corrections test 1 practice questions

who is most closely associated with the classical school?

Beccaria

According to the text, "some themes have been almost eerily consistent, vis-à-vis corrections, over decades and even centuries," including ______.

the influence of money over correctional policy decisons

which statement about life without parole is true?

they are very expensive

Who was the author of The Structure of Scientific Revolutions (1962)?

thomas Kuhn

In which type of punishment were prisoners removed from the home country?

transportation

Hiring individuals who are less likely to be motivated by personal gain is one way to prevent unethical behavior.

true

Morality is not the same as ethics.

true

Newgate prison was originally a copper mine.

true

Politics is a constant theme throughout the history of corrections.

true

Positivists relied on empirical studies of the causes of crime to determine appropriate punishment.

true

Reintegration assumes individuals can be transformed through effective programs.

true

Research finds that legal sanctions have a substantial effect on deterrence.

true

The Catholic Church held its greatest influence over crime and punishment during the Middle Ages.

true

The correctional enterprise, despite advancing other goals, is primarily concerned with punishment.

true

The development of codes of ethics, the professionalization of staff, and the routinization of policies and procedures are all key to preventing ethical abuses.

true

The various philosophies and goals of punishment, including retribution, deterrence, incapacitation, rehabilitation, and reintegration, are ultimately aimed at the prevention of crime.

true

Utility is the basis for Bentham's philosophy of social control.

true

mandatory sentences can be either determinate or indeterminate

true

Pollock defined ______ as "what is determined by how many people were helped by the greatest number."

utilitarianism

The greatest advantage for a citizen who was punished in ancient societies was his or her ______.

wealth

Which early thinker was incarcerated in England for defending his religion?

william penn

early workouses built to hold and whip "beggers, prostitutes and nightwalkers" were known as _______

bridewells

Galley slavery continued well after the invention of sails.

false

In 2010, fewer than 30,000 people died from a drug overdose.

false

One who uses an ethics of care framework is using a teleological ethical systems framework.

false

Positivists' views influenced the correctional system to consider the criminal act instead of the individual motivation for crime.

false

Rehabilitation is the most recently identified objective of the practice of punishment.

false

Teleological ethical systems are concerned with whether an act itself is good.

false

There is scant evidence that individuals weigh the costs and benefits of engaging in criminal behavior.

false

William Penn's influence was secular.

false

determinate sentences are aimed at rehabilitation

false

How many jail complexes make up Riker's Island in New York City?

10

truth-in-sentencing laws require that inmates serve at least ________ percent of their sentences before becoming eligible for release

85

when penologists discuss recidivism, they are talking about _____________

an offender committing additional crimes after being punished

Which early thinker was a former prisoner of war?

John Howard

what is specific deterrence?

the discouragement of future criminal behavior in the person who received the punishment

______ is NOT one of Garofalo's individualized sentences.

born criminal

which scenario provides an example of general deterrence?

a person choses not to drive after drinking because her friend was previously arrested for this act

after a defendant is convicted of a crime, the court orders _________

a sentence

Which school emerged first in the study of the correctional system?

classical

The state taking responsibility for punishing wrongdoers from the individuals who were wronged is called ______.

controlled vengeance

Which justification for punishment focuses on both actual and potential offenders?

deterrence

the primary goal of deterrence is to __________

discourage criminal behavior in the public as a whole

Positivists rejected much of the philosophical basis of classical thinkers' arguments and, instead, relied on ________ to determine appropriate punishment

empirical science

Such thinkers as John Howard and William Penn were influenced by ______.

enlightenment

Pollock defined ______ as "what is good is that which conforms to the categorical imperative."

ethical formalism

Early forms of punishment were unusually humane and controlled by today's standards.

false

Ethical abuses have not always been a problem for correctional workers.

false

In which type of punishment were prisoners sentenced to be rowers?

galley slavery

under _______ statutes, an individual who with three felony convictions, even for non-violent crimes, will recieve life in prison

habitual offender

a determinate sentence, which focuses only on locking up an offender and seperating them from society for a fixed number of years serves the goal of ________

incapacitation

Which has been a result of the war on drugs?

incarceration of large number of people for nonviolent offenses

The state-authorized imposition of some form of deprivation--liberty, resources, or even life--is a ______.

legal punishment

which factor might enter into a judge's decison to sentence someone to a concurrent versus a consecutive sentence?

offender cooperation

What proportion of AIDS cases has been caused by syringe sharing in the United States?

one-third

What did Beaumont and Tocqueville come to America to study in 1831?

prisons

cesare beccaria an italian philosopher argued that ______

punishment should be proportional

the __________ justification for punishment, which views criminals as people in need of treatment, finds its roots in the medical model

rehabilitation

______ weighs what is right or wrong based on one's religion and covers all facets of living and relationships with others.

religous perspective

incarcerating an offender for 10 years because he or she "deserves" to be punished would be considered which justification for punishment?

retribution

the code of hammurabi which codified controlled vengeance is consistent with which justification for punishment?

retribution

a concurrent sentence involves ___________

separate sentences being served at the same time

a consecutive sentence involves ___________

seperate sentences being served sequentially

Certain social critics, such as Foucault (1979) and Welch (2005), maintain that prisons and other social institutions serve as ______ mechanisms, removing punishment from public view.

social control

______ is the study of punishment.

sociology

Which of the following can be used to prevent unethical behavior?

supervise people sufficently

Beccaria thought that punishment would be most effective if it occurred soon after the crime was committed. this concept is known as __________

swiftness

Systems focused on the consequences of an act are called ______ systems.

teleological ethical

during the middle ages, one of the greatest influences on punishment was _________

the catholic church