Criminalistics 6-9

Familial searching

(c) "Familial DNA searches simply identify "potential" relatives of an alleged perpetrator. A familial DNA search result is only a lead that is then followed up and investigated until a DNA sample of the suspect is obtained and tested."

Area of convergence

Estimation of the approximate location• Straight lines through the center of the long axis• Draw the lines opposite of the direction• Draw a small circle around the area where all lines intersect

Toxicologists

Examine the effects of harmful substances on the body-Establish a cause and effect -Develop treatments and techniques for detection

A man with an STR genotype of (5,10) claims he is the father of a child who had a genotype of (4,8). Assuming no mutations, based on his genotype, is this a true or a false statement?

False

After the O.J. Simpson murder trial, scientists began using the physics of blood-spatter analysis in forensic examinations

False

Both nuclear and mtDNA analyses are based on the number of short, tandem repeating bases.

False

Early DNA fingerprinting by Dr. Jeffreys used short tandem repeats

False

Expired blood patterns are created by blood projected from an object in motion

False

Fingerprints are generally considered to be a form of class evidence

False

Fingerprints are photographed rather than documented in the evidence log.

False

Fingerprints do not contain DNA

False

It is necessary to obtain a full print from a suspect in order to compare his fingerprint with a fingerprint found at the crime scene

False

New scanning technology allows fingerprints to be scanned at a resolution of 10,000 dots per inch.

False

RISC fingerprints make up the majority of fingerprints in the NGI database.

False

Red blood cells are used to produce a DNA profile of blood samples

False

Sequencing of the first human genome took nearly a year to complete.

False

Since the 1990s, the size of the DNA fragment required for analysis in order to determine someone's identity has increased

False

Sir William Harvey discovered three blood types: A, B, and O

False

The areas of polymorphisms in human DNA occur in just over 3 percent of our DNA.

False

The science behind DNA technology is still uncertain

False

The type of powder used to dust prints will vary depending upon the weather conditions when the print is lifted

False

Y chromosome analysis is used to individually identify a person.

False

Where within the DNA molecule is the genetic code?

In the order of the nitrogen bases

Toxicologists' testing focuses on three procedures:

Isolation of the substance(s)• Identification and separation of individual ingredients• Determination of the quantity of each component

What component of a fingerprint chemically reacts with ninhydrin?

It reacts with amino acids

Advances in technelogy have impreved forensic science and the ability to solve crimes. State the significance of each of the following: RCR. automated STR analysis, CODIS.

It's used to amplify DNA from cells so it's easier to observe. Automated STR analysis: It's used to match a sample of DNA to an individual. CODIS: It's used to match DNA samples to repeat offenders.

gel electrophoresis

The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.

A bloodstain analyst can be law-enforcement or laboratory staff

True

A downside to modern crime-scene blood analysis are the expense and the amount of time required

True

Blood-type evidence can be used to exclude a person as a suspect

True

CODIS is a database of STR profiles of all convicted offenders and all arrestees from every state in the United States and is available to law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and national level

True

DNA evidence differs from most other forms of physical evidence because it provides individual evidence

True

DNA phenotyping uses SNP profiles and automated computer systems to create an image of a person

True

Dr. Alec Jeffreys conducted a forensic personal identification using a technique he called DNA fingerprinting

True

Fingerprint impressions left on a smooth surface consist of natural secretions of the sweat pores found in the friction ridge of the skin

True

Fingerprints are considered individual evidence.

True

Forensic genealogy causes some concern about invasion of privacy

True

Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints.

True

It is important to always photograph a fingerprint before you attempt to lift it.

True

Liquid blood evidence is collected in plastic containers at the crime scene.

True

Maternal DNA can be traced using mitochondrial DNA, while paternal DNA can be traced using the STRs on the Y chromosome

True

Most fingerprints have a loop pattern.

True

Most of our DNA consists of regions that code for proteins.

True

NGI and the use of computer algorithms has improved evidence reliability.

True

NGI improves the speed and accuracy of fingerprint searches because it electronically accesses fingerprints from local, state, and national agencies

True

Nanoparticles added to fingerprint powders makes pore patterns appear sharper.

True

Properly stored DNA evidence can be tested years later.

True

Raman spectroscopy estimates when the blood was deposited at the crime scene

True

Similar print or ridge patterns can also be found on the toes

True

The sex of an individual can be determined using both karyotyping and DNA profiling

True

The tapered end of a bloodstain indicates the direction of travel

True

The ten print card was first used in the 1800s.

True

The term, human genome, refers to all of the DNA found in human cells

True

1 Peter 2: 1-3 theme

We are to crave the pure milk of the word so that we will grow in Christ 2:1 -We are to lay aside all malice, deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and all evil speaking 2:2a- We are to hunger for God's word like a baby craves milk. "pure milk" since there is no error in God's word. Christians Grow by the words of God. 2:2b- If a Christian does not feed on God's Word, he will not grow 2:3- The Lord's goodness is seen especially when we partake of his word

Drugs move through the human body in the following four stages: (1) ingestion, (2) absorption, (3) metabolism, and (4) excretion.

false

Fingerprints are formed deep within the dermis layer of the skin

false

Fingerprints of the left hand are mirror images of the fingerprints on the right hand.

false

Naturally occurring poisonous substances are called metabolites.

false

Plastic prints must be dusted or treated in order to identify the ridge patterns.

false

Preliminary drug testing should be done in a lab.

false

Speedy preliminary drug testing is definitive.

false

Toxins are manufactured chemicals.

false

White blood cells:

fight disease & foreign elements

To avoid contamination of DNA evidence

freeze wet evidence that cannot be dried

Elimination samples of DNA are collected

from crime scene investigators

_____ evidence taken from a victim or suspect detects long-term exposure to drugs and poisons.

hair

Development of ridge patterns _____.

happens in the basal layer of skin

Drugs categorized as illicit _____.

have no current medical use

If a person has two different STR alleles for a particular STR marker, then that individual is said to have a

heterozygous genotype

If one individual has two alleles that are the same for a specific STR, then that individual is considered to have a

homozygous genotype

The use of fingerprints in identification is not perfect because

the current technology depends on humans to analyze the information, and humans make mistakes.

When technology is used to analyze fingerprints, _____.

the final comparison is made by a human expert

The ridge count, _____, helps to distinguish one print from another.

the number of ridges between the core and the center of the delta

A paper spray mass spectrometry analyzes metabolites on fingerprints to identify specific drugs.

true

Heavy metals are stored in the soft tissues and can damage organs throughout the body.

true

In the 17th century, the use of arsenic as a poison was so widespread, it became known as inheritance powder.

true

People paid to smuggle drugs are commonly called mules.

true

TD-DART-MS is a rapid screening presumptive test that uses real-time mass spectrometry.

true

Glyphosate mixture is _____.

used to control weeds

The microcrystalline test _____.

uses a small amount of evidence put into a solution

A new technique called TD-DART-MS

uses real-time mass spectrometry

Alleles are

variable forms of a gene

Serologists are specialists who

verify that a stain is human

In early DNA fingerprinting, restriction enzymes

were used to cut DNA at specific sites

STR Profiling

(b) "The most common type of DNA profiling today for criminal cases and other types of forensic uses is called "STR" (short tandem repeat) analysis. Using DNA to distinguish between two individuals is a tricky matter, because close to 99.9 percent of our DNA is the same as everybody else's DNA."

Identify the four ways that harmful substances can enter and be distributed throughout the body and the resulting short-term and long-term effects

-Absorption-Distribution-Metabolism-Excretion

Stages of blood pattern analysis

-Pattern analysis-Crime-scene reconstruction-Consistency of scientific evidence with the accounts of the crime

Drugs and drug schedules

-Schedule I: No medical use-Schedule II: Severely restricted medical use-Schedule III: Accepted medical use-Schedule IV: Medical use, low potential for abuse-Schedule V: Widely used for medical purposes

whorls

30% of population

Arches

5% of population

Loops

65% of population

Raman spectroscopy accuracy is

70 percent for up to two years

1 Peter 2:9-10 theme

9: Christians are called to be distinct from the rest of the world and we are to be set apart for God's purposes and to proclaim His excellencies. He has pulled us out of the darkness and a life of sin so that we may come into his marvelous light and spend eternity with Him. 10: Before, we were not a people. We belonged to ourselves and served only our own desires. But in Christ, we have become God's people. We have belonging. We have purpose. We have a shared destiny with Him in eternity.

What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA, and what is their. importance?

Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; They combine to make up the steps and sides of your DNA ladder.

Which term refers to the source of the bloodstain a three-dimensional reference?

Area of Origin

Fingerprints are formed

At 10 weeks' gestation (in the womb)

______involves examination of size, shape, distribution, and overall appearance; reconstruction of the crime scene; and determination of consistency of scientific evidence with the accounts of the crime

Blood pattern analysis

_____ are created by blood projected from objects in motion

Cast-off patterns

Agglutination

Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction.

Which is true regarding DNA collection?

DNA evidence found in trace amounts can be used to solve crimes.

What are the steps in taking a ridge count from a fingerprint?

First locate the delta and the core of the fingerprint. Count the ridges in between these to locations.

Raman spectroscopy

Hand-held device used at the crime scene-Determine if it's human blood-Estimates when the blood was deposited-Does not destroy the sample

The FBI originally used 13 core STR markers for

Identification of Americans

Poisons

Natural or manufactured chemicals

Toxins

Naturally occurring poisonous substances

1 Peter 2:18-20

Peter continues with the topic of Christian slaves submitting to masters that he began in verse 18. In the previous verse, he called it commendable, or a "gracious thing," when a believing slave endures unjust suffering from a harsh master. Commentary for verse 18 helps to explain how biblical "slavery" is not the institution most modern readers think of. Suffering for doing what is right, though, is commendable before God.

1 Peter 2:11-12 theme

Peter has referred to Christians as aliens and strangers on earth. He urges us to abstain from the sin we want to do and to choose to lead good lives, instead. One result of this is that even those falsely accusing Christians of wrongdoing will give God glory.

1 Peter 2:13-17

Peter has revealed that God's will for Christians is to submit to every human authority, from the emperor (in Peter's time) down to those who enforce the law. Peter delivered this command understanding that Christians would sometimes be falsely accused and treated unfairly by those in authority. 17: Honor all people, love the brotherhood, fear God, honor the king.

Fingerprints that are actual indentations left in some soft material such as clay or putty are referred to as

Plastic Fingerprints

Toxicology

Study of drugs, poisons, toxins-Includes metabolites (substances essential to the metabolism of a particular organism)

_____ are smeared blood patterns created by objects moving through partially dried blood.

Wipes

Latent fingerprints

a hidden fingerprint made visible through the use of powders or other techniques

Acute poisoning is caused by _____.

a high dose over a short period of time

AMEL is

a marker that determines male or female

Patent fingerprints

a visible fingerprint that happens when fingers with blood, ink, or some other substance on them touch a surface and transfer the pattern of their fingerprint to that surface

Secretions of the skin _____.

are a mixture of water, oils, and salts

Narcotics derived from synthetic opioids _____.

are central nervous system depressants

Legal narcotics _____.

are prescribed to people requiring long-term painkillers

A gene is the basic, physical, functional unit of heredity, and

averages 3,000 base pairs

Fingerprints characteristics _____.

called whorls, have loops that enter and exit from the same direction

Determining the area of origin

can be accomplished once the area of convergence and the impact angles are known

Evidence, such as fentanyl _____.

can be volatile and highly potent

Ricin _____

can cause death within eight hours

The ELISA test

can confirm that blood is human

Minutiae patterns _____.

can have island ridges, spurs, dots, bridges, bifurcations, and broken ridges

Defective heating units can result in _____.

carbon monoxide gas interfering with the body's ability to absorb oxygen

Red blood cells:

carry gases (mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide) to all parts of the body

Bloodstain patterns in a linear pattern of round droplets of blood are

caused by a person walking while bleeding

Platelets:

clotting and repairing damaged blood cells

Short tandem repeats

consist of fewer than 50 bases

Cyanide is _____.

contained in some seeds and nuts

The accidental whorl ridge pattern _____.

contains two or more triangular ridge patterns

Pesticides

control insects and rodents

Herbicides

control weeds

Blood blown out of the nose or mouth

creates an expired blood bloodstain pattern

High velocity blood splatter

creates droplets of less than 1 mm in size

Controlled substances include _____.

drugs on Schedules II through V

The First Step Act _____.

includes programs to reduce recidivism

Y chromosome analysis

indicates paternal lineage

Capillary electrophoresis _____.

is a confirmatory test

Deoxyribonucleic acid

is a long repeating molecule

Chronic

is a lower doses over long periods of time

Next-generation sequencing

is also known as second-generation sequencing

Alec Jeffrey's original method of Gel electrophoresis or DNA fingerprinting

is being replaced by other faster and more accurate methods of personal identification.

mtDNA

is the circular chromosome found inside the cellular organelles called mitochondria

Blood displays cohesion, meaning that

its molecules are attracted to each other

Visible prints are _____.

left when material on hands is transferred to a surface

The angle of impact

makes a bloodstain round or elliptical

Maternal ancestry can be traced using

mtDNA Analysis

Dried blood on clothing is

packaged in a paper bag

A luminol-based product

reacts with hemoglobin

A droplet of blood that falls without any force other than gravity is

referred to as a passive drop

Electrophoresis can be used to

separate DNA fragments by size

The area of convergence

shows where a person was standing or sitting when bleeding

Nuclear DNA is

stored in structures known as chromosomes

Fingerprints can be altered _____.

temporarily by putting acid on fingertips

The presence of two deltas in a fingerprint indicates

that a print is a whorl pattern