CPT SEC 3 Chapter 7 - Human movement

Global muscular system

(Part of movement system) - larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints ** acts as prime movers: pushing, pulling, squatting

Stabilizer

Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves. EX> Rotator cuff muscles stabilize the shoulder during upper extremity movements

Radioulnar Supination

Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.

superior

Positioned above a point of reference. - pelvis is above the tibia (shin bone)

posterior

back of body - hamstrings are on this side of the thigh

lateral flexion

bending of the spine from side to side

Pronation (foot/ankle)

combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot - Ankle/arch rolling or tipping INWARDS - Associated with force reduction (when the foot lands)

Regional interdependence model

concept of how the functioning of one segment of the body can impact other areas - If any part of the kinetic chain is injured/not functioning properly the entire link is compromised

Sagittal Plane

divides body into left and right - Forward, backward, up & down motions - Ex. bending at the knees, bicep curls, front lunges, calf raises, walking, vertical jump ** FLEXION AND EXTENSION

plantar flexion

extension at ankle (pointing toes)

Hyperextension

extension beyond anatomical position - may result in injury

tendons

fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone

Dorsiflexion

flexion at ankle (lifting toes)

anterior

front of the body - quadriceps are on this side of the thigh

Second-class levers

levers have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side, similar to a load in a wheelbarrow where the axle and wheel are the fulcrum points. The body acts as a second-class lever when one engages in a full body push-up or calf raise.

First-class levers

levers have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example of a first-class lever, with the top of the spinal column as the fulcrum.

Arthrokinematics

movements that take place within the joint and are NOT visible to the human eye

Force-couple relationship

muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint - provide joint stability and create movement

Isokinetic muscle action

muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion and adjusts to resistance, so movement speed remains the same -- harder an individual pushes/pulls the more resistance they feel EX> Stationary bike (constant leg movement)

concentric muscle action

muscle shortens because the contractile force is greater than the resistive force - "Positive Work" - Shortening of the muscles * Ex. - jumping upward, lifting up, bringing weight toward you - Expend the highest amount of energy

flexibility

normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint

Kinesiology

study of movement

Elasticity

the ability of soft tissue to return to resting length after being stretched

motor behavior

the human muscle system response to internal and external environment stimuli

Torque

turning effect of the joints - the amount of force that produces rotation

Eversion

turning the sole of the foot outward - bottom of the foot faces outward

eccentric muscle action

when a muscle increases in length and develops tension - "Negative Work" - muscle decelerate (reduce) the forces acting on the body -- more efficient and requires less energy * Lowering weights down, downward motion of a pushup, squat, and pull up

local muscular system

(Part of movement system) stabilization system - attach on or near the vertebrae and serve the primary purpose of stabilizing the Core

Kinetic Chain

A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement. - ex. feet-ankles-knees-hips-pelvis-shoulders-head

Scapular protraction

Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline.

Supination (foot/ankle)

Adducting inversion of the foot - weight rolls on the outer edges of the feet - Associated with force production (when the foot pushes off the ground)

Scapular Retraction

Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.

lateral

Away from the midline of the body - ears pointed laterally on the head

flexion

Bending movement - Decreases the angle of a joint

proximal

Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk - wrist is closer to the elbow than the fingers are

Closed Chain movements

Distal segments (hands or feet) are FIXED and remain in contact with a stationary surface - usually, movement of MULTIPLE JOINTS -- EX> Push-up, Squats, pull-up, or lunges

open chain movement

Distal segments are NOT fixed - Independent joint movement -- EX> lat. pull-down, bicep curls, bench press, leg curl or extension - Focus on isolating the prime muscle movers

frontal plane

Divides the body into front and back portions. - side to side movements - abduction, adduction, and side to side motions

Transverse Plane

Divides the body into top and bottom halves - rotational movement

Scapular Depression

Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.

Third-class levers

Effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum(most limbs of the human body) forearm during bicep curl - the standing hamstring curl, whereby the knee joint is the fulcrum, hamstring muscle is the effort, and resistance is at the ankle.

hypermobility

Excessive range of motion in a joint, making it less stable and more susceptible to injury.

Ligaments

Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone

Isotonic

Force production as a muscle develops tension while visibly changing in length - lowering and lifting phases of resistance training -- subdivided into Concentric and Eccentric

Muscle Synergies

Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement. - muscles recruited by the nervous system in groups called ___________ ________________

motor control

How the central nervous system understands internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.

External Feedback

Information provided by some EXTERNAL source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment. - w/in another source of information able to associate whether a good or bad movement pattern

motor learning

Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements. ** how movements are learned and retained for later use

Radioulnar Pronation

Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.

stretch-shortening cycle

Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction. - basis for plyometric training 3 phases (eccentric, amortization, and concentric)

abduction

Movement in frontal plane away from the midline of the body

adduction

Movement in frontal plane toward the midline of the body

Horizontal Adduction

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position

Horizontal Abduction

Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position

Rotary Motion

Movement of the bones around the joints

Synergist

Muscle that assists a prime (agonist) mover to produce movement EX. brachialis (forearm muscles) assist with the biceps brachii during bicep curl

distal

Positioned away from the point of attachment - ankle is further away from the hip than the knee

inferior

Positioned below a point of reference - the soleus (calf muscle) is positioned under the hamstring complex

contrilateral

Positioned on the opposite side of the body - Right foot is on the opposite side to the left hand

ipsilateral

Positioned on the same side of the body - Right foot is on the same side as the right hand

External rotation

Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.

Internal rotation

Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.

Biomechanics

Scientific principles of physics to study how the body creates movement at the joints (esp. exercise and sport) - Internal and external forces acting on the body - Skeletal movement

Mechanoreceptors

Special structures that respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch

extension

Straightening movement - increases the angle of a joint

Sensorimotor integration

The ability of the nervous system to gather and interpret information to anticipate and execute the proper motor response. -- people who use improper form will develop improper ____________ ___________________

Neuromuscular efficiency

The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion.

Time Under Tension (TUT)

The amount of time from the beginning of one resistance training set to the end without breaking. - forces muscle to work harder - Optimize muscular strength and endurance -- Optimal: 4-20 sec.

proprioception

The body's ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.

motor development

The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.

Human Movement System (HMS)

The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: - muscular - skeletal - nervous system.

Muscle Action Spectrum

The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement. - EX> DB Curls (goes through all ranges of muscle contractions)

resting length

The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched. - AKA relaxed/resting

agonists

The primary muscles providing force for a movement. - EX. Biceps brachii for elbow flexion

Internal Feedback

The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment - use proper form to ensure the incoming sensory feedback is correct

amorization phase

The time between the concentric and eccentric phases EX. Squat - time it takes to transition from down (concentric) to up (eccentric) * Want this to be as short as possible

Feedback

The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning

isometric muscle action

Tightening (contraction) of a specific muscle group or group of muscles - muscle does not change in length - helps maintain strength and prevent instability --- Ex. plank, wall hold, DB curl holds

anatomical position

To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward

medial

Toward the midline of the body - adductors (inner thigh) attach to the medial side of the femur

Inversion

Turning the sole of the foot inward - bottom of foot faces inward

Scapular Elevation

Upward (superior) motion of the scapula. -

Feed-forward activation

When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement.

Altered length-tension relationship

When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce. - Creates imbalances around the joint - 1 side contracting/pulling more than other

muscle balance

When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position. - proper ratio of all muscles

muscle imbalance

When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships. - poor posture alignment

Hypomobility

When range of motion at a joint is limited.

gait

a manner of walking, stepping, or running - foot and ankle complex moves between pronation and supination

Antagonist

muscles of the opposite side of the joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscle - Elbow Flexion triceps become the antagonist to the biceps

muscles

produce, stabilize, or resist movement

length-tension relationship

resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length