Counseling Theories Exam 2

What is the 4 Step Model?

-*Search*: What are our clients strengths? What are they already doing? -*Construct*: What are the challenges and how do clients manage them? -*Apply*: How can all of this be applicable in more "problematic" areas of clients' lives -*Practice*: Again, CBT assumes real work happens outside of session

Who is Ivan Pavlov?

-A Russian physiologist who researched dogs' digestive processes -He noticed dogs would salivate before actually tasting/eating their food

What do Behavioral Therapies Focus on?

-A broad range of client behaviors including... --Help clients learn new and more appropriate ways of behaving --Help clients modify or eliminate excessive behaviors (i.e. adaptive behaviors replace maladaptive behaviors).

What are Genograms?

-A genogram is a graphic representation of a family tree that displays detailed data on relationships among individuals. -It goes beyond a traditional family tree by allowing the user to analyze hereditary patterns and psychological factors that punctuate relationships.

Who First Created Cognitive Theory? Why did He Start it?

-Aaron Beck (1921-) -Daughter, Judith, is current leader of CT today -He set out to develop an evidence-based approach for depression

The Limitations of Feminist Therapy?

-Advocating for change in the social structure can be problematic when working with women who do not share these beliefs -If counselors do not fully understand and respect the cultural values of clients from diverse groups, they run the risk of imposing their own values -Counselors may alienate clients if they challenge societal values that subordinate certain groups without first gaining a clear understanding of clients' culture

The General Therapeutic Goals of Feminist Theory and Therapy

-Aim to empower ALL people to create a world of equality -Making oppression transparent is the first step -Ultimate goal is to replace sexism and other forms of oppression with empowerment for ALL marginalized groups

Who Created REBT?

-Albert Ellis (1913-2007) -"People are inherently rational and irrational, sensible and crazy"

Reality Therapy's View on Total Behavior

-All behavior is purposeful and is directed towards satisfying needs -Made of four inseparable, but distinct components: --Acting (i.e., the doing) --Thinking (i.e., thoughts, self-statements) --Feeling (i.e., anger, joy, pain) --Physiology (i.e., bodily reactions) -We can directly control acting and thinking, but have indirect control of our feelings and physiological responses --Use verbs and "ing" words to promote control over behaviors and emotions --e.g., "People say I am a bully" becomes "I am bullying those around me," or "I am depressed" becomes "I am depressing"

What is Feedback Informed Treatment?

-An evidence-based practice that monitors client change and identifies modifications needed to enhance therapy -Designed to evaluate and improve the quality and effectiveness of counseling services -Involves consistently obtaining feedback from clients regarding the counseling relationship and their clinical progress --Includes Outcome Rating Scale (ORS) and Session Rating Scale (SRS) -These methods are simple, practical, and meaningful ways to document the usefulness of the treatment you provide

The Limitations of Family Systems Therapy

-An overemphasis on the system may result in the unique characteristics and needs of individuals being overlooked -Practitioners must not assume that Western models of family are universal and must be culturally competent

What is the A-B-C Model?

-Antecedent -Behavior -Consequence

Session Rating Scale (SRS)

-Assesses clients' perceptions of the quality of the counseling relationship -Relational bond with the counselor -Perceived collaboration around specific tasks in the counseling process -Agreement on goals, methods, and client preferences

How Does Strengths-Based CBT view Resilience?

-Assumes that while there are a few pathways to mental health, there are more we can take towards resilience -Rather than teaching resilience, we can inquire about what is going well for clients and the things they are regularly doing as areas of strength

Specific Key Principles: The counseling relationship is egalitarian

-Attention to power is essential -Counselors recognize their position gives them power so they must strive to shift that away from them so clients' voices and experiences are heard

What To Avoid When Using Feedback Informed Treatment?

-Avoid making the feedback about you -Of course feedback pertaining to you as a counselor is helpful, but we want to ensure the focus is to improve the quality of the treatment and work with clients -Avoid asking things like "Was today's session good?"

What is Reality Therapy Based on?

-Based on Choice Theory -Behavior is based on choice -Sees mental health symptoms as the result of choices

What is CBT based on?

-Based on the assumption that beliefs, behaviors, emotions, and physical reactions are all reciprocally linked (i.e., changes in one area will lead to changes in another) -We examined REBT, which is considered one of the first CBT approaches -Greater emphasis though on cognitions and emotive techniques, but does emphasize behavior

What Should Male Counselors Do When Partaking in Feminist Therapy?

-Be aware of and acknowledge their own male privilege -Confront their own sexist behaviors -Redefine masculinity and femininity, and work towards establishing egalitarian relationships -Engage in and support women's efforts to create a just society

The Overall Therapeutic Goals of Feminist Theory and Therapy

-Become aware of own gender-role socialization process -Identify internalized messages of oppression and replace them with self-enhancing beliefs -Understand how sexist and oppressive societal beliefs and practices have a negative influence -Acquire skills to bring environmental change -Restructure institutions to rid of discriminatory practices -Evaluate impact of social factors -Develop sense of social and personal power -Recognize power of relationships and connectedness -Trust own experiences and intuitions

What are the Goals of Reality Therapy

-Become psychologically strong and rational -Realization of choice in how clients treat themselves and others -Clarify what clients want in life -Develop plans for achieving personal needs and wishes -Client-counselor relationship -Eliminate punishment and excuses

What is Operant Conditioning?

-Behaviors are influenced by consequences that follow them -Basically, the specific consequences are associated with a voluntary behavior --Rewards are introduced to increase a behavior --Punishments are introduced to decrease a behavior

What Are the Common Assumptions of Behavioral Theory?

-Behaviors are learned. -People are assumed to be neither good nor bad -Clients' presenting issues are to be taken seriously

What is Assimilative Integration?

-Being grounded within a specific school of theory, but open to integrating practices from other approaches --Ex: Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy

Reality Therapy & The Psychological Basic Needs

-Belonging (e.g. friends, family, love) -Power (e.g. self-esteem, recognition) -Freedom (e.g. making choices) -Fun (e.g. play, laughter, learning)

What are the Challenges to Integration?

-Can be time consuming --Additional learning, skill development, and even clinical supervision may be necessary -Counseling does not tend to be long term --Many of the theories covered will work as a short term approach, but consider potential challenges for clients who require long term treatment

The Strengths of Cognitive Therapies

-Can be used with a wide range of mental health disorders -Culturally sensitive -Empirically supported -Supported the development of several mental health assessments

Exposure Therapies

-Carefully introducing client to situation that elicit fear or anxiety in controlled settings -Includes in vivo and flooding

Techniques Used with Cognitive Therapies

-Challenge clients' ways for processing information -Counter faulty belief systems -Improve communication skills -Positive affirmations/self-statements

What is CBT?

-Change in beliefs is central to CBT because enduring any type of change usually requires change in peoples' beliefs -In general, they apply a lot of behavioral techniques

What is the History Behind Family Counseling?

-Child Guidance Movement (1921) --Focused on preventing mental illness in children --Families seen as a major source -Marriage counseling emerged in the 1930s -The American Association of Marriage Counselors (1942) --Brief and solution-focused, but individuals met separately --Mothers often viewed as source of problems -By the early 1950s, theories emerged involving General Systems Theory and families --Focus was on the traditional nuclear family (i.e., husband, wife, children)

Who Created Strengths-Based CBT?

-Christine Padesky (1953-) --Mentee of Aaron Beck

Strengths of RCBT

-Clear approach that's easily learned -Can be used with other behavioral techniques -Short-term -Effective with many mental health disorders

Cognitive Therapies Provides a Successful Approach When...

-Clients have an average to above-average intelligence -Clients are experiencing high levels of distress -Clients can identify thoughts and feelings -Clients aren't experiencing psychosis -Clients are willing to extend the work on themselves outside of session

What is Narrative Therapy?

-Collaborate with clients in identifying the problem -Separate the person from their problem -Investigate how the problem has been disrupting or dominating clients -Search for exceptions to the problem -Ask clients to speculate about what kind of future they could expect from the competent person that is emerging -Create an audience to support the new story

What is Theoretical Integration?

-Conceptual or theoretical creation beyond a mere blending of techniques -Emphasizes integrating two or more theoretical approaches under the assumption that the outcome will be better than either theory alone --Ex: Dialectical behavior therapy

What are the Multicultural Issues Surrounding Integrating?

-Current theories can and should be expanded to incorporate a multicultural dimension --Using an integrative perspective allows counselors to encompass social, cultural, spiritual, and political dimensions in their work with clients -Clinicians need to tailor their theory and practice to fit the unique needs of their clients --Should be aware of their own and their clients' worldviews, and use culturally appropriate interventions

The Relationships in Solution-Focused Therapy

-Customer-type relationship -Complainant relationship -Visitors

The Strengths of Behavioral Therapy

-Deals directly with symptoms -Focuses on the here and now -Includes many techniques -Empirically supported

What is Strategic Family Therapy?

-Developed by Jay Haley developed this approach --Often used in combination with Structural Family Therapy -Presenting problems are accepted as "real" and not a symptom of system dysfunction -Change results when the family follows the counselor's directions and change transactions -Presenting problems are accepted as "real" and not a symptom of system dysfunction -Therapy is brief, process-focused, and solution-oriented

What is Multigenerational Family Therapy?

-Developed by Murray Bowen -Was based on an evolution from psychoanalytic principles and practices -Viewed the family as an emotional unit -Unresolved emotional reactivity to one's family must be addressed if one hopes to achieve a mature personality

What is Structural Family Therapy?

-Developed by Salvador Minuchin -Focuses on family interactions to understand the structure, or organization of the family -Symptoms are a byproduct of structural failings --Structural changes must occur in a family before an individual's symptoms can be reduced

Specific Key Principles: Focuses on strengths and offers a reformulated definition of psychological distress

-Diagnostic labeling and the "disease model" are challenged -Mental health is not a disease, rather it derives from unjust systems

The Techniques to Use When Implementing RCBT?

-Disputing thoughts and beliefs: includes cognitive dispution, imaginal dispution, and behavioral dispution. -Homework -Psychoeducation

The Limitations of Behavioral Therapy

-Doesn't deal with the total person -Ignores clients' past and unconscious thoughts -Doesn't consider developmental stages -Best used in controlled environments that are difficult to replicate

How Were Ellis' Ideals in Relation to Beck's Work?

-Ellis incorporated a new component of rational behavior therapy -Idea that individuals can control their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors

What is the Common Factors Approach?

-Emphasizes common elements across different theoretical models --Ex: Empathic listening, support, warmth, working alliance, practicing new behaviors, feedback -This approach has the strongest empirical support in comparison to the other three

The Therapeutic Techniques Implemented in Feminist Therapy?

-Empowerment -Self-Disclosure -Gender-Role or Social Identity Analysis -Gender-Role Intervention -Power Analysis -Bibliotherapy -Assertiveness training -Relabeling -Reframing

The Therapeutic Goals of Cognitive Theory

-Examining and modifying unexamined and negative thoughts -Challenge excessive cognitive distortions --All-or-nothing thinking --Personalization ("It always rains when I want to go outside") -Overcoming a lack of motivation that causes individuals to view their issues as too difficult to overcome

What Techniques are used in Narrative Therapy?

-Externalization -Deconstruction and Crafting New Stories

Why do Families Seek Counseling?

-Family transitions (e.g., birth of child, separation/divorce) -Child has behavioral problems at home/school -Substance abuse -Mental illness -Disability -Sibling or parent conflict -Words or actions are becoming physically and/or emotionally abusive -Reoccurring issues that aren't resolved -Frequent arguments

Dialectical Behavior Therapy

-Focuses on acceptance and change-oriented strategies -Is rooted in psychoanalysis and behavioral therapy -Involves long term treatment

The Limitations of Reality Therapy?

-Focuses too much on the here-and-now -Mental health stems from dealing with external forces -Too moralistic -Dependent on client-counselor relationship

What is Solution-Focused Therapy?

-Founded on a positive orientation that believes people are healthy and competent -Shares similarities with positive psychology --Very strength-based

What are the Therapeutic Goals of Behavioral Therapies?

-Goal development is collaborative --Goals should be specific, clearly defined, and measurable --Can be altered throughout treatment as needed -Increase personal choice and create new conditions for learning

How did Watson feel about Pavlov's work?

-He saw Pavlov's work merely as a physiological response -He emphasized external rather than internal behavior

What are the Advantages to Integration?

-Helpful for making sense of many aspects to the counseling process -Provides a map for approaching work with clients -No single theory is comprehensive enough to account for the complexities of human behavior --Think back to all of the pros and cons we identified for each theory -Adds flexibility to the counseling process -Aids in the development of personal style

Watson & Little Albert: What was Watson's Hypothesis, Experiment, and Results?

-Hypothesized that fearful responses children have to loud noises are an innate unconditioned response --Followed the principles of classical conditioning -Made children fearful of stimuli (e.g. rabbits) that wouldn't normally elicit such fear

How to Evaluate Counseling Effectiveness

-In general, counseling works and is extensively supported by research -No one theoretical model is better than the other -Most important is a well-developed approach to the counseling process -Counselors need to be accountable and demonstrate the efficacy of their services -Managed care requires clinicians to prove their services are clinically sound and cost-effective

The Strengths of Family System Therapy

-In most systemic approaches, neither the individual nor the family is blamed for a particular dysfunction -An individual is not scapegoated as the "bad person" in the family -Identifying and exploring internal, developmental, and purposeful interactional patterns empowers the family

What is the Counselor's Role in Feminist Therapy?

-Integrate feminism, multiculturalism, and other social justice perspectives into the counseling approach, and in their lives -Monitor own biases and assumptions, especially as they relate to women's experiences -Understand all forms of oppression (i.e., all the "isms") -Emotionally present, willing to share, and model appropriate behaviors -Recognize common ground with Adlerian therapy (i.e., emphasis on social equality and interest), existential therapy (i.e., counseling is a journey, one that is life changing for clients and counselors), and PCT (i.e., trust clients have the ability to move forward)

Behavioral Dispution

-Involves behaving in opposite ways of what's typical for a client -Includes role-playing and homework that has activities client previously felt incapable of doing

Imaginal Dispution

-Involves clients imagining and employing techniques --Ex: Rational emotive imagery

What is Strengths-Based CBT?

-Involves identifying and integrating client strengths at each phase of therapy -Active incorporation of client strengths encourages clients to engage more fully in therapy and often provides avenues for change that otherwise would be missed -Is based on the 4 steps model

The Assumptions of RCBT

-Irrational beliefs are learned from significant others during childhood and are recreated during later on in life -People who actively reinforce self-defeating beliefs through the processes of auto-sugesstions and self-repetition, will thus behave in ways that are consistent to this -Blame is the core of all emotional disturbances --Need to stop blaming and learn to accept ourselves to become well

What is Feminist Therapy?

-It's built on the premise that it is essential to consider the social, cultural, and political context that contributes to clients' presenting concerns in order to understand them as a whole -Considers the roles and experiences that women and culturally diverse men have been socialized to accept

What is Solution-Focused Therapy Focused On?

-It's focused on finding what is working for clients -There is a shift from "problem-orientation" to "solution-focus" -Emphasis is on constructing solutions rather than problem solving

How is the Relationship Formed in Family System Therapy?

-It's very collaborative --Communicating empathy and displaying active listening is the foundation --Use of validation, encouragement, and support towards resiliency find greater success working from this approach -Again, the family's seen as the client; not individual members --Equal focus should be placed on individual members to avoid blaming any one specific member --Counselors will decide whether counseling will work with a few or all members present -Awareness of biases and assumptions towards specific members -Understanding family dynamics is a process --Avoid overemphasizing the content (i.e., the what, why, where, and when) --Focus on the process (i.e., the how)

What is the A-B-C-D-E Model? What does Each Letter Stand for?

-Learning how feelings are attached to thoughts -A = activating experience -B = how the individual thinks about the experience -C = emotional reaction to B -D = disputing irrational thoughts -E = effective thoughts

What are the Therapeutic Goals of RCBT?

-Learning to live more rational and productive lives -Stop from making demands and and becoming upset catastrophizing -Appropriate emotional responses to a specified event -Become tolerant of the self and others -Challenge self-defeating habits of thoughts and behaviors

What is the Counselor's Role in Narrative Therapy?

-Listen to clients with an open mind -Encourage clients to share their stories --Adopt a not-knowing position that allows being guided by the client's story -Listen to a problem-saturated story of a client without getting stuck -Demonstrate respectful curiosity and persistence -Believe the person is not the problem, but the problem is the problem

Specific Key Principles: Commitment to social change

-Major responsibility for counselors -Also to help recognize their own power and privilege while acknowledging how they have also been oppressed

What is the Role of Men in Feminist Therapy?

-Male counselors can use feminist therapy and the approach can be practiced with male clients -There is a false perception this is done by women for women only

How is Feminist Therapies Different Than Most Therapies?

-Most of our clients and clinicians are women, yet the vast majority of traditional counseling theories were developed by older White men from Western cultures -Challenges male-oriented assumptions regarding what constitutes a "mentally healthy" individual

Who are the Main Contributors to Family Systems Therapies?

-Murray Bowen (1913-1990). -Virginia Satir (1916-1988)

Should "Pulling Techniques" Be Used When Integrating Multiple Approaches?

-NO -Pulling techniques from many sources without a sound rationale results in syncretism -Selecting interventions in hopes of finding something that will "work" --Usually done without regard to whether the counselor has the knowledge and skills to use such approach(es) --Without consideration for whether the approach will truly be effective -Highly unethical

Negative Punishment

-Negative punishment, also known as punishment by removal, occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs. --Ex: Taking away a child's video game following misbehavior is an example of negative punishment. --For a rat, it would be denying them food.

Negative Reinforcement

-Negative reinforcers involve the removal of an unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant. --For example, if your child starts to scream in the middle of a restaurant, but stops once you hand them a treat, your action led to the removal of the unpleasant condition, negatively reinforcing your behavior (not your child's). --For a rat, this would be getting a shock.

The History Behind Feminist Therapy

-No single individual can be identified as the founder of this approach, reflecting a central theme of feminist collaboration -The beginnings of feminism (the first wave) can be traced to the late 1800s -The women's movement of the 1960s (the second wave) laid the foundation for the development of feminist therapy --Believed counseling was to be seen as a partnership between equals that builds mutuality and collaboration in the counseling process

Limitations of RCBT

-Not helpful with schizophrenia or other thought disorders -Can sometimes be too direct -Changing thinking seems too simple for changing emotion

How Does Reality Therapy Address an Individual's Basic Needs

-People strive to meet basic five basic needs needs -These are manifested in two levels: --Physical - need to obtain life-sustaining necessities. --Psychological - needs where most modern behavior's associated.

Specific Key Principles: The personal is political and critical consciousness

-Personal problems originate in a political or social context -For women or other culturally diverse people, this is rooted in the marginalization, oppression, or stereotyping they experience

Positive Punishment

-Positive punishment, sometimes referred to as punishment by application, presents an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows. --Ex: Spanking for misbehavior is an example of punishment by application. --Ex: Adding a shock

Positive Reinforcement

-Positive reinforcers are favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. -In positive reinforcement situations, a response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of praise or a direct reward. --Ex: If you do a good job at work and your manager gives you a bonus, that bonus is a positive reinforcer. --Ex: For a rat, this would be receiving food.

What Techniques Does Solution-Focused Therapy Use?

-Pre-therapy change -Formula first session task -Exception questions -Miracle question

What is Deconstruction and Creating New Stories

-Problem-saturated stories are deconstructed before new stories are co-created -The assumption is that people can continually and actively re-author their lives -Unique possibility questions enable clients to focus on their future -An appreciative audience helps new stories to take root

What are the Assumptions for Cognitive Therapy?

-Psychological distress can be thought of as an exaggeration of normal adaptive human functioning -Faulty information processing is a prime cause of exaggerations in adaptive emotional behavioral reactions -Beliefs play major role in determining type of psychological distress we experience -Central premise that "change in beliefs lead to changes in behaviors and emotions" --If beliefs are not modified, conditions will reoccur

What are the Therapeutic Goals of Structural Family Therapy?

-Reduce symptoms of dysfunction and bring about structural change by: --Modifying the family's transactional rules --Developing more appropriate boundaries --Creating an effective hierarchical structure

What is the NEW Paradigm?

-Requires clients to construct new ways of thinking, feeling, and behaving -Is based on a four step model

What are the Therapeutic Goals of Strategic Family Therapy?

-Resolve presenting problems by focusing on behavioral sequences -Get people to behave differently -Shift the family organization so that the presenting problem is no longer functional -Move the family toward the appropriate stage of family development

What is the General Systems Theory Based on?

-Roots in hard sciences --Some of its main contributors were biologists -Focuses on the arrangement of and relations between the parts that make a whole (i.e., holism) --A system's independent of the substance that makes up each part --The goal in psychology is to find homeostasis

What is Technical Integration?

-Selecting the best treatment techniques for the person and presenting problem without necessarily subscribing to the theoretical models used to develop them -Variety of "tools" to use with clients -Consistent approach with multimodal therapy

The WDEP System's Planning for Change Is...

-Simple -Attainable -Measurable -Immediate and involved -Controlled, committed to, and consistently done by the planner

How Does Solution-Focused Therapy Use Questions?

-Skillful questions allow people to utilize their resources -Asking "how questions" that imply change can be useful --Ex: "How might you go about X?" -Effective questions focus attention on solutions -Can get clients to notice when things were better -Assist clients in paying attention to what they are doing and can open up possibilities for them to do something different

Specific Key Principles: All types of oppression are recognized along with the connections among them

-Social and political inequality effects ALL people -Help clients make change in their lives while promoting societal change

What are the General Assumptions of Feminist Theory?

-Societal gender-role expectations profoundly influence a person's identity from (or even before) birth --The development of women was largely judged based on male norms --Females are raised in a culture grounded in sexism, and understanding internalized oppression is central to this approach -Individual change will best occur through social change, therefore, clients are encouraged to take social action -Clients know what is best for their life and is seen as the expert

Should Spirituality and Religion Be Integrated in Counseling?

-Spiritual and religious matters are therapeutically relevant and ethically appropriate to discuss in counseling -Helpful for clients to gain insight into their core beliefs and values as they are reflected in their behaviors -Clients in crisis may find a source of comfort, support, and strength in drawing upon their spiritual resources

Why is it Important to be Aware of Spirituality When Counseling?

-Spiritually informed counseling is a form of multicultural counseling -Clients will be incredibly diverse in their spiritual/religious believes -Be mindful of your own values and beliefs, and how you can unintentionally influence clients to alter their perspectives

Social Skills Training

-Supporting clients to effectively interact with others -This includes psychoeducation, modeling, feedback, and behavioral reversal

All Behavioral Therapy Techniques Are...

-Systematic desensitization -Exposure therapies -Social skills training -Mindfulness training -Dialectical Behavior Therapy

What Techniques are used in Reality Therapy?

-Teaching -Confrontation -Role-playing -Feedback -Developing plans

What Are the Approaches to Integration?

-Technical Integration -Theoretical Integration -Assimilative Integration -Common Factors Approach

The Assumptions about Behaviors being Learned...

-That these behaviors can be unlearned and relearned -That adaptive and maladaptive behaviors are learned similarly

Conditioned Stimulus

-The conditioned stimulus is a previously neutral stimulus that, after becoming associated with the unconditioned stimulus, eventually comes to trigger a conditioned response. --For example, suppose that when you smelled your favorite food, you also heard the sound of a whistle. While the whistle is unrelated to the smell of the food, if the sound of the whistle was paired multiple times with the smell, the whistle sound would eventually trigger the conditioned response. In this case, the sound of the whistle is the conditioned stimulus. --For the dog, the conditioned stimulus would be a bell while they are being fed. Eventually, with the sound of the bell, the dog will salivate without the food

What is the Counselor's Role in Behavioral Therapy?

-The counselor must require active participation and being directive -The counselor often functions as consultants, educators, or problem-solvers -They strongly support use of evidence-based approaches. -The counselor conducts assessments both before, during, and upon terminating treatment (like the ABC model)

Do Counselors Prefer Integrating Multiple Approaches?

-The majority of counselors prefer some form of integration, which is expected to increase in popularity during the next decade -Many counselors refer to themselves as "eclectic" clinicians

The Key Principles of Feminist Theory

-The personal is political and critical consciousness. -Commitment to social change. -Women's and girls' voices and ways of knowing, and the voices of others who have been oppressed, are valued. -The counseling relationship is egalitarian. -Focuses on strengths and offers a reformulated definition of psychological distress. -All types of oppression are recognized along with the connections among them

What are the General Assumptions of Solution-Focused Therapy?

-The problem itself may not be relevant to finding effective solutions -People can create their own solutions -Small changes lead to large changes -The client is the expert on his or her own life -The best counseling involves a collaborative partnership -A counselor's "not knowing" affords the client an opportunity to construct a solution

Unconditioned Response (UR)

-The unconditioned response is the unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus. --For example, the feeling of hunger in response to the smell of food is the unconditioned response. --For a dog, it's salavation

Unconditioned Stimulus (US)

-The unconditioned stimulus is one that unconditionally, naturally, and automatically triggers a response. --For example, when you smell one of your favorite foods, you may immediately feel very hungry. In this example, the smell of the food is the unconditioned stimulus. --Regarding the dog, the example is also food.

What Needs to be Considered to Creating a Well-Developed Approach to Counseling?

-Theoretically driven -Culturally sensitive -Consistent with clients' needs -Works towards achieving goals -Uses empirically supported techniques or interventions

What does Reality Therapy Emphasize?

-There is an emphasis on personal responsibility -This examines how behaviors impact relationships and prevent reaching goals

How Were Behavioral Therapies Founded?

-Through experimental psychology --Strong science/research foundation --Based on learning processes of animals -Behaviorists view psychology as a purely objective experimental branch of natural science. Its theoretical goal is the prediction and control of behavior.

What are the Therapeutic Goals of Multigenerational Family Therapy?

-To change the individuals within the context of the system -To end generation-to-generation transmission of problems by resolving emotional attachments -To lessen anxiety and relieve symptoms -To increase the individual member's level of differentiation

What is Gender-Role Intervention?

-To examine how societal expectations contribute to mental health -It discusses how clients can turn this around to be positive role models and discuss ways with others (e.g., women) to create change

What is Power Analysis?

-To examine how unequal access to power and resource influences personal realities -To help clients learn to appreciate themselves and regain self-confidence in the attributes they already possess

What is Externalization?

-To free clients from being identified with the problem -To identify times when clients have dealt successfully with the problem

What is Gender-Role or Social Identity Analysis?

-To help clients identify the impact their own gender-role socialization has shaped their values, thoughts, and behaviors -It explores messages they have heard (e.g., body shape) from the media, friends, or family

What is the Role of the Counselor in Reality Therapy?

-To reject transference --Helps clients and counselors avoid who they are and take personal responsibility -Teaching and modeling --Behaviors clients wish to change and making this a reality --Use of -ing verbs to put an emphasis on clients' choice in the behaviors they display -Accepting clients in a warm, involved way -Creating an environment for counseling to occur -Immediately work to build client-counselor relationship

How Does Narrative Therapy Use Questions?

-Used to generate experience rather than to gather information -Always asked from a position of respect, curiosity, and openness, and from a not-knowing stance -Are used to assist clients in exploring dimensions of their life situations -Can lead to taking apart problem-saturated stories

The Strengths of Reality Therapy?

-Versatile and works with many populations -Concrete -Short-term -Promotes responsibility and freedom of choice -Challenges the medical model

What is the Counselor's Role in RCBT?

-Very active and direct during sessions, but also employs humor -Act as instructors to help teach and correct clients' cognitions --It's more than logic --Constant repetition in order to make change -Active listening --Illogical and faulty thinking --Challenge beliefs

What is the Counselor's Role in Cognitive Therapies?

-Very active during sessions -Incorporates a skill-building approach to counseling that eventually leads clients to practicing and using skills independently --Aim to make covert thoughts more covert --Increase flexibility in thinking -Assign homework

The Limitations of Cognitive Therapies

-Very structured -Requires clients to be engaged and very active -Not suitable for clients with intellectual disabilities -Demanding on counselors

How Does Family Systems Therapy View Symptoms?

-Viewed as an expression of dysfunction within a family -In general, problematic behaviors: --Serve a purpose for the family --Are unintentionally maintained by family processes --Reflect the family's inability to operate productively --Are symptomatic patterns handed down across generations

Basic Ideals of Family Systems Therapy

-Views family as a "system" --Not just seen as a group of individuals --Issues aren't sourced from one individual, rather interrelationships in the system -The family's the client, not the individual members -Focuses on the interactions of family members --Stresses the idea of circular causality --Change in one member will effect all other members

How is General Systems Theory Used When Applied to Families?

-Views the family as an open system that evolves over the family life cycle -Each member is a contributor to the family system -Flexible meeting of members and outside agencies

What Does Each Letter in WDEP Stand For?

-W: wants (What are clients hoping to gain?) -D: direction (What are clients doing and what direction would they like to go?) -E: self-evaluation (Requires clients to assess their wants, current and future directions, and plans) -P: plan (Identify how wants/needs will be fulfilled)

RCBT Views on Irrational Beliefs

-We are impacted by our tendencies to transform desires and preferences into demands and commands (i.e., shoulds, musts, and oughts) -Three basic musts (i.e., irrational beliefs) that we internalize and causes self-defeat: --"I must do well and be loved and approved by others" --"Other people must treat me fairly, kindly, and well" --"The world and my living conditions must be comfortable, gratifying, and just, providing me all I want in life"

What is Classical Conditioning?

-What happens prior to learning that creates a response through pairing. -Stimuli must be presented close together in time in order for an association to be made. -Before conditioning, an unconditioned stimulus (dog food) causes an unconditioned response (salavation). If a neutral stimulus (a bell) is introduced, the individual should give no response. -During conditioning, the unconditioned stimulus (dog food) and the conditioning stimulus (bell) are paired. Since the unconditioned stimulus is there, you will see the unconditioned response (salivation). -After conditioning, the conditioned stimulus (bell) will cause a conditioned response (salivation).

Does Reality Therapy Work in the Past or Present?

-Work is done solely on the present -Focusing on the past and mental health symptoms is not pertinent because it "protects" clients from facing their realities -Challenge traditional views of mental illness (e.g., DSM-V)

How is NEW Paradigm Based on the 4 Step Model?

1) Conceptualize the OLD system of operating help clients understand they do things "for good reasons" 2) Construct NEW systems of how clients would like to be 3) Strengthen the NEW system using behavioral techniques and edit as needed 4) Relapse management

Who Was Watson?

American psychologist who established the psychological school of behaviorism

What is Circular Causality (In Family Systems Therapy)

Anxious Daughter --> Overprotected Mother --> Father Disengaged as Parent --> Younger Son Left Out --> Sister's Stress Compounder --> Anxious Daughter...

What is the Basic Premise of Reality Therapy?

Approach for helping individuals take more control in their lives

What is Assertiveness Training?

Assertive behavior in women is labeled as being "aggressive," yet similar behavior by men is deemed appropriate

Outcome Rating Scale (ORS)

Assesses clients' therapeutic progress through ratings of their personal well-being in their individual, interpersonal, and social functioning

Who Invented Operant Conditioning?

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

What Population Can Best Benefit from Behavioral Therapies?

Behavioral therapies are commonly used to support clients with eating disorders, substance use disorders, and psychosexual dysfunction

What is Reality Therapy an Extension of?

CBT

What is the Customer-Type Relationship?

Client and counselor jointly identify a problem and a solution to work toward

What is the Complainant Relationship?

Client describes a problem, but is not able or willing to take an active role in constructing a solution

What is the Miracle Question?

Counselor asks, "If a miracle happened and the problem you have was solved while you were asleep, what would be different in your life?"

What is Pre-Therapy Change?

Counselor asks, "What have you done since you made the appointment that has made a difference in your problem?"

What are Exception Questions?

Counselor directs client to times in their lives when the problem did not exist

Exposure Therapies: In Vivo

Exposure to actual anxiety-provoking event(s)

What does Reality Therapy Focus on?

Focuses on improving relationships and life circumstances

How Did Skinner Feel About Classical Conditioning?

He believed classical conditioning was too simplistic for a complete understanding of human behavior

What is the WDEP System?

Helps counselors and clients make progress and employ specific techniques

What is a Formula First Session Task?

Homework a counselor gives clients between their first and second sessions that offers hope that change is inevitable

Systematic Desensitization

Imagining anxiety-provoking situations while engaging in behavior that competes with the anxiety

Exposure Therapy: Flooding

Intense, prolonged exposure to anxiety-provoking event(s), but cannot use coping skills (anxiety must subside on its own)

Cognitive Dispution

Involves direct questions, logic, and reason

What is Reframing?

It moves away from "victim blaming" by considering social factors that contribute to presenting concerns

Who Invented Classical Conditioning?

Ivan Pavlov

Who Created Behaviorism?

John B. Watson (1878-1958).

What is Relabeling?

Learning how to talk about self in positive ways rather than as negative social labels

Does Solution-Focused Therapy Focus on the Past or Present?

Past is downplayed, while present and future are highlighted

Where Does Strengths-Based CBT Fall (Based on What Theory?)

Seen as a variant of Cognitive Theory

Reality Therapy & The Physical Basic Needs

Survival (e.g., food, shelter)

Mindfulness Training

Teaching people to be aware and accepting of the world as is

What are Cognitive Therapies?

They focus on mental processes and their influence on mental health and behavior

What is the Ultimate goal of Integration?

To enhance the efficiency and applicability of psychotherapy

What is a Visitors Relationship?

When the client comes to counseling because someone else thinks they have a problem

Who Invented Reality Therapy?

William Glasser (1925-2013)