Criminalistics 6-9
Familial searching
(c) "Familial DNA searches simply identify "potential" relatives of an alleged perpetrator. A familial DNA search result is only a lead that is then followed up and investigated until a DNA sample of the suspect is obtained and tested."
Area of convergence
Estimation of the approximate location• Straight lines through the center of the long axis• Draw the lines opposite of the direction• Draw a small circle around the area where all lines intersect
Toxicologists
Examine the effects of harmful substances on the body-Establish a cause and effect -Develop treatments and techniques for detection
A man with an STR genotype of (5,10) claims he is the father of a child who had a genotype of (4,8). Assuming no mutations, based on his genotype, is this a true or a false statement?
False
After the O.J. Simpson murder trial, scientists began using the physics of blood-spatter analysis in forensic examinations
False
Both nuclear and mtDNA analyses are based on the number of short, tandem repeating bases.
False
Early DNA fingerprinting by Dr. Jeffreys used short tandem repeats
False
Expired blood patterns are created by blood projected from an object in motion
False
Fingerprints are generally considered to be a form of class evidence
False
Fingerprints are photographed rather than documented in the evidence log.
False
Fingerprints do not contain DNA
False
It is necessary to obtain a full print from a suspect in order to compare his fingerprint with a fingerprint found at the crime scene
False
New scanning technology allows fingerprints to be scanned at a resolution of 10,000 dots per inch.
False
RISC fingerprints make up the majority of fingerprints in the NGI database.
False
Red blood cells are used to produce a DNA profile of blood samples
False
Sequencing of the first human genome took nearly a year to complete.
False
Since the 1990s, the size of the DNA fragment required for analysis in order to determine someone's identity has increased
False
Sir William Harvey discovered three blood types: A, B, and O
False
The areas of polymorphisms in human DNA occur in just over 3 percent of our DNA.
False
The science behind DNA technology is still uncertain
False
The type of powder used to dust prints will vary depending upon the weather conditions when the print is lifted
False
Y chromosome analysis is used to individually identify a person.
False
Where within the DNA molecule is the genetic code?
In the order of the nitrogen bases
Toxicologists' testing focuses on three procedures:
Isolation of the substance(s)• Identification and separation of individual ingredients• Determination of the quantity of each component
What component of a fingerprint chemically reacts with ninhydrin?
It reacts with amino acids
Advances in technelogy have impreved forensic science and the ability to solve crimes. State the significance of each of the following: RCR. automated STR analysis, CODIS.
It's used to amplify DNA from cells so it's easier to observe. Automated STR analysis: It's used to match a sample of DNA to an individual. CODIS: It's used to match DNA samples to repeat offenders.
gel electrophoresis
The separation of nucleic acids or proteins, on the basis of their size and electrical charge, by measuring their rate of movement through an electrical field in a gel.
A bloodstain analyst can be law-enforcement or laboratory staff
True
A downside to modern crime-scene blood analysis are the expense and the amount of time required
True
Blood-type evidence can be used to exclude a person as a suspect
True
CODIS is a database of STR profiles of all convicted offenders and all arrestees from every state in the United States and is available to law enforcement agencies at the local, state, and national level
True
DNA evidence differs from most other forms of physical evidence because it provides individual evidence
True
DNA phenotyping uses SNP profiles and automated computer systems to create an image of a person
True
Dr. Alec Jeffreys conducted a forensic personal identification using a technique he called DNA fingerprinting
True
Fingerprint impressions left on a smooth surface consist of natural secretions of the sweat pores found in the friction ridge of the skin
True
Fingerprints are considered individual evidence.
True
Forensic genealogy causes some concern about invasion of privacy
True
Identical twins do not have the same fingerprints.
True
It is important to always photograph a fingerprint before you attempt to lift it.
True
Liquid blood evidence is collected in plastic containers at the crime scene.
True
Maternal DNA can be traced using mitochondrial DNA, while paternal DNA can be traced using the STRs on the Y chromosome
True
Most fingerprints have a loop pattern.
True
Most of our DNA consists of regions that code for proteins.
True
NGI and the use of computer algorithms has improved evidence reliability.
True
NGI improves the speed and accuracy of fingerprint searches because it electronically accesses fingerprints from local, state, and national agencies
True
Nanoparticles added to fingerprint powders makes pore patterns appear sharper.
True
Properly stored DNA evidence can be tested years later.
True
Raman spectroscopy estimates when the blood was deposited at the crime scene
True
Similar print or ridge patterns can also be found on the toes
True
The sex of an individual can be determined using both karyotyping and DNA profiling
True
The tapered end of a bloodstain indicates the direction of travel
True
The ten print card was first used in the 1800s.
True
The term, human genome, refers to all of the DNA found in human cells
True
1 Peter 2: 1-3 theme
We are to crave the pure milk of the word so that we will grow in Christ 2:1 -We are to lay aside all malice, deceit, hypocrisy, envy, and all evil speaking 2:2a- We are to hunger for God's word like a baby craves milk. "pure milk" since there is no error in God's word. Christians Grow by the words of God. 2:2b- If a Christian does not feed on God's Word, he will not grow 2:3- The Lord's goodness is seen especially when we partake of his word
Drugs move through the human body in the following four stages: (1) ingestion, (2) absorption, (3) metabolism, and (4) excretion.
false
Fingerprints are formed deep within the dermis layer of the skin
false
Fingerprints of the left hand are mirror images of the fingerprints on the right hand.
false
Naturally occurring poisonous substances are called metabolites.
false
Plastic prints must be dusted or treated in order to identify the ridge patterns.
false
Preliminary drug testing should be done in a lab.
false
Speedy preliminary drug testing is definitive.
false
Toxins are manufactured chemicals.
false
White blood cells:
fight disease & foreign elements
To avoid contamination of DNA evidence
freeze wet evidence that cannot be dried
Elimination samples of DNA are collected
from crime scene investigators
_____ evidence taken from a victim or suspect detects long-term exposure to drugs and poisons.
hair
Development of ridge patterns _____.
happens in the basal layer of skin
Drugs categorized as illicit _____.
have no current medical use
If a person has two different STR alleles for a particular STR marker, then that individual is said to have a
heterozygous genotype
If one individual has two alleles that are the same for a specific STR, then that individual is considered to have a
homozygous genotype
The use of fingerprints in identification is not perfect because
the current technology depends on humans to analyze the information, and humans make mistakes.
When technology is used to analyze fingerprints, _____.
the final comparison is made by a human expert
The ridge count, _____, helps to distinguish one print from another.
the number of ridges between the core and the center of the delta
A paper spray mass spectrometry analyzes metabolites on fingerprints to identify specific drugs.
true
Heavy metals are stored in the soft tissues and can damage organs throughout the body.
true
In the 17th century, the use of arsenic as a poison was so widespread, it became known as inheritance powder.
true
People paid to smuggle drugs are commonly called mules.
true
TD-DART-MS is a rapid screening presumptive test that uses real-time mass spectrometry.
true
Glyphosate mixture is _____.
used to control weeds
The microcrystalline test _____.
uses a small amount of evidence put into a solution
A new technique called TD-DART-MS
uses real-time mass spectrometry
Alleles are
variable forms of a gene
Serologists are specialists who
verify that a stain is human
In early DNA fingerprinting, restriction enzymes
were used to cut DNA at specific sites
STR Profiling
(b) "The most common type of DNA profiling today for criminal cases and other types of forensic uses is called "STR" (short tandem repeat) analysis. Using DNA to distinguish between two individuals is a tricky matter, because close to 99.9 percent of our DNA is the same as everybody else's DNA."
Identify the four ways that harmful substances can enter and be distributed throughout the body and the resulting short-term and long-term effects
-Absorption-Distribution-Metabolism-Excretion
Stages of blood pattern analysis
-Pattern analysis-Crime-scene reconstruction-Consistency of scientific evidence with the accounts of the crime
Drugs and drug schedules
-Schedule I: No medical use-Schedule II: Severely restricted medical use-Schedule III: Accepted medical use-Schedule IV: Medical use, low potential for abuse-Schedule V: Widely used for medical purposes
whorls
30% of population
Arches
5% of population
Loops
65% of population
Raman spectroscopy accuracy is
70 percent for up to two years
1 Peter 2:9-10 theme
9: Christians are called to be distinct from the rest of the world and we are to be set apart for God's purposes and to proclaim His excellencies. He has pulled us out of the darkness and a life of sin so that we may come into his marvelous light and spend eternity with Him. 10: Before, we were not a people. We belonged to ourselves and served only our own desires. But in Christ, we have become God's people. We have belonging. We have purpose. We have a shared destiny with Him in eternity.
What are the four nitrogenous bases of DNA, and what is their. importance?
Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine; They combine to make up the steps and sides of your DNA ladder.
Which term refers to the source of the bloodstain a three-dimensional reference?
Area of Origin
Fingerprints are formed
At 10 weeks' gestation (in the womb)
______involves examination of size, shape, distribution, and overall appearance; reconstruction of the crime scene; and determination of consistency of scientific evidence with the accounts of the crime
Blood pattern analysis
_____ are created by blood projected from objects in motion
Cast-off patterns
Agglutination
Clumping of microorganisms or blood cells, typically due to an antigen-antibody interaction.
Which is true regarding DNA collection?
DNA evidence found in trace amounts can be used to solve crimes.
What are the steps in taking a ridge count from a fingerprint?
First locate the delta and the core of the fingerprint. Count the ridges in between these to locations.
Raman spectroscopy
Hand-held device used at the crime scene-Determine if it's human blood-Estimates when the blood was deposited-Does not destroy the sample
The FBI originally used 13 core STR markers for
Identification of Americans
Poisons
Natural or manufactured chemicals
Toxins
Naturally occurring poisonous substances
1 Peter 2:18-20
Peter continues with the topic of Christian slaves submitting to masters that he began in verse 18. In the previous verse, he called it commendable, or a "gracious thing," when a believing slave endures unjust suffering from a harsh master. Commentary for verse 18 helps to explain how biblical "slavery" is not the institution most modern readers think of. Suffering for doing what is right, though, is commendable before God.
1 Peter 2:11-12 theme
Peter has referred to Christians as aliens and strangers on earth. He urges us to abstain from the sin we want to do and to choose to lead good lives, instead. One result of this is that even those falsely accusing Christians of wrongdoing will give God glory.
1 Peter 2:13-17
Peter has revealed that God's will for Christians is to submit to every human authority, from the emperor (in Peter's time) down to those who enforce the law. Peter delivered this command understanding that Christians would sometimes be falsely accused and treated unfairly by those in authority. 17: Honor all people, love the brotherhood, fear God, honor the king.
Fingerprints that are actual indentations left in some soft material such as clay or putty are referred to as
Plastic Fingerprints
Toxicology
Study of drugs, poisons, toxins-Includes metabolites (substances essential to the metabolism of a particular organism)
_____ are smeared blood patterns created by objects moving through partially dried blood.
Wipes
Latent fingerprints
a hidden fingerprint made visible through the use of powders or other techniques
Acute poisoning is caused by _____.
a high dose over a short period of time
AMEL is
a marker that determines male or female
Patent fingerprints
a visible fingerprint that happens when fingers with blood, ink, or some other substance on them touch a surface and transfer the pattern of their fingerprint to that surface
Secretions of the skin _____.
are a mixture of water, oils, and salts
Narcotics derived from synthetic opioids _____.
are central nervous system depressants
Legal narcotics _____.
are prescribed to people requiring long-term painkillers
A gene is the basic, physical, functional unit of heredity, and
averages 3,000 base pairs
Fingerprints characteristics _____.
called whorls, have loops that enter and exit from the same direction
Determining the area of origin
can be accomplished once the area of convergence and the impact angles are known
Evidence, such as fentanyl _____.
can be volatile and highly potent
Ricin _____
can cause death within eight hours
The ELISA test
can confirm that blood is human
Minutiae patterns _____.
can have island ridges, spurs, dots, bridges, bifurcations, and broken ridges
Defective heating units can result in _____.
carbon monoxide gas interfering with the body's ability to absorb oxygen
Red blood cells:
carry gases (mainly oxygen and carbon dioxide) to all parts of the body
Bloodstain patterns in a linear pattern of round droplets of blood are
caused by a person walking while bleeding
Platelets:
clotting and repairing damaged blood cells
Short tandem repeats
consist of fewer than 50 bases
Cyanide is _____.
contained in some seeds and nuts
The accidental whorl ridge pattern _____.
contains two or more triangular ridge patterns
Pesticides
control insects and rodents
Herbicides
control weeds
Blood blown out of the nose or mouth
creates an expired blood bloodstain pattern
High velocity blood splatter
creates droplets of less than 1 mm in size
Controlled substances include _____.
drugs on Schedules II through V
The First Step Act _____.
includes programs to reduce recidivism
Y chromosome analysis
indicates paternal lineage
Capillary electrophoresis _____.
is a confirmatory test
Deoxyribonucleic acid
is a long repeating molecule
Chronic
is a lower doses over long periods of time
Next-generation sequencing
is also known as second-generation sequencing
Alec Jeffrey's original method of Gel electrophoresis or DNA fingerprinting
is being replaced by other faster and more accurate methods of personal identification.
mtDNA
is the circular chromosome found inside the cellular organelles called mitochondria
Blood displays cohesion, meaning that
its molecules are attracted to each other
Visible prints are _____.
left when material on hands is transferred to a surface
The angle of impact
makes a bloodstain round or elliptical
Maternal ancestry can be traced using
mtDNA Analysis
Dried blood on clothing is
packaged in a paper bag
A luminol-based product
reacts with hemoglobin
A droplet of blood that falls without any force other than gravity is
referred to as a passive drop
Electrophoresis can be used to
separate DNA fragments by size
The area of convergence
shows where a person was standing or sitting when bleeding
Nuclear DNA is
stored in structures known as chromosomes
Fingerprints can be altered _____.
temporarily by putting acid on fingertips
The presence of two deltas in a fingerprint indicates
that a print is a whorl pattern