Unit 4

Which of the following was a major change in global patterns of religious beliefs and practices in the period 1450-1750 C.E.?

Adherents of monotheistic religions such as Christianity and Islam increased both in number and in geographic scope as a result of conquest, trade, and missionary activities.

Which of the following best explains Europe's ability to gain a greater share of global trade in the early modern period?

Adoption and improvement of maritime technologies by Europeans

The sketch shows the artist's son Johnny and Flora, an enslaved Indonesian household servant. The domestic labor of the enslaved woman in the sketch is most similar to the predominant form of slavery in which of the following regions?

Africa

All of the following have been African contributions to cultures in the Americas EXCEPT

African monetary systems

Which of the following accurately describes the effect of the spread of Christianity among most Amerindian societies after 1500 C.E.?

Amerindians maintained local customs by combining indigenous beliefs with elements of Christianity.

"Migration of man and his maladies is the chief cause of epidemics. And when migration takes place, those creatures who have been in isolation longest suffer most, for their genetic material has been least tempered by the variety of world diseases. Among the major subdivisions of the species Homo Sapiens, the American Indian probably had the dangerous privilege of the longest isolation from the rest of mankind." Alfred Crosby, world historian, 1967 Which of the following best describes Alfred Crosby's argument in the passage above?

Amerindians' long isolation from the rest of the world had placed them at a biological disadvantage.

The agriculture and labor systems that the Portuguese developed on the Atlantic island of Madeira in the 1450s were implemented in which of the following places a century later?

Brazil for sugar production

In the period 1550-1750, most of the world's ten largest cities were located in which of the following regions?

East Asia

In recent decades, many world historians have challenged the commonly held view that Europeans controlled the largest share of world trade in the seventeenth through the eighteenth centuries. Which of the following evidence from the period would best support this historical reinterpretation?

European merchants transported only a fraction of the goods shipped globally.

Which of the following most clearly differentiates the sixteenth century from the previous period in world history?

Extension of sugar production to the Americas

Which of the following best describes the impact on African society of the trade depicted on the map?

Gender and family roles were restructured as the male population in West Africa diminished.

"The Mexican city of Zacatecas is renowned for the enormous quantity of silver that has been extracted from it and continues to be extracted today. At the time of the discovery of the silver, there were many forests and woodlands in this rocky land, all of which have since vanished so that now except for some little wild palms, no other trees remain. Firewood is very expensive in the city because it is brought in carts from a distance of eighteen hours away. The silver was discovered in the year 1540, in the following way: after the fall of the Aztec Empire, Spanish soldiers remained, spread over the entire country. Since no more towns remained to conquer and since they had so many Indian slaves, they devoted themselves to seeking riches from silver mines. One of these soldiers was Juan de Tolosa, who happened to have an Aztec among his Indian slaves. The Aztec, it is said, seeing his master so anxious to discover mines and to claim silver, told him: 'If you so desire this substance, I will take you where you can fill your hands and satisfy your greed with it.' The city houses at least 600 White residents, and most of them are Spaniards. There are about 800 Black slaves and mulattoes*. There are about 1,500 Indians in the work gangs who labor in all types of occupations in the mines." Alonso de la Mota y Escobar, Bishop of Guadalajara, Mexico, geographical treatise, 1605 *a person of mixed European and African ancestry Based on the description of the discovery of silver in Zacatecas in the second paragraph, which of the following conclusions about Mota y Escobar is best supported?

He was critical of the motivations of the Spanish conquistadors.

*Cloves are spices native to the Moluccas islands in eastern Indonesia and, until the late eighteenth century, grown only in Southeast Asia. Source: David Bulbeck, Anthony Reid, Lay Cheng Tan, and Yiqi Wu, eds. Southeast Asian Exports Since the 14th Century: Cloves, Pepper, Coffee, and Sugar, (Leiden, The Netherlands, KITLV Press), 1988. Graph 2.2., p. 57 For the period circa 1650-1790, the differences between clove prices in Southeast Asia and those in Amsterdam best support which of the following conclusions?

Imperialism economically benefited European merchants and governments while leading to the economic decline or stagnation of Asian producers.

The expansion of trade routes along the coast of Africa as shown on Map 2 was most directly facilitated by which of the following?

Improved ship designs and navigational technologies

Which of the following processes contributed to the emergence of syncretic and new religions in both the Eastern and Western Hemispheres during the sixteenth century?

Increases in global interactions

© The Trustees of the British Museum *Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. The implicit claim made by the image about a connection between religious devotion and maritime exploration best demonstrates which of the following in the period circa 1450-1750 ?

Increasing global connections expanded the reach of existing religions.

Which of the following factors best explains why the Portuguese did not engage in direct trading relations with West African states until the fifteenth century?

Lack of the necessary navigational and maritime technology

Which of the following represents a significant change in Africa between 1450 C.E. and 1750 C.E.?

Most enslaved Africans were transported across the Atlantic instead of the Sahara.

The ability of Portuguese merchants and explorers to communicate with the local population of Canton was most likely an effect of which of the following?

Portuguese merchants had established trading posts in southern China.

The map above illustrates which of the following? (MAPS WITH ARROWS COMING FROM AFRICA)

Predominant areas of origin and destinations of African slaves in the fifteenth through nineteenth centuries

Which of the following would best support the conclusion that the Columbian Exchange involved more profound consequences than did earlier biological exchanges in world history?

Previous exchanges did not involve the world's two hemispheres.

"Wila Uma, the Inca general, addressed the Spanish [conquistadors] with the following words: 'What are you doing to our ruler?* This is how you repay his good will? Did he not command all of his people to give you tribute? Did he not give you a house filled with gold and silver? Did he not give you his servants to serve you? What more can he give you now that you have imprisoned him? All the people of this land are so distressed by your actions, because they have lost all they possess, and their distress leaves them no choice but to hang themselves or risk everything by rebelling. Thus, I believe it would be best for you to release him from this prison to lessen the grief of these people.' . . . *Manco Inca, a previous Inca ruler and father of Titu Cusi, whom the Spanish had imprisoned after conquering the Inca capital of Cuzco in 1533 Titu Cusi, ruler of a regional Inca state established after the Spanish had conquered the Inca Empire,letter to the Spanish king detailing the abuses of the Spanish during the conquest, 1570 Which of the following most directly facilitated the conquest alluded to in the passage?

Spanish advantages over native American populations in terms of technology and disease immunity

The world economic system that developed after 1500 featured unequal relationships between western Europe and dependent economies in other regions. Strong governments and large armies fed European dominance of world trade. Dependent economies used slave or serf labor to produce cheap foods and minerals for Europe, and they imported more expensive European items in turn. Dependent regions had weak governments, which made European conquest and slave systems possible. Which of the following statements would challenge the arguments made in the passage?

Strong governments in the slave-exporting regions of West Africa

In the period 1450 to 1750, the intensification of connections between the Eastern Hemisphere and the Western Hemisphere had which of the following effects on religious practices?

Syncretic forms of religion such as Vodun developed.

"In the course of the fifth year [1519] the terrible pestilence began. First there was a cough, then blood. The number of deaths at this time was truly terrible. In 1520 the pestilence spread. Truly, the number of deaths among the people was terrible and the people could not escape from the pestilence. In 1521 my father, King Hunyg, died. The elders and the priests died alike from the pestilence. Half the people threw themselves into the ravines to escape it. The oldest son of the king died at the same time as well as his young brother. Thus, our people became poor. In 1524 the Spanish arrived in our country and destroyed our people. The Spanish conquered all the towns. In 1542 Dominican friars arrived from Mexico, and they taught us the Doctrine of Christ in our language. Until that time we had been ignorant of the word and the commandments of God. In 1560 the pestilence that had formerly raged among the people returned again. It was truly terrible when this death was sent among us by the great God. Many families disappeared. All here were soon attacked, and I was also attacked with the disease." Historical chronicle of the Maya Kaqchikel people, composed and edited by different members of the Maya political elite in the Kaqchikel language, circa 1571-1604 Which of the following pieces of evidence does the author use to support his implicit argument that Maya society underwent a dramatic cultural change in the sixteenth century?

The Maya were converted to Christianity.

Muslim maritime activities in the Indian Ocean would be most disrupted by which of the following sixteenth-century developments?

The arrival of Portuguese and other Europeans

Some world historians have argued that the growth of European influence in the period 1450—1750 was due in large part to non-European inventions. The history of which of the following technological developments best supports this contention?

The compass

Which of the following was the most immediate effect of the Portuguese establishment of a school for navigation in the 1400s?

The development of overseas trade between West Africa and Europe

Based on the chart and your knowledge of world history, which of the following most directly enabled the Dutch to establish and enforce a monopoly on the Southeast Asian clove trade in the seventeenth century?

The development of powerful joint-stock commercial companies

The object in Image 2 best illustrates which of the following cultural processes in the period circa 1450-1750?

The development of religious syncretism as cultural traditions spread

*Goa is located on the southwestern coast of India. The production of the plaque in Goa is best understood in the immediate context of which of the following?

The development of trading-post empires

"Seeing how vile and despicable the idol was, we went outside to ask why they cared about so crude and ungainly a thing. But they, astounded at our daring, defended the honor of their god and said that he was Pachacamac, the Maker of the World, who healed their infirmities. According to what we were able to learn, the devil appeared to their priests in that hut and spoke with them, and they entered there with petitions and offerings from the entire kingdom of Atahualpa, just as Moors and Turks go to the house in Mecca. Seeing the evil of what was there and the blindness of all those people, we gathered together their leaders and enlightened them. And in the presence of all, the hut was opened and torn down and with much solemnity a tall cross was raised over the seat which for so long the devil had claimed as his own." Miguel de Estete, Spanish mercenary soldier, account of an expedition to Which of the following long-term changes in the period circa 1550-1700 best demonstrates that the actions described by de Estete in the passage failed to fully achieve their goals?

The emergence of syncretic religious practices in the Americas

Sun Yuting's analysis of the factors that contributed to the relative economic strength of China and Great Britain best illustrates which of the following continuities from the period 1450-1750 ?

The global circulation of goods was fueled by European merchants' access to Asian markets.

* 1853: 97.5% of the population born in Hawaii ** 1878: 83.6% of the population born in Hawaii Source: Alfred W. Crosby, Germs, Seeds and Animals: Studies in Ecological History, 1994 The historical trend represented by the table is most similar to which of the following?

The impact of the Columbian Exchange on American populations in the sixteenth century

In the period 1500 to 1750, the population of the Portuguese colony of Brazil grew rapidly and became predominantly African. Which of the following best explains these demographic changes?

The increase in global demand for cash crops such as sugar

"In countries where there is a great scarcity of money, all other saleable goods, and even the labor of men, are given for less money than [in countries] where money is abundant. Thus we see by experience that in France (where money is scarcer than in Spain) bread, wine, cloth, and labor, are worth much less. And even in Spain, in [recent] times when money was scarcer than it is now, saleable goods and labor were given for much less." Martín de Azpilcueta Navarro, Spanish scholar, treatise, 1556 Navarro's economic observations expressed in the passage above are best understood in the context of which of the following?

The influx of silver from the Americas into the Spanish economy

On a global scale, which of the following most directly led to the expansion of the trade between Europe and Asia in the time period reflected in the chart?

The shifting balance of trade as a result of the circulation of American silver

Which of the following best explains a similar motivation behind the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Africa and the establishment of Portuguese trading posts in Asia?

The trading posts in both regions were intended to allow the Portuguese to control access to heavily trafficked maritime routes.

Which of the following best explains an effect of Spanish voyages across the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans in Europe in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

They greatly increased interest in transoceanic travel and trade in other European countries.

Which of the following best explains a similarity between the earliest English and French voyages across the North Atlantic in the late fifteenth and sixteenth centuries?

They were often launched in the hopes of finding alternative sailing routes to Asia.

In the three centuries after Columbus' voyages, most of the people who came to the Western Hemisphere originated in which of the following regions?

Western Africa

All of the following were significant environmental effects of the trade illustrated on the map EXCEPT

air pollution resulting from the increased exploitation of fossil fuels

In the period after circa 1450, trade along the routes shown on the map declined in large part because of the

increase of maritime trade along the African coast

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by

increased production of cash crops like sugar

The trend shown on the graph above is best explained by (THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE)

increased production of cash crops like sugar

"Sir, many of our people, keenly desirous of the wares and things of your Kingdoms, which are brought here by your people, and in order to satisfy their voracious appetite, seize many of our people, freed and exempt men, and they kidnap even nobles and the sons of nobles, and our relatives, and take them to be sold to the Whites who are in our Kingdoms." © Basil Davidson, trans., [ital] The African Past[roman] (Curtis Brown, Ltd., 1964) The quotation above comes from a 1526 letter to a European monarch form a king located

on the western coast of Africa

All of the following resulted from the growth of the Atlantic slave trade in Africa EXCEPT

the exclusion of Africa from the emerging global market