiquette, symbols, relationships

Language is one of the cultural factors that affects consumer behavior and marketing strategy.

true

Less than 50 percent of American adults exercise regularly

true

Terminal materialism refers to the acquisition of items for the sake of owning the item itself.

true

Which of the following is NOT an approach to green marketing?

utilizing only local components in products

Which of the following is not an approach to green marketing?

utilizing only local components in products

For many Americans, from the late 1980s until 1995 real income values

were stagnant or declining

Cultural Values

widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable

Cultural values are

widely held beliefs that affirm what is desirable

A cultural norm is

A set of rules that specify ranges of appropriate behaviors.

Which of the following is an environment-oriented value?

All of the above. cleanliness, performance/status, tradition/change, cleanliness and tradition/change

Which of the following is/are true regarding CRM and social marketing?

Cause-related marketing ties a company and its products to an issue or cause

Which of the following values would be most critical for the success of a new antibacterial grocery cart handle?

Cleanliness

Americans began a decreased emphasis on leisure, immediate gratification, and sensual gratification after the end of WWII

False

Cause-related and personal marketing both refer to the application of marketing principles and tactics to advance a cause such as a charity, an ideology, or an activity.

False

Product and service offerings that target the GLBT community almost never require modification.

False

Why has the population of the United States grown steadily since 1960?

Longer life expectancies and immigration

environment-oriented values

prescribe a society's relationship to its economic and technical as well as its physical environment

other-oriented values

reflect a society's view of the appropriate relationships between individuals and groups within that society

self-oriented values

reflect the objectives and approaches to life that the individual members of society find desirable

Multi-item indexes

take into account numerous variables simultaneously and weight these according to a scheme that reflects societal views

terminal materialism

the acquisition of items for the sake of owning the item itself

instrumental materialism

the acquisition of things to enable one to do something

Nonverbal communication systems

the arbitrary meanings a culture assigns actions, events, and things other than words

gender roles

the behaviors considered appropriate for males and female in a given society

acculturation

the degree to which an immigrant has adapted to his or her new culture

secular society

the educational system, government, and political process are not controlled by a religious group, and most people's daily behaviors are not guided by strict religious guidelines

status crystallization

the more consistent an individual is on all status dimensions, the greater the degree of status crystallization for the individual

Glocalization

the practice of conducting business according to both local and global considerations.

cohort analysis

the process of describing and explaining the attitudes, values, and behaviors of an age group as well as predicting its future attitudes, values, and behaviors