Control of Internal Environment
What are some results of training adaptations?
-Heart rate will lower with training -Respiration Rate will lower and improve -Blood Pressure will go down (except with heavy lifting only) -O2 Saturation will improve -pH concentration and regulation will improve
What is the order of the blood glucose regulation process?
1. Eating 2. Blood glucose goes up 3. Pancreas activates 4. Insulin released by pancreas 5. Cellular uptake of glucose occurs 6. Blood glucose levels go down
Positive feedback in a BCS example
1. Initiation of child birth stimulates receptors in cervix 2. Sends message to brain 3. Release of Oxytocin from Pituitary gland 4. Oxytocin promotes increased uterine contractions
Steady State Definition
A constant internal environment that is not necessarily "normal" caused by increased demands placed on the body
What does a failure of a biological control system result in?
A disturbance of homeostasis and disease
Why does diabetes occur?
A failure of the blood glucose control system prevents the production of insulin. This disrupts the feedback loop.
What starts a change in the internal environment in a biological control system?
Any stimulus such as Temp, BR, HR, or [LA]
Why is blood pressure not constant?
Argument is made due to factors such as obesity, exercise, age, etc.
Oscillation of Homeostasis Definition
As humans, we do not stay at a single point. We fluctuate around a set point
What do integrating centers do in a BCS?
Assesses input and initiates response
What receptors does the regulation of BP use?
Baroreceptors
What does the cellular stress response do?
Battles homeostatic disturbances by manufacturing proteins to defend against stress (Stress proteins)
What do effectors do in a BCS?
Changes internal environment back to normal
Large gain BCS examples
Control systems that regulate breathing (pulmonary) and delivery of blood (cardiovascular)
What do receptors do in a BCS?
Detects changes in any variable
True or False : Each Individual have the same "normal" such as temperature
False, each individual has their own unique normal
True of false?: Type 1 Diabetes indicates a failure in the "sensor" in the pancreas
False, it indicates a failure in the "effector"
Steady State examples
Heartrate, respiration rate, blood pressure, O2 Saturation, pH, VO2
What hormone is required in blood glucose regulation?
Insulin
In what type of exercise and environment are control systems NOT capable of maintaining steady state in?
Intense or prolonged exercise in hot/humid environment
What does exercise do for homeostasis?
It disrupts pH, O2, CO2, and temperature
Type 1 Diabetes is caused by what?
It is caused by damage to beta cells in the pancreas, resulting in no insulin production. This results in hyperglycemia.
Homeostasis defintion
Maintenance of a constant a unchanging "normal" internal environment
Oscillation of Homeostasis Example
Mean Arterial Pressure Normal BP is 120/80 or 110/70
What do most BCS work from?
Negative feedback
What organ produces insulin?
Pancreas
What are the three components of a biological control system?
Receptor, integrating center, and effector
What is the mechanism that restores homeostasis in the cellular stress response?
Repair damaged proteins to restore homeostasis in response to changes in temperature, pH, and free radicals
What do negative feedback signals do in a BCS?
Reverse the initial disturbance in homeostasis
What does the pancreas act as in the blood glucose regulation process?
Sensor and effector
What structures are involved in body temperature regulation?
Skin blood vessels and sweat glands
In what type of exercise and environment are control systems capable of maintaining steady state in?
Submaximal exercise in a cool environment
What are examples of body temperature regulation responses?
Sweating or shivering
Blood Pressure "equation"
Systole/Diastole
What receptors does the regulation of body temperature use?
Thermal receptors
True or false: A system with a large gain is more capable of correcting a disturbance in homeostasis
True, a larger gain allows a higher degree of which a system maintains homeostasis
What type of conditions are involved in homeostasis?
Unstressed conditions resulting from many compensating regulatory responses
Positive feedback defintion
a signal that causes a response that increases the original stimulus
What is the result of a disturbance that is too great for the highest gain control system to overcome?
fatigue and cessation of exercise
What are baroreceptors?
pressure-sensitive receptors in carotid arteries and the arch of the aorta
Biological control system definition
series of interconnected components that maintain a physical or chemical parameter at a near constant value
What does delayed muscle soreness caused by?
the breakdown and reconstruction of actin and myosin (a cellular stress response)
Gain of a control system definition
the degree to which a control system maintains homeostasis