CPT SEC 3 Chapter 7 - Human movement
Global muscular system
(Part of movement system) - larger muscles that initiate movements and tend to function across one or more joints ** acts as prime movers: pushing, pulling, squatting
Stabilizer
Muscles that contract isometrically to stabilize the trunk and joints as the body moves. EX> Rotator cuff muscles stabilize the shoulder during upper extremity movements
Radioulnar Supination
Outward rotation of the forearm from a palm-down position to a palm-up position.
superior
Positioned above a point of reference. - pelvis is above the tibia (shin bone)
posterior
back of body - hamstrings are on this side of the thigh
lateral flexion
bending of the spine from side to side
Pronation (foot/ankle)
combined movements of abduction and eversion resulting in lowering of the medial margin of the foot - Ankle/arch rolling or tipping INWARDS - Associated with force reduction (when the foot lands)
Regional interdependence model
concept of how the functioning of one segment of the body can impact other areas - If any part of the kinetic chain is injured/not functioning properly the entire link is compromised
Sagittal Plane
divides body into left and right - Forward, backward, up & down motions - Ex. bending at the knees, bicep curls, front lunges, calf raises, walking, vertical jump ** FLEXION AND EXTENSION
plantar flexion
extension at ankle (pointing toes)
Hyperextension
extension beyond anatomical position - may result in injury
tendons
fibrous connective tissue that connects muscle to bone
Dorsiflexion
flexion at ankle (lifting toes)
anterior
front of the body - quadriceps are on this side of the thigh
Second-class levers
levers have a resistance in the middle with the fulcrum and effort on either side, similar to a load in a wheelbarrow where the axle and wheel are the fulcrum points. The body acts as a second-class lever when one engages in a full body push-up or calf raise.
First-class levers
levers have the fulcrum in the middle, like a seesaw. Nodding the head is an example of a first-class lever, with the top of the spinal column as the fulcrum.
Arthrokinematics
movements that take place within the joint and are NOT visible to the human eye
Force-couple relationship
muscle groups moving together to produce movement around a joint - provide joint stability and create movement
Isokinetic muscle action
muscle shortens at a constant speed over the full range of motion and adjusts to resistance, so movement speed remains the same -- harder an individual pushes/pulls the more resistance they feel EX> Stationary bike (constant leg movement)
concentric muscle action
muscle shortens because the contractile force is greater than the resistive force - "Positive Work" - Shortening of the muscles * Ex. - jumping upward, lifting up, bringing weight toward you - Expend the highest amount of energy
flexibility
normal extensibility of soft tissues that allows for full range of motion of a joint
Kinesiology
study of movement
Elasticity
the ability of soft tissue to return to resting length after being stretched
motor behavior
the human muscle system response to internal and external environment stimuli
Torque
turning effect of the joints - the amount of force that produces rotation
Eversion
turning the sole of the foot outward - bottom of the foot faces outward
eccentric muscle action
when a muscle increases in length and develops tension - "Negative Work" - muscle decelerate (reduce) the forces acting on the body -- more efficient and requires less energy * Lowering weights down, downward motion of a pushup, squat, and pull up
local muscular system
(Part of movement system) stabilization system - attach on or near the vertebrae and serve the primary purpose of stabilizing the Core
Kinetic Chain
A concept that describes the human body as a chain of interdependent links that work together to perform movement. - ex. feet-ankles-knees-hips-pelvis-shoulders-head
Scapular protraction
Abduction of scapula; shoulder blades move away from the midline.
Supination (foot/ankle)
Adducting inversion of the foot - weight rolls on the outer edges of the feet - Associated with force production (when the foot pushes off the ground)
Scapular Retraction
Adduction of scapula; shoulder blades move toward the midline.
lateral
Away from the midline of the body - ears pointed laterally on the head
flexion
Bending movement - Decreases the angle of a joint
proximal
Closer to the origin of the body part or the point of attachment of a limb to the body trunk - wrist is closer to the elbow than the fingers are
Closed Chain movements
Distal segments (hands or feet) are FIXED and remain in contact with a stationary surface - usually, movement of MULTIPLE JOINTS -- EX> Push-up, Squats, pull-up, or lunges
open chain movement
Distal segments are NOT fixed - Independent joint movement -- EX> lat. pull-down, bicep curls, bench press, leg curl or extension - Focus on isolating the prime muscle movers
frontal plane
Divides the body into front and back portions. - side to side movements - abduction, adduction, and side to side motions
Transverse Plane
Divides the body into top and bottom halves - rotational movement
Scapular Depression
Downward (inferior) motion of the scapula.
Third-class levers
Effort placed between the resistance and the fulcrum(most limbs of the human body) forearm during bicep curl - the standing hamstring curl, whereby the knee joint is the fulcrum, hamstring muscle is the effort, and resistance is at the ankle.
hypermobility
Excessive range of motion in a joint, making it less stable and more susceptible to injury.
Ligaments
Fibrous connective tissue that connects bone to bone
Isotonic
Force production as a muscle develops tension while visibly changing in length - lowering and lifting phases of resistance training -- subdivided into Concentric and Eccentric
Muscle Synergies
Groups of muscles that are recruited by the central nervous system to provide movement. - muscles recruited by the nervous system in groups called ___________ ________________
motor control
How the central nervous system understands internal and external sensory information with previous experiences to produce a motor response.
External Feedback
Information provided by some EXTERNAL source, such as a health and fitness professional, videotape, mirror, or heart rate monitor, to supplement the internal environment. - w/in another source of information able to associate whether a good or bad movement pattern
motor learning
Integration of motor control processes through practice and experience, leading to a relatively permanent change in the capacity to produce skilled movements. ** how movements are learned and retained for later use
Radioulnar Pronation
Inward rotation of the forearm from a palm-up position to a palm-down position.
stretch-shortening cycle
Loading of a muscle eccentrically to prepare it for a rapid concentric contraction. - basis for plyometric training 3 phases (eccentric, amortization, and concentric)
abduction
Movement in frontal plane away from the midline of the body
adduction
Movement in frontal plane toward the midline of the body
Horizontal Adduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from a lateral position to an anterior position
Horizontal Abduction
Movement of the arm or thigh in the transverse plane from an anterior position to a lateral position
Rotary Motion
Movement of the bones around the joints
Synergist
Muscle that assists a prime (agonist) mover to produce movement EX. brachialis (forearm muscles) assist with the biceps brachii during bicep curl
distal
Positioned away from the point of attachment - ankle is further away from the hip than the knee
inferior
Positioned below a point of reference - the soleus (calf muscle) is positioned under the hamstring complex
contrilateral
Positioned on the opposite side of the body - Right foot is on the opposite side to the left hand
ipsilateral
Positioned on the same side of the body - Right foot is on the same side as the right hand
External rotation
Rotation of a joint away from the middle of the body.
Internal rotation
Rotation of a joint toward the middle of the body.
Biomechanics
Scientific principles of physics to study how the body creates movement at the joints (esp. exercise and sport) - Internal and external forces acting on the body - Skeletal movement
Mechanoreceptors
Special structures that respond to touch, pressure, vibration, stretch, and itch
extension
Straightening movement - increases the angle of a joint
Sensorimotor integration
The ability of the nervous system to gather and interpret information to anticipate and execute the proper motor response. -- people who use improper form will develop improper ____________ ___________________
Neuromuscular efficiency
The ability of the neuromuscular system to enable all muscles to efficiently work together in all planes of motion.
Time Under Tension (TUT)
The amount of time from the beginning of one resistance training set to the end without breaking. - forces muscle to work harder - Optimize muscular strength and endurance -- Optimal: 4-20 sec.
proprioception
The body's ability to naturally sense its general orientation and relative position of its parts.
motor development
The change in motor skill behavior over time throughout the lifespan.
Human Movement System (HMS)
The collective components and structures that work together to move the body: - muscular - skeletal - nervous system.
Muscle Action Spectrum
The full range of eccentric, isometric, and concentric muscle contractions required to perform a movement. - EX> DB Curls (goes through all ranges of muscle contractions)
resting length
The length of a muscle when it is not actively contracting or being stretched. - AKA relaxed/resting
agonists
The primary muscles providing force for a movement. - EX. Biceps brachii for elbow flexion
Internal Feedback
The process whereby sensory information is used by the body to reactively monitor movement and the environment - use proper form to ensure the incoming sensory feedback is correct
amorization phase
The time between the concentric and eccentric phases EX. Squat - time it takes to transition from down (concentric) to up (eccentric) * Want this to be as short as possible
Feedback
The use of sensory information and sensorimotor integration to help the human movement system in motor learning
isometric muscle action
Tightening (contraction) of a specific muscle group or group of muscles - muscle does not change in length - helps maintain strength and prevent instability --- Ex. plank, wall hold, DB curl holds
anatomical position
To stand erect with arms at the sides and palms of the hands turned forward
medial
Toward the midline of the body - adductors (inner thigh) attach to the medial side of the femur
Inversion
Turning the sole of the foot inward - bottom of foot faces inward
Scapular Elevation
Upward (superior) motion of the scapula. -
Feed-forward activation
When a muscle is automatically activated in anticipation of a movement.
Altered length-tension relationship
When a muscle's resting length is too short or too long, reducing the amount of force it can produce. - Creates imbalances around the joint - 1 side contracting/pulling more than other
muscle balance
When all muscles surrounding a joint have optimal length-tension relationships, allowing the joint to rest in a neutral position. - proper ratio of all muscles
muscle imbalance
When muscles on each side of a joint have altered length-tension relationships. - poor posture alignment
Hypomobility
When range of motion at a joint is limited.
gait
a manner of walking, stepping, or running - foot and ankle complex moves between pronation and supination
Antagonist
muscles of the opposite side of the joint that are in direct opposition of agonist muscle - Elbow Flexion triceps become the antagonist to the biceps
muscles
produce, stabilize, or resist movement
length-tension relationship
resting length of a muscle and the tension it can produce at that length