Criminology Chapter 10
RICO
Punishments provided for under the ______ Act include asset forfeiture.
human trafficking, product diversion and counterfeiting of popular Western goods, and illicit arms sales and smuggling on a massive scale
Russian organized crime is involved in______.
Sarbanes-Oxley Act
The ______ Act is a 2002 federal law that set stiff penalties for corporate wrongdoers (officially known as the Public Company Accounting Reform and Investor Protection Act).
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO)
The ______ Act is a statute that was part of the federal Organized Crime Control Act of 1970 and is intended to combat criminal conspiracies.
Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (RICO)
The ______ Act is the single most important piece of federal legislation ever passed that specifically targeted the activities of organized crime.
'white-collar'
The ______ criminal is the broker who distributes fraudulent securities, the corporation executive who conspires to fix prices, the legislator who peddles his influence and votes for private gain, or the banker who misappropriates funds in his keeping.
Corporate Fraud Task Force
The ______ is a U.S. Department of Justice organization created under the administration of George W. Bush to investigate corporate fraud. It has since been superseded by the Obama's administration's Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force.
Financial Fraud Enforcement Task Force
The ______ is an organization created under the Obama administration in 2009 to combat financial fraud, including false claims made under various federal economic stimulus legislation.
Globalization
The ______ of crime has required the enhanced coordination of law enforcement efforts in different parts of the world and the expansion of American law enforcement activities beyond national borders.
Subprime mortgage-lending
The federal government has reported a spike in the number of corporate fraud cases involving ______ companies (businesses that lend to borrowers who do not qualify for loans from mainstream loan companies).
Hobbs
The first federal legislation aimed specifically at ending the activities of organized crime was the ______ Act, which included a series of statues that were passed beginning in 1946.
Corporate Crime
A/an ______ is a violation of a criminal statute either by a corporate entity or by its executives, employees, or agents acting on behalf of and for the benefit of the corporation, partnership, or other form of business entity.
Occupational Crime
A/an ______ is any act punishable by law that is committed through opportunity created in the course of an occupation that is legal.
Environmental law violation
A/an ______ is any business activity in violation of federal and state laws, such as the discharge of toxic substances into the air, water, or soil, especially when those substances pose a significant threat to people, property, or the environment.
Kickbacks
A/an ______ is the return of a certain amount of money from seller to buyer as a result of a collusive agreement.
The Prohibition
According to the textbook, ______ was a godsend for Mafia leaders in many ways.
White Collar Crime
According to the textbook, violations of the criminal law committed by persons of respectability and high social status in the course of their occupation are called ______.
Atlanta, Baltimore, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Milwaukee, Newark, New York, and Washington D.C.
African criminal enterprises actively operate in several major metropolitan areas in the U.S. but are most prevalent in______.
Health Care programs
All ______ are subject to fraud, with Medicare and Medicaid being most victimized.
Ethnic Succession
An example of ______ is how throughout the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Jewish gangsters ran many of the "rackets" in New York City, only to have Italian immigrants who arrived a few years later take their places.
RICO
As a result of the ______ Act, federal agents are empowered to seize the financial and other tangible fruits of organized criminal activity.
Chinese
Asian criminal enterprises have been active in the U.S. since the early 1900s. The first of these groups was formed by early ______-American immigrants.
Salvatore "Sammy the Bull" Garvano, former boss of the Gambino Crime Family
Federal prosecutor Zachary Carter called ______ the most significant witness in the history of organized crime.
Eurasian, Balkan, Asian, African and Middle Eastern
Organized crime groups, such as _____ criminal enterprises, currently operate in the United States or are targeting U.S. citizens from afar using the Internet and other technologies.
many kinds of rackets (gambling, illegal copying and distribution of music, copyrighted software, ect)
Organized crime is involved in ______.
Jewish and Irish
Other organized criminal groups, including ______ gangs, were successful in New York City before the arrival of large numbers of Italian immigrants in the late 1800s.
the SEC has the authority to bar dishonest corporate directors and officers from ever again serving in positions of corporate responsibility
Under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, ______.
Corporate Crime
______ is any activity that illegally inhibits competition between companies within an industry, such as price fixing and monopolies.
???
A typical Italian-American organized crime family participates in, controls, or influences ______.
Prime Bank Schemes
A/an ______ induces victims to invest in financial instruments, allegedly issued by well-known institutions, offering risk-free opportunities for high rates of return. The benefits are supposedly the result of access to a secret worldwide exchange open only to the world's largest financial institutions, but such networks don't exist or the perpetrators don't have access to them.
Criminal Enterprise
A ______ is a group of individuals with an identifiable hierarchy, and extensive supporting networks, engaged in significant criminal activity.
Ponzi Scheme, Pyramid Scheme, and Prime Bank Scheme
A ______ is a type of high-yield investment fraud.
Boston, Chicago, Honolulu, Las vegas, Los Angeles, Newark, New Orleans, New York, Philadelphia, Portland, San Fran, Seattle, and Washington D.C.
Asian criminal enterprises have been identified in more than 50 metropolitan areas in this country but are more prevalent in______.
white-collar
Australian criminologist John Braithwaite argues that ______ are frequently motivated by a disparity between corporate goals and the limited opportunities available to businesspeople through conventional business practices.
corporate officers evading the law
Australian criminologist John Braithwaite argues that ______ often stems from the hostile relationship that frequently exists between businesses and the government agencies that regulate them.
Inequality
Australian criminologist John Braithwaite argues that ______ worsens crimes of poverty motivated by the need to survive as well as crimes of wealth motivated by greed.
strain theories, subcultural theory, labeling theory, and control theory
Australian criminologist John Braithwaite argues that an integrated theory of organizational crime would include insights gained from ______ theory.
corporate executives
Australian criminologist John Braithwaite argues that shame associated with discovery can have a powerful deterrent effect on most ______ because they are conservative individuals who are otherwise seeking success through legitimate means.
White Collar Crimes
Criminologist Edwin Sutherland noted that ______ are far less likely to be investigated, arrested, or prosecuted than are other types of offenders.
Study the social context in which it occurs
Criminologist Gary Potter argues that to deal effectively with organized crime, we must:
Four changes involving changes on a policy-making level
Criminologist Howard Abadinsky recommends ______ as a way to fight organized crime.
Criminal organizations
Criminologist Howard Abadinsky says that the sign of true ______ is that they function independently of any of their members, including their leaders, and have continuity over time as personnel within them change.
Equity skimming, property flipping, and mortgage debt elimination
Current mortgage fraud, according to the FBI, includes ______.
Learned
Edwin Sutherland applied this theory of differential association to white-collar crime, saying it is ______, just like other forms of criminal activity.
health care fraud, auto insurance fraud, securities & investment fraud, money laundering, drug trafficking, extortion, auto theft, and interstate transportation of stole property
Eurasian criminal organizations are heavily involved in ______.
Environmental
Examples of ______ crimes include concealing corrosion in a pipeline used to transfer oil, whaling in violation of international conventions, intentional pollution, violating the federal Clean Air Act, and violating the federal Clean Water Act.
Mass-Marketing
Examples of ______ fraud include Nigerian letter fraud, foreign lottery/sweepstakes fraud, and overpayment fraud.
Fraudulent Activity
Examples of ______ include receiving kickbacks, billing for services not rendered, billing for unnecessary equipment, and billing for services performed by a less qualified person.
Italian
In 1967, the President's Commission on Law Enforcement and Administration of Justice investigated organized crime in the U.S. and found that, at the time, many organized crime families were of ______ descent.
Money Laundering
In ______, illegal gains are disguised as legal income.
Arson
Insurance fraud involving ______ is related to the mortgage crisis.
White-Collar
Involvement in ______ crime allows terrorist groups to maintain a much lower profile than if they raised funds through other, crimes such as bank robberies and illegal drug sales.
Afghanistan, Canada, Iran, Pakistan, Turkey, and the United Arabs Emirates
Middle Eastern criminal enterprises thrive in ______.
Chicago
Nowhere was corruption more complete during Prohibition than in ______, where runners working for organized crime distributed illegal alcohol under police protection and corrupt city government officials received regular payoffs from criminal cartels.
Nigerian
Of all African criminal enterprises, ______ criminal enterprises are the most significant group and operate in more than 80 countries around the world.
Environmental
Oil spills are examples of ______ crimes.
White-Collar
Terrorist activity frequently involves some form of ______ crime.
illegal activity
Terrorist groups have used ______ to receive and distribute money.
racketeering vice operations, theft.fence rings, gangs, and terrorism
The 1976 federal Task Force on Organized Crime identified ______ as an activity that may qualify as organized crime.
Money laundering, automobile theft, smuggling, contract murder, load-sharking, medical insurance fraud, narcotics, and credit card and telecommunications fraud
The FBI believes there are 15 separate organized crime groups and 4,000 hardcore Mafia criminals from the former Soviet Union at work in the U.S., where they are engaged in:
Corporate Fraud, Securities & Commodities Fraud, Health Care Fraud, Mortgage Fraud, Insurance Fraud, Mass-Marketing Fraud, and money laundering
The FBI classifies ______ as financial crime.
China, Korea, Japan, Thailand, the Philippines, Cambodia, Laos and Vietnam
The FBI has stated that members of the most dominant Asian criminal enterprises affecting the U.S. have ties to ______.
Gambling, money laundering, drug trafficking, human smuggling, extortion, violent witness intimidation, robbery, attempted murder, and murder
The FBI reports that Albanian organized crime is involved in ______ in the United States.
Automobile theft, financial fraud, money laundering, interstate transportation of stolen property, smuggling, drug trafficking, document fraud, health care fraud, identity fraud, cigarette smuggling, and theft/redistribution of infant formula
The FBI reports that Middle Eastern criminal enterprises are involved in ______.
Illinois, Ohio, New Jersey, and New york
The FBI reports that Middle Eastern criminal groups are most active in______.
conduct unnecessary surgeries, prescribe dangerous dugs w/out medical necessity, and engage in abusive care practices
The FBI stated that "one of the most significant trends in recent health care fraud cases includes the willingness of medical professional to risk patient harm in their schemes." These cases involve health care provides who ______.
La Cosa Nostra
The Mafia is also called ______.
SEC (Securities and Exchange Commission)
The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 gave birth to the ______ and gave them broad authority over all aspects of the securities industry, including the power to oversee the nation's stock exchanges.
Medicare Fraud
The U.S. Attorney General announced, in 2011, the results of a nationwide takedown that involved ______ Strike Force operations in Houston, Baton Rouge, Brooklyn, Chicago, Dallas, Detroit, Los Angeles, and Miami.
Insurance
The U.S. ______ industry consists of thousands of companies and collects nearly $1 trillion in premiums each year, so its size makes it a prime target for criminal activity.
Sarbanes-Oxley
The ______ Act has been called the most far-reaching reform of U.S. business practices since the time of Franklin Delano Roosevelt.
Drug Trafficking
The most profitable activity for Nigerian criminal enterprises is ______.
Balkan organized crime
The term ______ refers to criminal enterprises originating from or operating in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Kosovo, the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Romania, Serbia, and Montenegro.
Pyramid Scheme
The term ______ refers to money collected from newer victims of the fraud to pay earlier victims to provide an appearance of legitimacy; the victims themselves are induced to recruit more victims through the payment of recruitment commissions.
Eurasian organized crime
The term ______ refers to organized crime groups of criminals born in or with family ties to the former Soviet Union or Central or Eastern Europe.
criminal enterprise
The terms organized crime and _____ are closely related and are often used interchangeably.
Federal Sherman
There is a long line of federal legislation relating to the conduct of U.S. business that goes back more than 100 years. Some of the earliest such legislation can be found in the ______ Act, which became law in 1890 and was passed to eliminate restraints on trade and competition and specifically to prevent the development of trusts and monopolies in restraint of trade.
Clayton
There is a long line of federal legislation relating to the conduct of U.S. business that goes back more than 100 years. Some of the earliest such legislation can be found in the ______ Act, which passed in 1914 and prohibits mergers and acquisitions which tend to lessen competition or create a monopoly.
(1) the establishment and control of both legalized and illicit forms of gambling (2) loan-sharking, which involves lending money at higher rates (3) large-scale drug trafficking (4) the fencing of stolen goods, including securities (5) infiltration of legitimate businesses (6) labor union racketeering through intimating businesses by threats, strikes, walkouts, and sabotage
Throughout the past half century, Sicilian-American criminal cartels have continued to be involved in ______.
Conduct traditional racketeering activities (extortion, murder, kidnapping, prostitution, illegal gambling, and loan-sharking)
Today's Asian criminal enterprises______.
They have special characteristics and people often confuse crimes within organization with crimes committed by the individuals themselves
Travis Hirschi and Michael Gottfredson argue that criminologists are wrong in assuming that white-collar criminality is common because:
Sarbanes-Oxley
Under the ______ Act: (1) the SEC has the authority to bar dishonest corporate directors and officers from ever serving again in positions of corporate responsibility; (2) penalties for obstructing justice and shredding documents are greatly increased; (3) corporate officers who profit illegally can be forced to return their gains to investors; and (4) the maximum federal prison term for common types of corporate fraud has been increased from 5 to 20 years.
Corporate Crime
White-collar crime is also called ______ crime.
white-collar criminals are often better educated, cases must often be built on continuing offenses not just a single crime, and business executives often have financial resources at their disposal and are able to hire excellent defense attorneys
Why are white-collar crimes often difficult to investigate and prosecute?
the Russian Mafia
With the ending of Soviet-style controls between 1992 and 1994, ______ quickly seized control of Russia's banking system.
Gov't Entities, Corporations, Financial Institutions, Pension Funds, and individual investors
______ are victims of securities and commodities fraud.
Occupational
______ crimes include the job-related law violations of both white- collar and blue-collar workers.
International Organized
______ criminal enterprises are an international organized criminal group whose activities impact the United States.
Nigerian
______ criminal enterprises are famous for their financial frauds, which cost U.S. citizens, businesses, and government offices an estimated $1-2 billion a year.
Middle-Eastern
______ criminal enterprises originate from Egypt, Indian, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Qatar, Syria, and Yemen, among others.
pg. 198
______ fraud is an example of insurance fraud.
Property Flipping
______ involves purchasing properties and artificially inflating their value through false appraisals; the over-valued properties are then repurchased several times for a higher price. After three or four fake sales, the properties are foreclosed on by victim lenders.
Ponzi Scheme
______ is a form of high-yield investment fraud that uses money collected from new investors, rather than profits from the supposed underlying business venture, to pay high rates of return promised to earlier investors.
Corporate Fraud
______ is a term that refers to accounting schemes, self-dealing by corporate executives, and obstruction of justice as well as insider trading, kickbacks, and misuse of corporate property for personal gain.
Environmental Crime
______ is a violation of the criminal law that, although typically committed by businesses or business officials, may also be committed by other people or organizational entities and that damages some protected or otherwise significant aspect of the natural environment.
Identification Document Fraud, Financial Fraud, Mail and Wire Fraud, Credit-Card Fraud, Taxt Fraud, Immigration Fraud
______ is a white-collar crime associated with terrorism in recent years.
Mafia
______ is another name for Sicilian organize crime, or La Cosa Nostra.
Insider Trading
______ is equity trading based on confidential information about important events that may affect the price of the issue being traded. Because confidential information confers advantages on those who possess it, federal law prohibits them from using that knowledge to reap profits or to avoid losses in the stock market.
Tax Evasion
______ is fraud committed by filing false tax returns or not filing tax returns at all.
Asset Forfeiture
______ is the authorized seizure of money, securities, and other things of value. In federal antidrug laws, it is the authorization of judicial representatives to seize all moneys or other things of value furnished or intended to be furnished by any person in exchange for a controlled substance, and all proceeds traceable to the exchange.
Ethnic Succession
______ is the continuing process whereby one immigrant or ethnic group succeeds another by assuming its position in society.
Obstruction of Justice
______ is the delaying or getting in the way of the inquiries of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), other regulatory agencies, and/or law enforcement agencies.
Bankruptcy Fraud
______ is the misleading of creditors through the concealment and misstatement of assets.
Money Laundering
______ is the process by which illegal gains are disguised as legal income.
Money Laundering
______ is the process of converting illegally earned assets, originating as cash, to one or more alternative forms to conceal such incriminating factors as illegal origin and true ownership.
Embezzlement
______ is the unlawful misappropriation for personal use of money, property, or other thing of value entrusted to the offender's care, custody, or control.
Wire Fraud
______ is the use of an electric or electronic communications facility to intentionally transmit a false and/or deceptive message in furtherance of a fraudulent activity.
Transnational Organized Crime
______ is unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries.
Securities and Commodities Fraud
______ is/are crimes such as stock market manipulation, high-yield investment fraud, advance fee fraud, hedge fund fraud, commodities fraud, foreign exchange fraud, and broker embezzlement.
Organized Crime
______ is/are the unlawful activities of the members of a highly organized, disciplined association engaged in supplying illegal good and services, including gambling, prostitution, loan-sharking, narcotics, and labor racketeering.
La Cosa Nostra
______ means literally "our thing." It is a criminal organization of Sicilian origin, and it is also called the Mafia and the Mob.
Equity Skimming
______ uses corporate shell companies, corporate identity theft, and bankruptcy/foreclosure (or the threat of it) to trick homeowners and investors.
Ponzi Schemes
______ uses money collected from new investors to pay off earlier investors.
Ponzi Schemes
______ uses money collected from new investors, rather than business profits, to pay high rates of return promised to earlier investors, giving them the impression that this is a legitimate money-making enterprise when, in reality, investors' money is the only source of funding.
Hedge Fund Fraud
______ uses private investment partnerships that have generally experienced a relative lack of regulatory scrutiny, and it can involve the overstatement or misappropriation of fund assets overcharges for fund management fees, insider trading, market timing, and late trading.
