COPD

To reduce symptoms Corticosteroids are used to reduce symptoms by decreasing inflammation. They are not used to reduce the rate of airflow decline. Antibiotics would be administered to treat infection. Corticosteroids are not beneficial in reducing the rate of airflow decline or thinning secretions.

A patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) asks the nurse why a corticosteroid has been prescribed. Which reason should the nurse provide? To thin secretions To reduce symptoms To treat infection prophylactically To reduce the rate of airflow decline

Pursed-lip Breathing exercises are used to slow the respiratory rate and relieve accessory muscle fatigue. Pursed-lip breathing slows the respiratory rate and helps maintain open airways during exhalation by keeping positive pressure in the airways. This is not accomplished with abdominal breathing, Kussmaul respirations, or Cheyne-Stokes respirations.

The nurse explains to a patient that breathing exercises are used to slow the respiratory rate and relieve accessory muscle fatigue. Which type of breathing is the nurse explaining? Pursed-lip Kussmaul Abdominal Cheyne-Stokes

Hypercapnia with hypoxia Hypercapnia, or elevated CO2 ​levels, and​ hypoxia, or decreased oxygen​ levels, are expected findings of an​ end-stage COPD client due to ineffective gas exchange.

The nurse reviews the arterial blood gas​ (ABG) results of a client with​ end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD). Which finding should the nurse​ expect? Low CO2 with hypoxia Hypercapnia with normal oxygenation Normal CO2 with hypoxia Hypercapnia with hypoxia

Loss of elastic recoil of the lungs Enlargement of the alveoli The pathophysiology of emphysema includes enlargement of the alveoli and loss of elastic recoil of the lungs. Decreased ciliary​ function, fluid buildup in the​ lungs, and excessive mucus production occur with chronic​ bronchitis, not emphysema.

Which condition should the nurse understand occurs in the pathophysiology of​ emphysema? (Select all that​ apply.) Loss of elastic recoil of the lungs Fluid buildup in the lungs Decrease in cilia function Excessive mucus produced Enlargement of the alveoli

Nebulizer Nebulizers are used to deliver humidity and medications. They may be used with oxygen delivery systems to provide moistened air directly to the patient. Humidifiers are devices that add water vapor to inspired air, but they do not deliver medications. Nasal cannulas and nonrebreather masks just deliver oxygen.

Which method should the nurse recommend to deliver humidity and medications for a patient recently diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Nasal cannula Humidifier Nebulizer Nonrebreather mask

"It promotes lung expansion." Placing the patient in a seated or high Fowler position for meals will promote lung expansion and reduce dyspnea. Placing the patient in the high Fowler position for meals will not minimize carbon dioxide production, prevent catabolism, or reduce fatigue.

Which rationale should the nurse give for placing the patient with advanced chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) into the high Fowler position? "It prevents catabolism." "It minimizes carbon dioxide production." "It reduces fatigue". "It promotes lung expansion."

Forced expiratory volume in 1 second

Which spirometry measurement is used along with symptom manifestations to determine the patient's level of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) severity? Forced vital capacity Peak expiratory flow rate Forced expiratory volume in 1 second Tidal volume

Inherited genetic abnormality Although secondhand cigarette smoke and exposure to air pollution is detrimental to children and can result in​ long-term lung​ effects, a deficiency of​ alpha-1 antitrypsin​ (AAt) is usually the cause of COPD in children in this age group and is an inherited genetic abnormality. Lung infections can lead to problems as the child ages.

A​ 6-year-old child is diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD). Which risk factor should the nurse expect to find in the​ child's history? Inherited genetic abnormality Secondhand cigarette smoke Exposure to air pollution Repeated bouts of colds and flu

"ABGs evaluate gas exchange and acid-base balance." Arterial blood gases (ABGs) are ordered to evaluate gas exchange and acid-base balance. ABGs will not diagnose and evaluate the extent and progression of COPD, assist in determining etiology, or monitor oxygen saturation of the blood.

The healthcare provider ordered arterial blood gases (ABGs) for a patient. Which rationale given by the nurse indicates an understanding of the order? "ABGs assist in determining etiology." "ABGs evaluate gas exchange and acid-base balance." "ABGs monitor oxygen saturation of the blood." "ABGs diagnose and evaluate the extent and progression of chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD)."

"Have you had a productive cough that lasted 3 or more months in 2 consecutive years?" A finding associated with chronic bronchitis is a productive cough that has lasted 3 or more months in 2 consecutive years. The other questions will not help in the diagnosis of chronic bronchitis. They are more applicable for emphysema.

The nurse assessing a patient who has a cough and is producing thick, tenacious mucus suspects chronic bronchitis. Which question should the nurse ask to help support this suspicion? "Have you had the flu at any time in the past 2 years?" "Have you had a dry cough that lasted 3 or more months in the past year?" "Have you had a productive cough that lasted 3 or more months in 2 consecutive years?" "Have you had difficulty breathing at any time in the past year?"

Xiphoid process Heart sounds may be difficult to hear if a patient has a barrel chest. Auscultation over the xiphoid process (the lowest portion of the sternum) makes it easier to hear heart tones in such patients. Erb's point, the mitral valve, and the tricuspid valve are normal areas for auscultation, but these areas may not provide adequate access to heart sounds due to the widened anterior-posterior lateral chest diameter in the condition of barrel chest.

The nurse explains that the heart sounds should be evaluated during a physical examination for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which structure, when auscultated, should the nurse state makes it easier to hear heart tones? Mitral valve Erb's point \ Tricuspid valve Xiphoid process

Use a room humidifier. Humidifiers are devices that add water vapor to inspired air. Humidifiers prevent mucous membranes from drying and becoming irritated and loosen secretions for easier expectoration. Smoking cessation and getting regular exercise is beneficial for patients with COPD. However, these interventions are ineffective for preventing mucous membranes from drying and becoming irritated or loosening secretions for easier expectoration. Cough suppressants should be avoided because they may cause retention of secretions.

The nurse is teaching a patient recently diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) how to prevent mucous membranes from drying out and becoming irritated, as well as loosening secretions for easier expectoration. Which intervention should the nurse suggest? Use a room humidifier. Stop smoking. Get regular exercise. Use cough suppressants.

Practice pulmonary hygiene. The nurse should teach the patient to practice pulmonary hygiene, which includes hydration, effective coughing, vibration, percussion, and postural drainage. The nurse should teach the patient to increase fluid intake and avoid sedatives because they may cause retention of secretions. Opening windows may increase the patient's exposure to air pollutants, which should be avoided.

The nurse is teaching a patient who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) how to manage symptoms. Which instruction should the nurse include? Use sedatives for the chronic cough. Practice pulmonary hygiene. Decrease fluid intake. Encourage getting fresh air.

Inhale deeply while leaning forward. For huff coughing, the patient should be taught to inhale deeply while leaning forward. Inhaling deeply and holding the breath briefly, coughing twice, first to loosen mucus and second to expel secretions, and inhaling by sniffing to prevent mucus from moving back into deep airways are all instructions for the controlled coughing technique.

Which instruction should the nurse include while teaching a patient about the technique for huff coughing? Inhale deeply while leaning forward. Inhale deeply and hold your breath briefly. Inhale by sniffing to prevent mucus from moving back into deep airways. Cough twice, the first time to loosen mucus and the second to expel secretions.

Positioning, percussion, vibration, and coughing or suction The sequence for postural drainage treatment is usually as follows: positioning, percussion, vibration, and removal of secretions by coughing or suction. Each position is usually assumed for 10 to 15 minutes, although beginning treatments may start with shorter times and gradually increase. The other answer options represent improper sequences for postural drainage treatments.

Which sequence should the nurse use when providing postural drainage treatments? Percussion, positioning, vibration, and coughing or suction Positioning, vibration, percussion, and coughing or suction Vibration, positioning, percussion, and coughing or suction Positioning, percussion, vibration, and coughing or suction

Relieves the work of accessory muscles of respiration Abdominal breathing relieves the work of accessory muscles of respiration. Pursed-lip breathing slows the respiratory rate and helps maintain open airways during exhalation by keeping positive pressure in the airways. Regular exercise improves exercise tolerance.

Which statement supports a benefit of abdominal breathing for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Slows respiratory rate Improves exercise tolerance Relieves the work of accessory muscles of respiration Keeps positive pressure on the airways

Endotracheal intubation This client is in respiratory failure and is decompensating. Intubation will aid in increasing oxygenation​ (which will treat the lethargy and​ cyanosis) and decrease the CO2 level​ (aid in decreasing​ lethargy). High flow oxygen will only treat​ hypoxemia; bronchodilators may open airways but are not indicated for respiratory failure. Percussion and postural drainage will help mobilize secretions but will not treat the critical gas exchange problem quickly enough.

The client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has severe​ hypercapnia, hypoxemia,​ lethargy, and cyanotic nail beds. Which treatment should the nurse expect to be​ ordered? Respiratory treatment with bronchodilators High flow oxygen administration Percussion and postural drainage Endotracheal intubation

Weighing the patient daily The nurse should weigh the patient and assess ineffective airway clearance daily, monitor intake and output, and assess mucous membranes and skin turgor. Other types of care include assessing respiratory status every 1-2 hours or as indicated, not every 4 hours. It is outside the scope of nursing practice to prescribe oxygen. The nurse should assist the patient with deep breathing and coughing every 2 hours while awake, not every 4 hours.

Which intervention should the nurse implement when caring for a patient recently diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)? Assisting the patient with deep breathing and coughing every 4 hours while awake Prescribing supplemental oxygen Weighing the patient daily Assessing respiratory status every 4 hours

​"Lung reduction surgery is experimental but may be an​ option." Lung transplants are done for adults with​ COPD, and the procedure has shown promising survival rates. Lung reduction surgery is an experimental option. The procedure reduces the overall volume of the​ lung, reshapes​ it, and improves elastic recoil. As a​ result, pulmonary function and exercise tolerance​ improve, and dyspnea is reduced. Oxygenation is closely monitored in a COPD client during​ surgery, but surgery is possible.

A client with​ end-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD) asks the nurse about lung surgery. Which is the best response by the​ nurse? ​"Lung reduction surgery is experimental but may be an​ option." ​"Lung transplants are only done for​ children." ​"No surgery is possible when you have​ COPD." ​"Because you cannot tolerate high levels of​ oxygen, surgery is​ impossible."

COPD exacerbations cause shortness of breath and increased sputum production. Intermittent​ flare-ups of the symptoms are expected. COPD is a respiratory disorder that has components of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD) is an incurable disease. It is characterized by periods of​ exacerbation, or​ flare-ups. Lung tissue is permanently damaged with each exacerbation and does not return to normal. COPD does cause the symptoms of dyspnea and increased sputum​ production, and it is a disorder that includes both bronchitis and emphysema.

A nurse is teaching a client about chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD). Which information should the nurse​ include? (Select all that​ apply.) COPD exacerbations cause shortness of breath and increased sputum production. Intermittent​ flare-ups of the symptoms are expected. COPD is a respiratory disorder that has components of chronic bronchitis and emphysema. After a​ flare-up, the lung tissue returns to normal. COPD is a curable disease.

"COPD is not curable but can be managed." COPD is an incurable progressive obstruction of the airways that generally affects patients later in life. It is not specifically an inflammation of the bronchi. The primary cause of this disease process is smoking, which can cause pulmonary tissue and cell changes, increased secretions, and smooth muscle constriction. COPD is not caused by gastric content aspiration. The patient will have shortness of breath or dyspnea, but it is caused by pollution, occupational exposure, and smoking, which can cause pulmonary tissue and cell changes, increased secretions, and smooth muscle constriction.

A patient diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) asks the nurse to explain the condition. Which response should the nurse give? "COPD is caused by microbes that destroy the lung tissue." "COPD is mainly an inflammation of the bronchi." "COPD is not curable but can be managed." "COPD is shortness of breath caused by gastric content aspiration."

Chest x-ray A chest x-ray would be obtained to monitor the extent of secretions in the alveolar sacs and to assess for the presence of pulmonary infection. Pulmonary function tests, capnography, and ventilation-perfusion scanning will not monitor the extent of secretion in the alveolar sacs or assess for the presence of pulmonary infection.

A patient with suspected chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is having a diagnostic test to monitor the extent of secretions in the alveolar sacs and to assess for the presence of pulmonary infection. Which diagnostic test should the nurse suspect the patient is having? Ventilation-perfusion scanning Chest x-ray Pulmonary function test Capnography

"An enzyme replacement will be administered daily by mouth." Medications used to treat COPD include short-acting and long-acting bronchodilators, antibiotics, and corticosteroids. Enzyme replacement is commonly used as a treatment for cystic fibrosis.

The nurse attended a class about medications prescribed for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which statement by the nurse indicates a need for further education? "An antibiotic will be given if a known infection is present." "A short-acting metered-dose inhaler will be given to open the patient's airways." "An enzyme replacement will be administered daily by mouth." "Steroids are given to help with breathing and increase exercise tolerance."

Previous diagnosis of chronic bronchitis A previous diagnosis of chronic bronchitis and frequent respiratory infections found in the health history may indicate COPD‌ (see image below). However, yearly respiratory infections are not considered frequent. Smoking is the main cause of COPD. A patient who denies cigarette smoking is not at direct risk for COPD. Dyspnea is a main sign of COPD. If there are no previous reports of dyspnea, then there is no criterion that indicates COPD.

The nurse completing a health history on a patient who reports dyspnea suspects a possible diagnosis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which information in the health history supports this suspicion? Previous diagnosis of chronic bronchitis No history of dyspnea Yearly respiratory infections in the winter Absent history of cigarette smoking

Wears an identification band and carries a list of medications Wearing an identification band and carrying a current list of medications is very important in case of emergency. The client with COPD should eat​ small, frequent​ meals, because the effort of eating can lead to fatigue. Oxygen saturation in a COPD client should be around​ 90%. Higher saturations can affect the drive to breathe. Adequate fluid intake is​ important, but it should be between 0.5 to 2.5 quarts per day.

The nurse gave discharge instructions to a client who has chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD). Which action by the client indicates that the teaching was​ effective? Wears an identification band and carries a list of medications Maintains adequate fluid intake by taking at least 5 quarts of fluid daily Maintains oxygen saturation of at least​ 95% Eats a least two large meals per day

Use of accessory muscles when breathing Barrel chest Diminished breath sounds Clinical findings that support the diagnosis of emphysema include a barrel​ chest, use of accessory muscles when​ breathing, and diminished breath sounds. A cough with copious amounts of sputum and hypercapnia are indicative of chronic bronchitis.

The nurse is assessing a client diagnosed with emphysema. Which clinical manifestation should the nurse expect to​ find? (Select all that​ apply.) Use of accessory muscles when breathing Hypercapnia noted within laboratory results Barrel chest Diminished breath sounds Cough with copious amounts of sputum

Wheezing Cough with sputum production Distended neck veins Clients with chronic bronchitis will exhibit distended neck​ veins, a cough with sputum​ production, and wheezing. The client with emphysema would present with diminished breath sounds and a barrel chest.

The nurse is assessing a client who has chronic bronchitis. Which symptom should the nurse expect to​ find? (Select all that​ apply.) Wheezing Cough with sputum production Distended neck veins Barrel chest Diminished breath sounds

Dyspnea Emphysema is insidious in onset, and dyspnea is the first symptom. It initially occurs only with exertion but may progress to become more severe. Cough is minimal or absent. Tachycardia is typically associated with chronic bronchitis. Wheezing may occur, but it is not early in the onset of the condition.

The nurse is assessing a patient with possible emphysema. Which is the first symptom the nurse should expect the patient to report? Tachycardia Dyspnea Wheezing Chronic cough

Inquire about nicotine use. Nurses treating Hispanic patients who exhibit chronic cough and sputum or who are diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) should inquire about nicotine abuse and provide patient teaching and appropriate referral in this area. Hispanic patients have an increased risk of developing COPD, and tobacco use is the leading preventable cause of death among Hispanics living in the United States. It is out of the scope of practice for the nurse to have the patient undergo pulmonary function testing or chest x-rays or to auscultate the lungs for adventitious lung sounds.

The nurse is caring for a Hispanic patient who is exhibiting chronic cough and sputum production. Which should be the nurse's initial action? Have the patient undergo pulmonary function tests. Auscultate the lungs for adventitious lung sounds. Have the patient receive a chest x-ray. Inquire about nicotine use.

Putting the client in supine recumbent position Individuals who experience COPD with chronic hypercarbia become dependent on low levels of oxygen in the blood as a stimulus for breathing. In keeping with this​ theory, the alleviation of hypoxia by way of supplemental oxygen administration may lead to respiratory depression or even respiratory failure. Percussion with vibration and postural​ draining, and administration of bronchodilators all may help reduce the symptoms. Putting the client in supine recumbent position would be contraindicated.

The nurse is caring for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD) who has shortness of​ breath, a respiratory rate of 28​ breaths/min, and an O2 saturation of​ 92%. Which intervention is contraindicated in this​ client? Administering bronchodilators Applying oxygen Performing​ percussion, vibration, and postural drainage Putting the client in supine recumbent position

Current medications The nurse should inquire about the​ client's current medications during the health history. If the client is unable to provide the​ information, a family member can provide this to the nurse. Breath​ sounds, percussion​ tone, and peripheral pulses are physical assessment items that the nurse must obtain during the​ assessment, and they do not require a family​ member's involvement.

The nurse is completing a health history of a client who has an exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which should the nurse​ obtain? Percussion tone Current medications Peripheral pulses Breath sounds

Destruction of airways Inhibited function of alveolar macrophages Constriction of smooth muscle Cigarette smoking has been known to cause inhibited function of alveolar​ macrophages, airway​ destruction, and constricted smooth muscle. Cigarette smoking causes impaired ciliary​ movement, not enhanced ciliary movement. Cigarette smoking causes​ mucus-secreting glands to​ hypertrophy, not atrophy.

The nurse is describing the effects of smoking. Which effect should be​ included? (Select all that​ apply.) Destruction of airways Atrophy of​ mucus-secreting glands Inhibited function of alveolar macrophages Constriction of smooth muscle Enhanced ciliary movement

Follow a​ low-salt diet. A​ low-salt diet is recommended to prevent fluid​ retention, which can lead to dyspnea and edema. Fluids should not be restricted because they help liquefy secretions and prevent​ dehydration, and clients should be provided with careful recommendations for adequate fluid intake. High carbohydrates are not​ recommended, and dairy products should be avoided because they can thicken secretions.

The nurse is discussing dietary changes for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which advice should the nurse​ include? Follow a​ low-salt diet. Follow a​ high-carbohydrate diet. Increase dairy products. Restrict fluids.

Low sodium For patients with COPD, a low-sodium diet is recommended to prevent water retention. High-fat, high-calorie diets are best for patients with cystic fibrosis. High-protein and low-carbohydrate diets would be specific orders for other health conditions, not for patients with COPD.

The nurse is discussing positive lifestyle choices with a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which type of diet should the nurse recommend? Low sodium High protein High fat, high calories Low carbohydrate

Pulmonary function tests ​Ventilation-perfusion testing Arterial blood gas analysis Diagnostic testing used for this client will include pulmonary function​ tests, ventilation-perfusion​ testing, and arterial blood gas analysis. Bronchoscopy and lung biopsy are not indicated for COPD diagnosis and are utilized to diagnose conditions that require direct visualization and testing of lung tissue​ (such as lung​ cancer).

The nurse is discussing tests to evaluate the extent of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD). Which test should the nurse​ include? (Select all that​ apply.) Lung biopsy Bronchoscopy Pulmonary function tests ​Ventilation-perfusion testing Arterial blood gas analysis

Cardiac dysfunction Prolonged impairment of gas exchange caused by COPD eventually results in cardiac dysfunction. Prolonged impairment of gas exchange typically does not result in renal failure, liver failure, or spontaneous pneumothorax.

The nurse is discussing the consequences of a prolonged impairment of gas exchange resulting from chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which consequence should the nurse include? Cardiac dysfunction Renal failure Liver failure Spontaneous pneumothorax

Liver Genetic COPD is caused by a deficiency of the protein AAT, which is produced in the liver. The protein AAT is not produced in the lungs, spleen, or pancreas.

The nurse is explaining to a colleague the deficiency of alpha1 antitrypsin (AAT) as the etiology of genetic chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which organ should the nurse specify as being responsible for the production of AAT? Liver Spleen Pancreas Lungs

Use of cool mist humidifiers Yearly flu vaccine Pneumococcal vaccine Restricting smoking in home environment Immunization against pneumococcal pneumonia and a yearly influenza vaccine are recommended to reduce the risk of respiratory infections. Cool mist humidifiers may help lubricate the airways and loosen mucus. Smoking is detrimental to the​ client, and the environment should remain smoke free. Cough suppressants have been shown to be ineffective for this condition.

The nurse is leading a support group for clients and families with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD). Which item should be discussed as a method to prevent COPD​ exacerbations? (Select all that​ apply.) Use of cool mist humidifiers Yearly flu vaccine Pneumococcal vaccine Use of cough suppressants Restricting smoking in home environment

Occupational therapist Respiratory therapist Nutritionist Physical therapist When planning a care conference for a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary​ disease, a respiratory​ therapist, physical​ therapist, occupational​ therapist, and nutritionist should act as collaborative team members to plan this​ client's care. Billing specialists need not be involved in care conferences.

The nurse is planning a collaborative care conference for a client recently diagnosed with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which team member should the nurse​ invite? (Select all that​ apply.) Occupational therapist Respiratory therapist Nutritionist Physical therapist Billing specialist

88-92% Rather than withholding oxygen therapy from patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, current recommendations include judiciously titrating the concentration of oxygen to maintain the patient's oxygen saturation between 88% and 92%. Oxygen saturation of 84-88% may be too low to be therapeutic. It may be counterproductive to maintain oxygen saturation above 92%.

The nurse is providing oxygen therapy for a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Which level of oxygen saturation should the nurse maintain? 84-88% 96-99% 92-96% 88-92%

"I will take a sedative to suppress my cough." Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease should generally avoid sedatives because they may cause retention of secretions. The patient should remain indoors during periods of significant air pollution to prevent exacerbations of the disease. Air-filtering systems or air conditioning may be useful. Maintaining hydration will help to keep secretions thin and easier to expectorate.

The nurse is reviewing a list of instructions with a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which patient statement indicates a need for further teaching? "I will remain indoors during periods of significant air pollution." "I will start using an air-filtering system in my home." "I will take a sedative to suppress my cough." "I will make sure to drink plenty of water."

Exercise can prevent the condition from worsening. Dyspnea and fatigue may improve with exercise. Regular exercise improves exercise tolerance and muscle strength. An exercise regimen can improve the ability to perform activities of daily living​ (ADLs). Exercise can enhance the​ client's ability to perform activities of daily living​ (ADLs) and may prevent deterioration of the physical condition. Regular exercise can improve exercise​ tolerance, muscle​ strength, and quality of life in clients with COPD and reduce dyspnea and fatigue. There are several techniques that the client should be taught to enhance breathing during exercise​ (such as​ pursed-lip and abdominal​ breathing). Rapid breathing will cause fatigue and changes in respiratory status.

The nurse is teaching a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD) about the benefits of an exercise regimen. Which information should the nurse​ include? (Select all that​ apply.) Exercise can prevent the condition from worsening. Dyspnea and fatigue may improve with exercise. Regular exercise improves exercise tolerance and muscle strength. Inhale and exhale rapidly to maintain oxygenation while exercising. An exercise regimen can improve the ability to perform activities of daily living​ (ADLs).

Improves airflow and reduces air trapping Bronchodilators improve airflow and reduce air trapping in clients with​ COPD, resulting in alleviating dyspnea and improving exercise tolerance. Most bronchodilators have short duration of​ effect, they do not have​ anti-inflammatory properties, and they act by relaxing bronchial smooth​ muscle, not strengthening contracting action.

The nurse is teaching a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD) about the purpose of using a bronchodilator. Which explanation should the nurse​ include? Improves airflow and reduces air trapping Exhibits​ anti-inflammatory properties Strengthens the bronchial muscle contraction Has long duration of affect

Air pollution Dust Pets Smoke The nurse should teach a client with COPD to avoid indoor​ pollutants, smoke,​ dust, and air pollution. The client should also avoid very​ cold, dry​ air, not​ warm, humid air. Allergies to pets can cause respiratory distress as well.

The nurse is teaching a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease​ (COPD) about types of irritants that should be avoided. Which irritant should the nurse​ include? (Select all that​ apply.) Air pollution Dust ​Warm, humid air Pets Smoke

High Fowler position Poor nutritional status further impairs immune functions and increases the risk of complicating infection. The patient should be in a seated or high Fowler position for meals to promote lung expansion and reduce dyspnea. The Fowler position, orthopneic position, and Trendelenburg position will not effectively promote lung expansion and reduce dyspnea.

The nurse is teaching a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) about the optimal position to use during meals. Which position should the nurse include? Fowler position High Fowler position\ Trendelenburg position Orthopneic position

Maintain adequate fluid intake. When teaching a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, the nurse must teach the patient and the patient's family and caregivers to maintain adequate fluid intake (at least 2.0-2.5 quarts of fluid daily) to keep the mucus thin. Following a prescribed exercise routine, avoiding respiratory irritants, and receiving a pneumococcal vaccine and annual influenza immunizations are all actions that will assist in the home care of patients with COPD; however, they are not measures that will help keep mucus thin.

The nurse is teaching a patient with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and their family how to keep mucus thin. Which should the nurse include, if not contraindicated? Follow a prescribed exercise program. Receive a pneumococcal vaccine and annual influenza immunization. Avoid respiratory irritants. Maintain adequate fluid intake.

Cough​ twice, the first time to loosen mucus and the second time to expel secretions. Coughing twice is the correct method that should be included in the teaching. Prolonged coughing tends to be ineffective and increases fatigue. While oxygen therapy may be an important component of​ care, it is to prevent and treat hypoxemia. When inhaling before huff​ coughing, inhale or sniff though the nose to avoid pushing secretions back down into the lungs. Fluid intake should not be limited and is not part of coughing techniques that should be included in the teaching.

The nurse is teaching coughing techniques to a client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Which technique should the nurse​ include? Utilize oxygen therapy as needed. Inhale deeply through the mouth prior to huff coughing. Limit fluid intake to decrease pulmonary secretions. Cough​ twice, the first time to loosen mucus and the second time to expel secretions.

Controlled coughing "Inhale by sniffing to prevent mucus from moving back into deep airways" is an instruction given to a patient learning the controlled coughing technique. This instruction is not included in the huff coughing technique, pursed-lip breathing, or abdominal breathing.

The nurse is teaching the patient to inhale by sniffing to prevent mucus from moving back into deep airways. Which technique is the nurse teaching the patient? Pursed-lip breathing Abdominal breathing Huff coughing Controlled coughing