corrections test 1 practice questions
who is most closely associated with the classical school?
Beccaria
According to the text, "some themes have been almost eerily consistent, vis-à-vis corrections, over decades and even centuries," including ______.
the influence of money over correctional policy decisons
which statement about life without parole is true?
they are very expensive
Who was the author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)?
thomas Kuhn
In which type of punishment were prisoners removed from the home country?
transportation
Hiring individuals who are less likely to be motivated by personal gain is one way to prevent unethical behavior.
true
Morality is not the same as ethics.
true
Newgate prison was originally a copper mine.
true
Politics is a constant theme throughout the history of corrections.
true
Positivists relied on empirical studies of the causes of crime to determine appropriate punishment.
true
Reintegration assumes individuals can be transformed through effective programs.
true
Research finds that legal sanctions have a substantial effect on deterrence.
true
The Catholic Church held its greatest influence over crime and punishment during the Middle Ages.
true
The correctional enterprise, despite advancing other goals, is primarily concerned with punishment.
true
The development of codes of ethics, the professionalization of staff, and the routinization of policies and procedures are all key to preventing ethical abuses.
true
The various philosophies and goals of punishment, including retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and reintegration, are ultimately aimed at the prevention of crime.
true
Utility is the basis for Bentham's philosophy of social control.
true
mandatory sentences can be either determinate or indeterminate
true
Pollock defined ______ as "what is determined by how many people were helped by the greatest number."
utilitarianism
The greatest advantage for a citizen who was punished in ancient societies was his or her ______.
wealth
Which early thinker was incarcerated in England for defending his religion?
william penn
early workouses built to hold and whip "beggers, prostitutes and nightwalkers" were known as _______
bridewells
Galley slavery continued well after the invention of sails.
false
In 2010, fewer than 30,000 people died from a drug overdose.
false
One who uses an ethics of care framework is using a teleological ethical systems framework.
false
Positivists' views influenced the correctional system to consider the criminal act instead of the individual motivation for crime.
false
Rehabilitation is the most recently identified objective of the practice of punishment.
false
Teleological ethical systems are concerned with whether an act itself is good.
false
There is scant evidence that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of engaging in criminal behavior.
false
William Penn's influence was secular.
false
determinate sentences are aimed at rehabilitation
false
How many jail complexes make up Riker's Island in New York City?
10
truth-in-sentencing laws require that inmates serve at least ________ percent of their sentences before becoming eligible for release
85
when penologists discuss recidivism, they are talking about _____________
an offender committing additional crimes after being punished
Which early thinker was a former prisoner of war?
John Howard
what is specific deterrence?
the discouragement of future criminal behavior in the person who received the punishment
______ is NOT one of Garofalo's individualized sentences.
born criminal
which scenario provides an example of general deterrence?
a person choses not to drive after drinking because her friend was previously arrested for this act
after a defendant is convicted of a crime, the court orders _________
a sentence
Which school emerged first in the study of the correctional system?
classical
The state taking responsibility for punishing wrongdoers from the individuals who were wronged is called ______.
controlled vengeance
Which justification for punishment focuses on both actual and potential offenders?
deterrence
the primary goal of deterrence is to __________
discourage criminal behavior in the public as a whole
Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers' arguments and, instead, relied on ________ to determine appropriate punishment
empirical science
Such thinkers as John Howard and William Penn were influenced by ______.
enlightenment
Pollock defined ______ as "what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative."
ethical formalism
Early forms of punishment were unusually humane and controlled by today's standards.
false
Ethical abuses have not always been a problem for correctional workers.
false
In which type of punishment were prisoners sentenced to be rowers?
galley slavery
under _______ statutes, an individual who with three felony convictions, even for non-violent crimes, will recieve life in prison
habitual offender
a determinate sentence, which focuses only on locking up an offender and seperating them from society for a fixed number of years serves the goal of ________
incapacitation
Which has been a result of the war on drugs?
incarceration of large number of people for nonviolent offenses
The state-authorized imposition of some form of deprivation--liberty, resources, or even life--is a ______.
legal punishment
which factor might enter into a judge's decison to sentence someone to a concurrent versus a consecutive sentence?
offender cooperation
What proportion of AIDS cases has been caused by syringe sharing in the United States?
one-third
What did Beaumont and Tocqueville come to America to study in 1831?
prisons
cesare beccaria an italian philosopher argued that ______
punishment should be proportional
the __________ justification for punishment, which views criminals as people in need of treatment, finds its roots in the medical model
rehabilitation
______ weighs what is right or wrong based on one's religion and covers all facets of living and relationships with others.
religous perspective
incarcerating an offender for 10 years because he or she "deserves" to be punished would be considered which justification for punishment?
retribution
the code of hammurabi which codified controlled vengeance is consistent with which justification for punishment?
retribution
a concurrent sentence involves ___________
separate sentences being served at the same time
a consecutive sentence involves ___________
seperate sentences being served sequentially
Certain social critics, such as Foucault (1979) and Welch (2005), maintain that prisons and other social institutions serve as ______ mechanisms, removing punishment from public view.
social control
______ is the study of punishment.
sociology
Which of the following can be used to prevent unethical behavior?
supervise people sufficently
Beccaria thought that punishment would be most effective if it occurred soon after the crime was committed. this concept is known as __________
swiftness
Systems focused on the consequences of an act are called ______ systems.
teleological ethical
during the middle ages, one of the greatest influences on punishment was _________
the catholic church