Copy of bio Exam review

a hydrogen atom that has become an ion is

a proton

PAMPs include

a. bacterial flagella. b. bacterial pili. c. components of bacterial cell walls. d. double-stranded RNA.

What is the function of adipose tissue?

a. energy storage b. cushion the organs c. protection d. insulation

Innate immunity defenses include

a. phagocytosis. b. complement system. c. inflammation. d. fever

cells target and attack specific pathogens

adaptive immune system

the bidies third line of defense refers to the

adaptive immune system

the signs learned over the years by your body police represent

adaptive immunity

in order to form barriers to bacteria or to keep water from seeping out of the body, the cells in an epithelial layer must be

adhered together

Organisms within the domain Eukarya

animals, protists, plants, fungi

proteins that can bind with antigens on pathogens

antibodies

A molecule or praticle recognized by the body as nonself is a(an)

antigen.

gang signes used to help gang members identify other members are

antigens

all known species can be grouped into 3 domains. What are they?

bacteria, Archaea, eukarya

Acne results when

bacterial secretions from hair follicles leak into internal tissues.

Which of the following is the correct order of the three lines of defense?

barriers that exclude pathogens>>innate immunity>>adaptive immunity

bone secrets a ___matrix

calcium-hardened

A stem cell is a cell that

can differentiate into specialized cell types.

examples of molecules of life

carbs, proteins, nucleic acids

cytotoxic T cells will detect and destroy the body cell infected with the virus

cell-mediated immune response

Every tissue is defined by the type of

cells that make it up.

the low ph of stomach juices is an example of ___ defense

chemical

moves nutrients and waste to and from the various parts of the body

circulatory

comprises special proteins that circulate in the bloodstream and are activated by the antigens of pathogens

complement

___attach to the pathogen and signal for others to attach

compliment proteins

binds and supports other tissues

connective

An experimenter wanted to test the effects of cigarette smoke on rats. She infused the cages of 50 rats that with cirgarette smoke and the cages of another 50 rats with pure, clean air. The rats that recieved the clean air were the

control group

ingests food and water to absorb nutrients and excretes waste

digestive

select B ant T cells that attack the pathogen right away

effector cells

in an atom, ___ spin around the nucleus

electrons

cardiac muscels cells are joined ___ by adhering junctions

end-to-end

Which tissue type is a sheet-like tissue with one surface always facing a body cavity or an external environment?

epithelial

covers body surfaces

epithelial

in some epithelia, there are other modifications that help the epithelia carry out their functions. Certain glands are found in some epithelia, called ___ glands, which sectete molecules into the external environment. For example, these glands can secrete digestive enzymes into the stomach or intestine

exocrine

epithelia are versitile. besides forming barriers and absorbing molecules, epithelia can also specialize to make keratinized structures such as

feathers and hair

unlike most other connective tissues, blood does not have ___cells

fibroblast

the body sends signals between tissues and organs. These signals can pass directly from one cell to a neighboring cell via ___ junctuions

gap

cartliage secrets

glycoproteins

On a very hot day in summer, you go outside and take your temperature, its 37 degrees celsius. On another day, this time a very cold day in winter, you go outside and take your temperature, again it is 37 degrees celcius. this example illistrates

homeostasis

Keeping internal conditions within tolerable limits is called

homeostasis.

The human body temperature is 37 Celsius. If a person goes outside on a very cold day, the temperature will still be close to 37 Celsius. This is an example of

homeostasis.

In which part of the brain contains the body's "thermostat"?

hypothalamus

the main purpose of the ___ is to protect the body by fighting infection

immune system

The biological species concept developed by Ernest Mayr contains which of the following?

individuals that can potentially interbreed, individuals that produce furtile offspring, individuals that do not interbreed with other groups

cells respond immediately and equally to any pathogens within the body

innate immune system

the bodies second line of defense refers to the

innate immune system

during your body police's training, the signs that you were taught before they started working represent

innate immunity

covers the exterior of the body

integumentary

Hydrogenated vegetable oil or trans fats are

less healthy than animal fats or vegetable oils

special white blood cells that are able to identify and attack many different types of pathogens

lymphocytes

When an infection occurs by the same pathogen, the immune response is more rapid the next time around thanks to

memory cells

select B and T cells that do not attack the pathogen; instead, they stay in the body for many years and act as a record of the new pathogen

memory cells

the surface of the cell layer has many fingerlike projections called___ that increase the ability of the cell layer to absorb molecules

microvilli

moves body parts

muscle

detects stimuli and sends signals

nerves

The most abundant phagocytes in our immune system arsenal are the

neutrophils.

many species of bacteria live on and in the body normally

normal flora

A tissue is defined as

one or more cell types that perform a common task

examples of characteristics shared by all living organisms

organization into cells, adaptation to environmental change, requirement for nutrients

striations are due to ___ contractile units

parallel

striations (alternating dark and light lines) are due to:

parallel arrays of contractile units

in ____, the person is given antibodies to target the pathogen. The antibodies circulate in the bloodstream and help the immune system target and attack the pathogen

passive immunization

the gangs of the body represent

pathogens

porphyromonas gingivalis normally lives in the mouth on the surface of the teeth. If these bacteria get into the deep spaces between the teeth and gums, they can secrete enzymes that erode the gums and cause inflamation and infection. This is called

periodontitis

Oxygen has an atomic number of 8. This means that oxygen has 8

protons in its nucleus

cells defend against entry of any substance into the body

skin and mucous membranes

the bodies first line of defense refers to the

skin and mucous membranes

The first vaccine created was for

small pox

vaccines made of the cowpox virus were used to fight___around the world, starting in the early 1800s, they were the first vaccines ever developed

smallpox

muscles that are found around blood vescels

smooth muscels

Which of the following is a type of epithelial tissue that is several layers thick?

stratified

one factor that helps the movement of molecules across the cell layer is a large ___ of the cell layer

surface area

smooth muscles are ___ at their ends

tapered

what describes a tentative explination to a given question?

thats a FACT jack

why is passive immunization temporary

the bodies immune system did not generate the antibodies, so it did not from memory B cells to store information about the antibodies for the long term

the police force of the body represents ___

the immune system

What is the scientific definition of biology

the scientific study of life

Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent. What does this mean?

they can give rise to any of the body cell types

What is true about the normal flora that inhabit our body surfaces?

they competitively exclude more harmful species

An organ is defined as

two or more tissues organized and capable of carrying out a specific task.

Sampling error can be minimized by what

using a large sample size

an artificially created biological substance that is given to people to improve their immunity against a specific disease or pathogen

vaccine

Stem cells in bone marrow will develop into

. blood cells.

Which white blood cell(s) is (are) the only cell(s) that produces antibodies?

B-cell

are the only lyphocytes that have antibodies embedded in their cellular membranes to identify antigens

B-cells

Transports nutrients to cells and wastes from cells

Circulatory

organisms grow, develope, and reproduce based on information encoded in their

DNA

Chemically breaks down food and absorbs small molecules

Digestive

Controls body functioning through hormones

Endocrine

Defends against infection and tissue damage

Lymphatic

markers on the normal human body cell that tell the immune system that the cell is part of the body and not to attack

MHC markers

the scientific name (correctly written) of the giant kelp is

Macrocytis pyrifera

Controls and coordinates responses to stimuli

Nervous

What types of chemical bonds are found within a water molecule

Polar covalent

Removes carbon dioxide and wastes; receives and delivers oxygen

Respiratory

Provides muscle attachment sites; produces red blood cells

Skeletal

Which of the following white blood cells mature in the thymus?

T-cells

are lyphocytes that have receptors to identify both antigens and normal body cells

T-cells

Excretes excess fluid, solutes, and dissolved wastes

Urinary

to stay in one place, epitelia secrete ___ that glues the cell layer to adjacent tissues or organs.

a basment membrane

The skin would be an example of

a first line of defense