corrections study guide test #1
who prepares the presentence report for the court
probation officers
on an average there are more than (blank) million people under some form of correctional supervision in the united states
2.3 million
the criminal justice system is expensive to run because it employs more than how many people
4 million americans
blackely vs washington
6th amendment
united states vs booker
6th amendment
with truth in sentencing laws, more and more inmates were sentenced to prison and required to serve what percentage of their sentence
85%
what agency/jurisdiction has the largest number of prisoners
ADX Florence, from florence, colorado
the most noted advocate for the medical model of rehabilitation was what?
Howard Gill
this particular model of rehabilitation focused on treating the disease of offenders and less on punishment
Medical Model
what are the big 4 states with the largest number of prisoners
MS,TN,FL,AL
who is responsible for the supervision of the offenders who are released
Parole officers
a prison in which the persons found guilty of a felon and are isolated
Penitentiary
what is an evidence based program
Programs recognized as evidence-based have demonstrated the highest level of evidence of effectiveness based on the criteria below. These programs, if implemented with adherence to the program developer's model, are likely to produce positive youth outcomes.
who was the governor of ohio and later became president during the first correctional congress held in cinncinatti
Rutherford B. Hayes
who was superintendent of the elmira reformatory in new york
Zebulon Reed Brockway
the largest impact on social cost has affected this racial group more than others
african americans
prison building is often a boom to many communities who view institutions as a
business
the three strike law was first passed in what state
california
those offender who are convicted of drug offenses and those who are unable to secure pretrial release are mostly
due to race and gender
in many jurisdiction, prisons sentences are reduced by about half, this occurs because the offender has earned
good time
the first formal legal code was called
hammurabi
what is restorative justice
is a theory of justice that emphasizes repairing the harm caused by criminal behavior. It is best accomplished through cooperative processes that allow all willing stakeholders to meet, although other approaches are available when that is
who believed that the law should accomplish some utilitarian purpose
jeremy bentham
who was the english sheriff who advocated jail reform
john howard
a term given to the high rate of incarceration in the United States
overcrowding
the penal system is based on the belief that most prisoners would benefit from the experience of incarceration
pennsylvania model
before sentencing takes place in felony cases, it is common for the courts probation staff to conduct
preliminary investigation
disparities in sentencing often occur due to
race and gender
what are some non legal factors affecting sentencing
race, age, socioeconomic status
Cesare Beccaria believed punishment should be what?
rehabilitated not revenged
what is presumptive sentencing
sentence based on the severity of the crime and also on the offender's record of prior convictions. Under specific mitigating circumstances, the judge can reduce the sentence by ordering a downward departure
this particular act created the Us sentencing commission
sentencing reform act of 1984
when a trial is waived, the decision of guilt or innocence falls upon who
the judge
what are mandatory minimum sentences
the mandatory sentence that you must serve
Why do we punish offenders
to create a safe, more effective society
today the general publics reaction toward crime is more
tolerant, less stigma
who pioneered the manhattan bail project
vera institute of justice
who developed the irish mark system, where inmates could eventually earn early release
walter crofton
who felt strongly about the merits of the reformatory model
zebulon brockway
