Corrections 2
How many states maintain sentencing disparities between crack and powder cocaine? a. 0 b. 4 c. 12 d. 26
12
In 2013, women comprised about ______ of jail inmates. a. 2% b. 8% c. 10% d. 14% e. 24%
14%
How many states require disclosure of presentence investigation reports? a. 10 b. 14 c. 15 d. 16
16
The first drug court was introduced in ______. a. 1973 b. 1981 c. 1989 d. 1996
1989
There are about ______ jails in the United States. a. 1,700 b. 2,900 c. 4,100 d. 5,800
2,900
Since 1984, there has been a ______ increase in the number of life without parole sentences. a. 100% b. 200% c. 300% d. 400%
400%
What percentage of jail inmates have not been convicted of the crime they are being held for? a. 25% b. 42% c. 51% d. 60%
60%
In 2014, on average, jails were operating at ______ capacity. a. 50% b. 60% c. 70% d. 80%
80%
Truth-in-sentencing laws require that there be a truthful, realistic connection between the custodial sentence imposed on offenders and the time they actually serve, and they mandate that inmates serve at least ______ of their sentences before becoming eligible for release. a. 20% b. 45% c. 85% d. 60%
85%
There has been a recent decline in the numbers of ______ in jail. a. women b. juveniles c. whites d. African Americans and Hispanics
African Americans and Hispanics
______ said, "Justice consists of treating equals equally, and unequals unequally according to relevant differences." a. Plato b. Beccaria c. Aristotle d. Homer
Aristotle
______ sentences consist of two sentences ordered to be served at the same time. a. Split b. Determinate c. Consecutive d. Concurrent
Concurrent
______ sentences are two or more sentences that must be served sequentially. a. Split b. Determinate c. Consecutive d. Concurrent
Consecutive
In ______, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld a civil commitment statute for sex offenders. a. Virginia v. Clarke b. Payne v. Tennessee c. Kansas v. Hendricks d. United States v. Booker
Kansas v. Hendricks
______ sentences may seem popular with the public at large until they get the bill. a. Habitual offender b. Truth in sentencing c. Life without parole d. Harsh
Life without parole
The Fair Sentencing Act was introduced and passed by Congress and was signed into law by which president? a. Clinton b. G. W. Bush c. Reagan d. Obama
Obama
When bringing a lawsuit against jails and prisons, an offender is most likely to win cases when the claim involves ______. a. sexual abuse b. poor diet c. inadequate healthcare d. Overcrowding
Overcrowding
In ______, the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the constitutionality of using victim impact statements at sentencing. a. Virginia v. Clarke b. Payne v. Tennessee c. Kansas v. Hendricks d. United States v. Booker
Payne v. Tennessee
______ are used to assist judges in making sentencing recommendations. a. Presentence investigation reports b. Sentencing files c. Investigation reports d. Judges' reports
Presentence investigation reports
Corrections scholar John Irwin claimed that jails managed the ______ of society. a. unlucky b. risk takers c. nonconformists d. Rabble
Rabble
Based on the recommendations of a task force created by President ______, victim impact statements are now included at sentencing. a. Obama b. Reagan c. Clinton d. Nixon
Reagan
Sentencing differs radically among four major comparison countries, and the most brutal sentences are handed out in which country? a. China b. United Kingdom c. Saudi Arabia d. France
Saudi Arabia
Which country punishes some crimes in an "eye for an eye, a tooth for a tooth" fashion? a. China b. United Kingdom c. Saudi Arabia d. France
Saudi Arabia
What is a punitive penalty ordered by the court after a defendant has been convicted of a crime, either by a jury, in a bench trial, by a judge, or in a plea bargain? a. conviction b. justice c. revenge d. Sentence
Sentence
______ occurs when there is a wide variation in sentences received by different offenders. a. Sentencing disparity b. The Fair Sentencing Act c. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act d. The U.S. Sentencing Commission Report to Congress
Sentencing disparity
______ are forms containing scales with a set of rules for numerically computing a sentence based on the crime that has been committed and the offender's criminal record. a. The U.S. Sentencing Commission rules b. Sentencing guidelines c. Sentencing disparity rules d. Fair sentence guides
Sentencing guidelines
_____ according to race is reasonable and just if the members of a group being more harshly punished commit more crimes than the individual members of other groups but is discriminatory and unjust if they do not. a. Sentencing disparity b. Sentencing variation c. The Fair Sentencing Act d. Presentence reporting
Sentencing variation
______ established a 100-to-1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine. a. Sentencing disparity b. The Fair Sentencing Act c. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act d. The U.S. Sentencing Commission Report to Congress
The Anti-Drug Abuse Act
______ increased the amount of cocaine subject to the five-year minimum sentence from 5 to 28 grams. a. Sentencing disparity b. The Fair Sentencing Act c. The Anti-Drug Abuse Act
The Fair Sentencing Act
The ______ was charged with the task of creating mandatory sentencing guidelines. a. U.S. Sentencing Commission b. Sentencing Guidelines Association c. Sentencing Disparity Commission d. Fair Sentencing Act
U.S. Sentencing Commission
Which country tries minor offenses in police courts, where these offenses are punishable only by fines? a. China b. United Kingdom c. Saudi Arabia d. France
United Kingdom
In which Supreme Court case did the court rule that the federal sentencing guidelines were no longer to be binding on the states? a. United States v. Booker b. Apprendi v. New Jersey c. Blakely v. Washington d. Rita v. United States
United States v. Booker
According to ______, Congress passed legislation in reaction to media hype about the addictiveness of crack cocaine. a. sentencing guidelines b. the Fair Sentencing Act c. the Anti-Drug Abuse Act d. a U.S. Sentencing Commission report
a U.S. Sentencing Commission report
What is shock probation? a. a sentence aimed at scaring offenders into a life of conformity by showing them the realities of prison b. a delay in a sentence in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of probation c. a requirement that convicted people must serve a brief stay in jail prior to probation placement d. a prison sentence imposed for crimes for which probation is normally not an option
a delay in a sentence in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of probation
In drug courts, the prescreening interview is normally conducted by ______. a. the judge b. a police officer c. the court psychologist d. a probation officer
a probation officer
An indeterminate sentence serves ______ function. a. a rehabilitation b. an incapacitation c. a retribution d. a deterrence
a rehabilitation
Sentencing guidelines are ______, meaning that judges can consult them and follow them or not. a. presumptive b. advisory c. mandatory d. wishful thinking
advisory
A concurrent sentence involves ______. a. a range of years to be determined by the convict's behavior b. a fixed number of years that must be served c. all separate sentences being served at the same time d. all separate sentences being served sequentially
all separate sentences being served at the same time
A consecutive sentence involves ______. a. a range of years to be determined by the convict's behavior b. a fixed number of years that must be served c. all separate sentences being served at the same time d. all separate sentences being served sequentially
all separate sentences being served sequentially
A determinant sentence serves ______ function. A. a rehabilitation b. an incapacitation c. a retribution d. a deterrence
an incapacitation
Proportionate to population, which racial-ethnic group is the most likely to be incarcerated in American jails? a. white non-Hispanics b. black non-Hispanics c. Hispanics of any race d. Asian Americans
black non-Hispanics
The biggest concern in sentencing disparity literature deals with ______ cases. a. theft b. cocaine c. murder d. Gun
cocaine
The vast majority of jails are operated by ______. a. private companies b. the federal government c. county sheriffs d. state governments
county sheriffs
One way in which jails are attempting to deal with the challenges of mentally ill inmates is ______. a. crisis intervention training b. group therapy c. psychiatric medication d. religious programming
crisis intervention training
The number of minorities in jail populations may be decreasing due to ______. a. decriminalization/legalization of marijuana in some states b. the widespread adoption of truth-in-sentencing laws c. a large drop in unemployment rates during the last decade d. a great awareness of bias in police practices
decriminalization/legalization of marijuana in some states
What type of sentence means that convicted criminals are given a fixed number of years they must serve rather than a range? a. split b. determinate c. indeterminate d. Mandatory
determinate
In terms of research on racial disparity in sentences, ______. a. nearly all studies indicate a pattern of disparity b. hardly any studies indicate a pattern of disparity c. different researchers reach different conclusions d. there is not enough research on this topic to draw conclusions
different researchers reach different conclusions
The wide variation in sentence given to different offenders is called sentence ______. a. disparity b. inequality c. splitting d. Discrimination
disparity
Which type of sentence requires participants to be involved in an intensive treatment program that lasts about one year? a. shock probation b. split sentences c. non-custodial sentences d. drug court
drug court
T/F A split sentence means that two separate sentences are served at the same time.
false
T/F Asian Americans receive harsher sentences on average than whites or African Americans.
false
T/F Determinant sentences are aimed at rehabilitation.
false
T/F Drug courts have a high rate of recidivism.
false
T/F In 1988, Congress passed the U.S. Sentencing Commission Report, which established a 100-to-1 quantity ratio differential between powder and crack cocaine.
false
T/F In addition to saving the states many millions of dollars in jail and prison costs, drug courts appear to be unsuccessful in reducing recidivism.
false
T/F In the federal system, probation officers create PSIs.
false
T/F Indeterminate sentences are also known as fixed sentences.
false
T/F Justice is a moral concept that is easy to define.
false
T/F Sentencing guidelines are mandatory in the federal system.
false
T/F Shock probation is typically reserved for chronic offenders.
false
T/F The PSI is not an important document in regard to sentencing.
false
T/F The U.S. Supreme Court ruled that victim impact statements cannot be used for sentencing purposes because they are not objective.
false
T/F The determinate sentencing model prevailed most strongly under the so- called medical model.
false
T/F Under indeterminate sentencing, offenders know how much time they will serve.
false
Which statutes are derived from the same punitive atmosphere that led to truth-in-sentencing statutes? a. habitual offender b. shock incarceration c. split sentences d. victim impact statement
habitual offender
The capacity of jails to house inmates ______. a. has never been worse b. has never been better c. has remained stable over the last five decades d. continues to increase
has never been worse
Jails ______. a. will become obsolete in the next few decades b. hold multifaceted and critical roles in communities c. have been very well maintained d. are operated by the federal government in the United States
hold multifaceted and critical roles in communities
Jails were originally developed to ______. a. punish wrongdoers b. hold the accused for trial c. prevent rebellion d. house the mentally ill
hold the accused for trial
A ______ sentence is one in which the actual number of years a person may serve is not fixed but is rather a range of years. a. split b. determinate c. indeterminate d. Mandatory
indeterminate
A moral concept that is difficult to define but in essence means to treat people in ways consistent with norms of fairness and in accordance with what they justly deserve by virtue of their behavior is known as ______. a. conviction b. justice c. revenge d. Sentencing
justice
An unintended consequence of get-tough laws is ______. a. a reduction of funding for local jails b. less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space c. less programming available for mentally ill inmates d. fewer correctional officers because funds are earmarked for patrol officers
less incarceration of serious offenders due to lack of space
The war on drugs has led to an increase in the population of ______ in jails. a. wrongfully accused persons b. drug buyers c. low-level drug sellers d. drug kingpins
low-level drug sellers
What type of sentence can exist in the context of both determinate and indeterminate sentencing structures and simply means that probation is not an option and that the minimum time is beset by law? a. split b. determinate c. indeterminate d. mandatory
mandatory
Research suggests that the most common type of mental illness among jail inmates is ______. a. mood disorder b. psychotic disorder c. mania d. Depression
mania
Research indicates that the general public views jails as ______. a. more punitive than prisons b. less punitive than prisons c. more effective than prisons d. less effective than prisons
more punitive than prisons
Mandatory sentencing guidelines were created to ______. a. create judicial bias b. help determine guilt or innocence c. rein in judicial discretion d. classify offenders into institutions
rein in judicial discretion
A split sentence involves ______. a. scaring offenders into a life of conformity by showing them the realities of prison b. delaying a sentence in order to allow the defendant to perform a period of probation c. requiring convicted people to serve a brief stay in jail prior to probation placement d. sentencing for crimes for which probation is normally not an option
requiring convicted people to serve a brief stay in jail prior to probation placement
What type of sentence exposes offenders to the reality of prison life for a short period of time, followed by probation? a. shock probation b. split sentence c. non-custodial sentence d. drug court
shock probation
What type of sentence is work release, whereby a person is consigned to a special portion of the jail on weekends and nights but released to go to work during the day? a. shock probation b. split sentence c. non-custodial sentence d. drug court
split sentence
Which type of sentence requires felons to serve brief periods of confinement in a county jail prior to placement on probation? a. shock probation b. split sentence c. non-custodial sentence d. drug court
split sentence
Long-term trends over the last 25 years indicate that the number of women in jails has ______. a. increased at the same rate as the number of men b. stayed the same c. decreased d. decreased at the same rate as the number of men
stayed the same
Overcrowding occurs when the number of inmates exceeds ______. a. the capacity of staff to supervise them properly b. state guidelines c. federal guidelines d. the available physical capacity
the available physical capacity
Which of the following may be found within a PSI report? a. the circumstances of the offense b. judge's history of cases involving similar offenses c. short biography of the person preparing the report d. personal testimony from those who know the offender
the circumstances of the offense
Historically, correctional institutions have classified transgender inmates by ______. a. staff preference b. the gender identity of the inmate c. the genitalia of the inmate d. the available space to house the inmate
the genitalia of the inmate
Research finds that ______ are more likely than other inmates to be sexually victimized in jail. a. drug addicts b. whites c. the homeless d. the mentally ill
the mentally ill
A presentence investigation report (PSI) is generally written by whom? a. the judge b. the judge's clerk c. the probation officer d. the parole officer
the probation officer
Which of the following factors can affect a judge's decision when sentencing a defendant? a. the seriousness of the crime b. the defendant's age c. the defendant's children's ages d. the defendant's address
the seriousness of the crime
The primary reason for the increase in the minority population in jail is ______. a. the war on drugs b. immigration c. racial profiling by police and courts d. an increase in minority criminal activity
the war on drugs
According to the Bureau of Justice Statistics, African Americans are ______ times more likely than Hispanics to be in jail. a. two b. three c. four d. Five
three
T/F An indeterminate sentence is a range of years
true
T/F Drug courts are more cost-effective than traditional courts.
true
T/F In a PSI, generally officers make sentencing recommendations to the judge.
true
T/F In a determinate sentence, offenders are given a fixed number of years.
true
T/F Of four comparison countries stated in the text, Saudi Arabia has the most brutal sentences.
true
T/F Prior to 1984, federal judges enjoyed almost unlimited sentencing discretion as long as they stayed within the statutory maximum penalties.
true
T/F Sentencing is the post-conviction stage of the criminal justice process.
true
T/F The biggest concern with sentencing disparity is racial discrimination.
true
T/F The habitual offender statute is a way of selectively incapacitating felons only after they have demonstrated the inability to live by society's rules.
true
T/F Truth-in-sentencing laws have led to longer sentences.
true
The racial-ethnic group with the largest numbers in jail is ______. a. white non-Hispanics b. black non-Hispanics c. Hispanics of any race d. Asian Americans
white non-Hispanics
