Continental Europe

Population of Paris, France

2.2 million (one of the largest cities in Europe)

avalanche

A large amount of snow that detaches and moves down a mountain

Louvre Museum

A palace in Paris from the Renaissance period that is now a museum

Dikes

A structure built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land •strong walls of stone and earth to hold back the seawater

Black Forest

A tree-covered area in Germany known for health resorts to cuckoo clocks

Loess

A wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt

How might the central control of an economy make it hard for industries to adapt to the rapidly changing demands of the world economies?

Adaptability requires quick decision-making; this is not possible if people always have to go to the government to get permission for something or to have policies changed.

Normandy, France

Ancient Viking land - Home of William the Conqueror Where D-Day occurred

Why did the Netherlands have to innovate their farming practices?

Because they were running out of farmland but did not want to alienate the farmers. It was successful because of a joint partnership between the university, business, and the farmer.

Wallonia

Belgium's southern district

Low Countries

Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg •Lie entirely on coastal plains and low plateaus •Crossroads of Western Europe

Corsica

Birthplace of Napoleon French Island near Italy

City-States in Germany

Bremen and Hamburg

Vienna

Capital of Austria •Known for baroque architecture and outstanding musicians •Headquarters of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) and the International Atomic Energy Agency

Paris

Capital of France •3rd largest city in Europe •2nd largest in Western Europe •Divided into the Left Bank and the Right Bank Home of •Eiffel Tower, The Louvre, Arc de Triomphe

Berlin

Capital of Germany •4th largest city in Western Europe •Berlin Wall: symbol of division in the Cold war •1989: Berlin wall torn down

Vaduz

Capital of Liechtenstein

Bern

Capital of Switzerland known for Swiss cheese/watches

Amsterdam

Capital/largest city (North Holland) •Secularized nation (history of tolerance) •World Council of Churches (WCC)

Netherlands

Constitutional Monarchy Lowland country Windmills and Tulips (symbol of independence) known as 'Dutch'

Luxembourg

Constitutional Monarchy •One of Europe's oldest countries: 963 AD •One of the few remaining duchies - country ruled by a duke •Highest GDP per capita of any country in the world •Prime neutral location for international endeavors •Hosts both secretariat of the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice

Seine River

Cuts through the capital of Paris, France; ancient thoroughfare

Neuschwanstein Castle

Disney used it as a model for Sleeping Beauty's Castle. Built for the private residence of the king.

The Alps

Divide France from Italy and the border has been disputed between the two countries.

Basques

Ethnic group that live in Spain and the Pyrenees Mountains.

Alps

Europe's Largest Mountain system 160 miles wide and 660 miles long •Snowy barrier between southern peninsulas of Europe and the rest of the continent •3rd greatest mountain system in the world 'Alpine countries': France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, into Eastern Europe

Franz Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Strauss

Famous Viennese Musicians

Switzerland

Federal Republic has the strongest economy of Western Europe •Alps: cover 60% of Switzerland •1515: policy of neutrality •One of the most democratic governments in the world •Swiss Reformers: Zwingli •Swiss Banking: safest in the world (Controversial secrecy (Nazis stole gold) •St. Bernard dogs has the highest life expectancy of Western Europe

Germany

Federal Republic the economic powerhouse of Europe •Birthplace of the printing press (Gutenburg) •Birthplace of the Reformation (Martin Luther) •Leaders in modern philosophy (Freud, Marx, Wellhausen) •Most populous country in all Europe

Austria

Federal Republic •Strict policy of neutrality since the Cold War •Lipizzaner: rare Austrian horses

Wirtschaftswunder

German for "economic miracle" •First chancellor of West Germany: Konrad Adenauer used free-market ideas: rebuilt/revived German economy

Most populous country in all of Europe

Germany

Ruhr

Germany's chief industrial and mining center

Eiffel Tower

Gustave Eiffel built in Paris It was built to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution

Southern France

Has a complex geography of mountains, rivers, and lowlands. This area is a favorite vacation spot.

holocaust

Hitler's attempt to systematically murder every Jewish person within his sphere of influence

How might the Dutch knowledge of building dikes be useful to the whole world today?

If the sea levels are rising, as some claim, they can teach others how to protect their coasts.

How did Europeans react to the refugees initially? and What events caused public opinion to change significantly toward the refugees?

Initially, the Europeans welcomed the refugees but their opinion changed after the terrorist attacks and the New Year's Eve assaults as well as the sheer numbers of new immigrants. •The growing Muslim population has caused tension.

France

Largest Country in Europe Known for food and fashion •4/5 Roman Catholic •Growing Muslim population •Since 1815: 4 kings and 5 republics •Parliamentary republic •Empire used to span 4 continents •Concerned about the 'Americanization' of the world has the highest percent of government control for any of the G20 countries

Brussels

Largest city in Belgium •Headquarters for many international organizations •NATO, Parliament of the European Union, Defensive alliance for Western Europe

The Hague

Location of the International Court of Justice, which rules on disputes between states. national government meeting place

Loire River

Longest river in France •Fertile valley: grapes/vegetables •Cities of Orleans and Tours

Bavaria

Major state in Southwestern Germany, next to Austria and Czech Republic

Why is there a refugee crisis in Europe?

Many people were displaced because of the conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa; people also sought economic opportunities in Europe. The EU nations opened their doors to the refugees.

NATO

North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries

Land of France

Northern France is lower and flatter than the southern regions

Rhine River

One of Europe's busiest ports, Rotterdam lies in the delta of this busiest river in the Netherlands.

Religion of France

Over 4/5 are Roman Catholic

Polders

Parcels of land reclaimed from the sea.

Government of France

Pariliamentary Republic

Belgium

Parliamentary Democracy; Constitutional Monarchy •Brussels lace, Brussels carpet, Brussels sprouts •Belgian chocolate •One of the most developed free market economies

Geneva

Red cross headquarters, UN European headquarter, John Calvin

Pyrenees Mountains

Rise south of Toulouse and form the border with Spain.

Normandy Region

Runs along the coast to the Seine River. This region is famous for the Allied invasion of France during World War II on June 6, 1944.

What does Germany produce?

Rye, barley, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, and hogs

Aquitaine Basin

Southwest France Home of Eleanor of Aquitaine (King Richard's Mother) part of the Great European Plain

Alsace-Lorraine

Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI •Jura Mountains: Swiss border, home of 'jurassic' dinosaur bones

Jewish Europeans

The Holocaust diminished the Jewish population in Europe.

Massif Central

The capitals of the four central provinces, Toulouse, Limoges, Clermont-Ferrand, and Montpellier, lie at the corner of Massif Central. This mountainous plataeu in south central France has poor soils that make the region useful only for grazing livestock.

Mont Blanc

The highest mountain in the Alps at 15,771 feet.

What does Paris produce?

The plains around Paris produce wheat, barley, and sugar beets. France is 2nd in sugar beet production. (Russia is first)

Brenner Pass

The primary mountain pass that German invaders and merchants have used to reach Italy

Danube River

The second-longest river of Europe. It flows from southern Germany east into the Black Sea.

How could EU governments help refugees to assimilate?

They could have classes for the families about the culture and beliefs. They have sports programs or other things like Canada.

Considering the cultural values of France, why would they want to create a "French Islam"?

Traditional Islam runs counter to their secular culture, and the majority prizes culture over any religion. It is impossible since Islam applies to every aspect of life. It is possible as Muslim children adapt to French culture.

Verdon Gorge

Verdon Gorge is a river canyon in southeastern France. it has white-water rapids and cliffs

Central Uplands

Where Massif Central of France is located •system of hilly plateaus in southern Germany and France •Two rivers out of the Central Uplands: Rhine and the Danube Great European Plain

Duchy

a country ruled by a duke

Foehn

a dry wind that blows from the leeward sides of mountains, sometimes melting snow and causing avalanches; term used mainly in Europe

Matterhorn

a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high)

Flanders

a region of polders and sand plains where people speak Dutch •People called Flemings •Antwerp - largest city in Flanders •Ardennes - major battlefield

Ardennes

a series of rolling hills in Belgium

Landsgemeinde

an assembly open to all local citizens qualified to vote in Switzerland

Liechtenstein

constitutional monarchy •Tiny principality between Switzerland and Austria •known for its industrialization and High standard of living •Neutral, has not had an army since 1868 •Government's income: sale of postage stamps •Over 5000 businesses have their headquarters their because of reasonable tax rates

Kiel Canal

directly links the North Sea with the Baltic Sea

G20

group of 20 largest economies in the world

Ruhr River

industrial megalopolis, largest industrial region in Europe

Cantons

largely self-governing states within a country such as Switzerland

Swiss Alps

mountains that cover the southern 50% of Switzerland

Bavarian Alps

strech along Germany's entire southern border with Austria, but not as far south of Munich

Zurich

the largest city in Switzerland •Speak German Ulrich Zwingli

European Union (EU)

the world's largest common market, composed of 28 European nations An organization of countries that seeks to form a single European community that can compete on the world stage economically and politically •The United Kingdom left the EU in 2016. •Most EU members are part of NATO. •Switzerland remains neutral. •The EU taxes churches.

Purpose of the EU

to bring peace to Europe by tying the interests of the country together and to be a counterbalance to the United States

1. Atheism 2. Agnosticism

•Atheists are certain that God does not exist, while agnostics claim that humans cannot know for sure if God exists. •The theory of evolution gave atheism the explanation to the origin of the universe it was looking for. •Atheists and agnostics deny the existence of any kind of supernatural deity. •Atheism and agnosticism are human ideologies constructed in opposition to God.

Proposed Solutions

•Banning private vehicles on certain days •Offering free public transportation •Transitioning to low carbon energy sources

Interactions with the environment

•Germany has the most water issues. •Many large cities struggle with air pollution. •Forests have been damaged by acid rain.

Continental Western Europe is the most environmentally conscious region of the world.

•Germany: passive houses •Switzerland: special garbage bags •France: Inglorious Fruits and Vegetables campaign •Netherlands: bicycling These practices are practical, help save money, and fit with the values of the culture.

low-context culture

•The people of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland •Relationships can exist on the surface level for a long time.

Brittany, France

•peninsula of Western France that is home of the Bretons: inhabitants of Celtic descent France's largest peninsula

The Reformation

•started in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. •France and Austria remained Roman Catholic. Today many Western Europeans are practical atheists.