Continental Europe
Population of Paris, France
2.2 million (one of the largest cities in Europe)
avalanche
A large amount of snow that detaches and moves down a mountain
Louvre Museum
A palace in Paris from the Renaissance period that is now a museum
Dikes
A structure built to prevent ocean waters from flooding adjacent land •strong walls of stone and earth to hold back the seawater
Black Forest
A tree-covered area in Germany known for health resorts to cuckoo clocks
Loess
A wind-formed deposit made of fine particles of clay and silt
How might the central control of an economy make it hard for industries to adapt to the rapidly changing demands of the world economies?
Adaptability requires quick decision-making; this is not possible if people always have to go to the government to get permission for something or to have policies changed.
Normandy, France
Ancient Viking land - Home of William the Conqueror Where D-Day occurred
Why did the Netherlands have to innovate their farming practices?
Because they were running out of farmland but did not want to alienate the farmers. It was successful because of a joint partnership between the university, business, and the farmer.
Wallonia
Belgium's southern district
Low Countries
Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg •Lie entirely on coastal plains and low plateaus •Crossroads of Western Europe
Corsica
Birthplace of Napoleon French Island near Italy
City-States in Germany
Bremen and Hamburg
Vienna
Capital of Austria •Known for baroque architecture and outstanding musicians •Headquarters of OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) and the International Atomic Energy Agency
Paris
Capital of France •3rd largest city in Europe •2nd largest in Western Europe •Divided into the Left Bank and the Right Bank Home of •Eiffel Tower, The Louvre, Arc de Triomphe
Berlin
Capital of Germany •4th largest city in Western Europe •Berlin Wall: symbol of division in the Cold war •1989: Berlin wall torn down
Vaduz
Capital of Liechtenstein
Bern
Capital of Switzerland known for Swiss cheese/watches
Amsterdam
Capital/largest city (North Holland) •Secularized nation (history of tolerance) •World Council of Churches (WCC)
Netherlands
Constitutional Monarchy Lowland country Windmills and Tulips (symbol of independence) known as 'Dutch'
Luxembourg
Constitutional Monarchy •One of Europe's oldest countries: 963 AD •One of the few remaining duchies - country ruled by a duke •Highest GDP per capita of any country in the world •Prime neutral location for international endeavors •Hosts both secretariat of the European Parliament and the European Court of Justice
Seine River
Cuts through the capital of Paris, France; ancient thoroughfare
Neuschwanstein Castle
Disney used it as a model for Sleeping Beauty's Castle. Built for the private residence of the king.
The Alps
Divide France from Italy and the border has been disputed between the two countries.
Basques
Ethnic group that live in Spain and the Pyrenees Mountains.
Alps
Europe's Largest Mountain system 160 miles wide and 660 miles long •Snowy barrier between southern peninsulas of Europe and the rest of the continent •3rd greatest mountain system in the world 'Alpine countries': France, Italy, Switzerland, Germany, Austria, into Eastern Europe
Franz Haydn, Mozart, Schubert, Strauss
Famous Viennese Musicians
Switzerland
Federal Republic has the strongest economy of Western Europe •Alps: cover 60% of Switzerland •1515: policy of neutrality •One of the most democratic governments in the world •Swiss Reformers: Zwingli •Swiss Banking: safest in the world (Controversial secrecy (Nazis stole gold) •St. Bernard dogs has the highest life expectancy of Western Europe
Germany
Federal Republic the economic powerhouse of Europe •Birthplace of the printing press (Gutenburg) •Birthplace of the Reformation (Martin Luther) •Leaders in modern philosophy (Freud, Marx, Wellhausen) •Most populous country in all Europe
Austria
Federal Republic •Strict policy of neutrality since the Cold War •Lipizzaner: rare Austrian horses
Wirtschaftswunder
German for "economic miracle" •First chancellor of West Germany: Konrad Adenauer used free-market ideas: rebuilt/revived German economy
Most populous country in all of Europe
Germany
Ruhr
Germany's chief industrial and mining center
Eiffel Tower
Gustave Eiffel built in Paris It was built to celebrate the centennial of the French Revolution
Southern France
Has a complex geography of mountains, rivers, and lowlands. This area is a favorite vacation spot.
holocaust
Hitler's attempt to systematically murder every Jewish person within his sphere of influence
How might the Dutch knowledge of building dikes be useful to the whole world today?
If the sea levels are rising, as some claim, they can teach others how to protect their coasts.
How did Europeans react to the refugees initially? and What events caused public opinion to change significantly toward the refugees?
Initially, the Europeans welcomed the refugees but their opinion changed after the terrorist attacks and the New Year's Eve assaults as well as the sheer numbers of new immigrants. •The growing Muslim population has caused tension.
France
Largest Country in Europe Known for food and fashion •4/5 Roman Catholic •Growing Muslim population •Since 1815: 4 kings and 5 republics •Parliamentary republic •Empire used to span 4 continents •Concerned about the 'Americanization' of the world has the highest percent of government control for any of the G20 countries
Brussels
Largest city in Belgium •Headquarters for many international organizations •NATO, Parliament of the European Union, Defensive alliance for Western Europe
The Hague
Location of the International Court of Justice, which rules on disputes between states. national government meeting place
Loire River
Longest river in France •Fertile valley: grapes/vegetables •Cities of Orleans and Tours
Bavaria
Major state in Southwestern Germany, next to Austria and Czech Republic
Why is there a refugee crisis in Europe?
Many people were displaced because of the conflicts in the Middle East and North Africa; people also sought economic opportunities in Europe. The EU nations opened their doors to the refugees.
NATO
North Atlantic Treaty Organization; an alliance made to defend one another if they were attacked by any other country; US, England, France, Canada, Western European countries
Land of France
Northern France is lower and flatter than the southern regions
Rhine River
One of Europe's busiest ports, Rotterdam lies in the delta of this busiest river in the Netherlands.
Religion of France
Over 4/5 are Roman Catholic
Polders
Parcels of land reclaimed from the sea.
Government of France
Pariliamentary Republic
Belgium
Parliamentary Democracy; Constitutional Monarchy •Brussels lace, Brussels carpet, Brussels sprouts •Belgian chocolate •One of the most developed free market economies
Geneva
Red cross headquarters, UN European headquarter, John Calvin
Pyrenees Mountains
Rise south of Toulouse and form the border with Spain.
Normandy Region
Runs along the coast to the Seine River. This region is famous for the Allied invasion of France during World War II on June 6, 1944.
What does Germany produce?
Rye, barley, wheat, potatoes, sugar beets, and hogs
Aquitaine Basin
Southwest France Home of Eleanor of Aquitaine (King Richard's Mother) part of the Great European Plain
Alsace-Lorraine
Territory taken by Germany from France as a rest of the Franco Prussian war. Was later returned to France as a result of German defeat in WWI •Jura Mountains: Swiss border, home of 'jurassic' dinosaur bones
Jewish Europeans
The Holocaust diminished the Jewish population in Europe.
Massif Central
The capitals of the four central provinces, Toulouse, Limoges, Clermont-Ferrand, and Montpellier, lie at the corner of Massif Central. This mountainous plataeu in south central France has poor soils that make the region useful only for grazing livestock.
Mont Blanc
The highest mountain in the Alps at 15,771 feet.
What does Paris produce?
The plains around Paris produce wheat, barley, and sugar beets. France is 2nd in sugar beet production. (Russia is first)
Brenner Pass
The primary mountain pass that German invaders and merchants have used to reach Italy
Danube River
The second-longest river of Europe. It flows from southern Germany east into the Black Sea.
How could EU governments help refugees to assimilate?
They could have classes for the families about the culture and beliefs. They have sports programs or other things like Canada.
Considering the cultural values of France, why would they want to create a "French Islam"?
Traditional Islam runs counter to their secular culture, and the majority prizes culture over any religion. It is impossible since Islam applies to every aspect of life. It is possible as Muslim children adapt to French culture.
Verdon Gorge
Verdon Gorge is a river canyon in southeastern France. it has white-water rapids and cliffs
Central Uplands
Where Massif Central of France is located •system of hilly plateaus in southern Germany and France •Two rivers out of the Central Uplands: Rhine and the Danube Great European Plain
Duchy
a country ruled by a duke
Foehn
a dry wind that blows from the leeward sides of mountains, sometimes melting snow and causing avalanches; term used mainly in Europe
Matterhorn
a mountain in the Alps on the border between Switzerland and Italy (14,780 feet high)
Flanders
a region of polders and sand plains where people speak Dutch •People called Flemings •Antwerp - largest city in Flanders •Ardennes - major battlefield
Ardennes
a series of rolling hills in Belgium
Landsgemeinde
an assembly open to all local citizens qualified to vote in Switzerland
Liechtenstein
constitutional monarchy •Tiny principality between Switzerland and Austria •known for its industrialization and High standard of living •Neutral, has not had an army since 1868 •Government's income: sale of postage stamps •Over 5000 businesses have their headquarters their because of reasonable tax rates
Kiel Canal
directly links the North Sea with the Baltic Sea
G20
group of 20 largest economies in the world
Ruhr River
industrial megalopolis, largest industrial region in Europe
Cantons
largely self-governing states within a country such as Switzerland
Swiss Alps
mountains that cover the southern 50% of Switzerland
Bavarian Alps
strech along Germany's entire southern border with Austria, but not as far south of Munich
Zurich
the largest city in Switzerland •Speak German Ulrich Zwingli
European Union (EU)
the world's largest common market, composed of 28 European nations An organization of countries that seeks to form a single European community that can compete on the world stage economically and politically •The United Kingdom left the EU in 2016. •Most EU members are part of NATO. •Switzerland remains neutral. •The EU taxes churches.
Purpose of the EU
to bring peace to Europe by tying the interests of the country together and to be a counterbalance to the United States
1. Atheism 2. Agnosticism
•Atheists are certain that God does not exist, while agnostics claim that humans cannot know for sure if God exists. •The theory of evolution gave atheism the explanation to the origin of the universe it was looking for. •Atheists and agnostics deny the existence of any kind of supernatural deity. •Atheism and agnosticism are human ideologies constructed in opposition to God.
Proposed Solutions
•Banning private vehicles on certain days •Offering free public transportation •Transitioning to low carbon energy sources
Interactions with the environment
•Germany has the most water issues. •Many large cities struggle with air pollution. •Forests have been damaged by acid rain.
Continental Western Europe is the most environmentally conscious region of the world.
•Germany: passive houses •Switzerland: special garbage bags •France: Inglorious Fruits and Vegetables campaign •Netherlands: bicycling These practices are practical, help save money, and fit with the values of the culture.
low-context culture
•The people of Germany, Austria, and Switzerland •Relationships can exist on the surface level for a long time.
Brittany, France
•peninsula of Western France that is home of the Bretons: inhabitants of Celtic descent France's largest peninsula
The Reformation
•started in Germany, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and the United Kingdom. •France and Austria remained Roman Catholic. Today many Western Europeans are practical atheists.
