criminology final exam

some occupations and workplaces are considered more prone to violence than others. true or false

true

property crime

according to the fb's uniform crime reporting program, a crime category that includes burglary, larceny, motor vehicle theft, and arson

fence

an individual or a group involved in the buying, selling, and distributing of stolen goods

interdiction

an international drug control policy whose goal is to stop drugs from entering the country illegally

what refers to assaultive behavior that takes place between individuals involved in an intimate relationship

intimate partner assault

what three strategies do drug robbers use

intimidation anonymity hyper vigilance

why are drug robberies not reported

unlikely to report their victimization to the police because they were also doing illegal acts

fallout from childhood victimization

1. victimized children are more likely to be victimized as an adult 2. high correlation between sexual assault victimization and adult offending in sex crimes. 3. high correlation between adult prostitution and sexual assaults during childhood

robbery vs burglary

Robbery involves the threat or use of violence while burglary does not involve the threat or use of violence

narcoterrorism

The distribution of a controlled substance in order to provide something of pecuniary value to a person or group that has engaged or is engaging in terrorist activity

UCR stands for

Uniform Crime Report

ucr

Uniformed Crime Report started in 1929

addiction

a chronic brain disease characterized by compulsive drug seeking and use despite harmful consequences

stalking

a course of conduct directed at a specific person that involves repeated visual or physical proximity; nonconsensual communication; verbal, written, or implied threats; or a combination thereof that would cause a reasonable person fear.

drug related crimes

a crime in which drugs contribute to the offense (excluding violations of drug laws)

hate crime

a criminal offense in which the motive is hatred, bias, or prejudice based on the actual or perceived race, color, religion, national origin, gender, or sexual orientation of another individual or group of individuals

intimate-partner assault

a gender-neutral term used to characterize assaultive behavior that takes place between individuals involved in an intimate relationship

victim

a person or entity who suffers direct or treated physical, psychological, or financial harm as a result of the commission or attempted commission of a crime or delinquent act

a human trafficker would most likely select which fo the following type of person

a person who is viewed as vulnerable

deviant places theory

a spatially oriented theory of victimization that suggests that victimization occurs most frequently in socially disorganized areas and the people become victims as a result of their exposure to such areas

national crime victimization survey

a survey conducted annually by the bureau of justice statistics that provides data on surveys households reporting that they were affected by crime

routine activities theory

a theory that examines the interaction of motivated offenders, capable, guardians, and suitable targets as an explanation for crime, and which suggests that an individual's everyday activities contribute significantly to the likelihood of his or her criminal victimization

white collar crime

a violation fo the criminal law committed by a person of respectability and his social status in the course of his or her occupation includes financial crime

which of the following is not a factor in considering if an offense is white collar crime? a violation of societal norms respectability/high social status act occurs in the course of offender's occupation none of the above

a violation of societal norms

white collar crime

a violation of the criminal law committed by a person of respectability and high social status in the course of his or her occupation

drug defined crimes

a violation of the laws prohibiting or regulating the possession, use, or distribution of illegal drugs

robbery is classified as...

a violent crime because it involves the threat or use of force

child pornography

a visual representation of any kind that depicts a minor engaging in sexually explicit conduct that is obscene and that lacks serious literary, artistic, political, or scientific value

sibling offense

an offense or incident that culminates in homicide. the offense or incident may be a crime, such as robbery, or an incident with a less stringent criminal definition, such as a lovers' quarrel involving assault and battery

aggravated assault

an unlawful act by one person upon another for the purpose of inflicting severe bodily injury. aggravated assault is usually accompanied by the use of a weapon or by means likely to produce death or great bodily harm

murder

an unlawful homicide, also called a criminal homicide

arson

any willful or malicious burning or attempt to burn, with or without intent to defraud, a dwelling house, pubic building, motor vehicle or aircraft, or personal property of another. only fires determined through investigation to be willfully or maliciously set are classified as arson

who can become a victim of human trafficking

anyone (men, women, children, any age, any race any background)

gangs are increasingly turning to sex trafficking instead of drug trafficking - why?

because there is less investment and the "product" can be reused numerous times

what is included in UCRs

broad range of crime data victimization data categorized by age and type of crime data on victim-offender relationship timing of victimization data if involving a weapon data on co-occuring victimization in a given offense stats on case clearances a more complete picture of crime and victimization

avocational receivers

buy stolen property as a part time endeavor "secondary to, but usually associated with their primary business activity

which offense is easiest to prove - child sex trafficking or child pornography?

child pornography

types of financial crimes

corporate fraud securities and commodities fraud health-care fraud mortgage fraud theft of intellectual property welfare fraud insurance fraud mass marketing fraud money laundering

examples of financial crime

corporate fraud, securities and commodities fraud, health-care fraud, mortgage fraud, welfare fraud, mass-marketing fraud, money laundering

one of the types of crimes related to drug use or drug trafficking is

cybercrime, crimes against persons, cyber crime

what did stark note about his deviant places theory?

depends entirely on ecological features associated with a given location and not upon racial, ethnic, or other personal characteristics of the people who live there

pornography and prostitution are institutions that support what?

social patterns and responses to rape

"attractive target" in routine activities theory refers to how good-looking a person is. true or false.

false

a person can only be found guilty of violating the Trafficking Victim Protection Act if involved in sex trafficking. True or false

false

although drug addiction is a disease that impacts the brain, stopping drug abuse is just a matter of willpower. true or false?

false

every suggested intervention strategy or tip can result in crime avoidance or reduction. true or false.

false

the phrase "victimless crime" refers to illegal activity that involve unwilling participants. true or false?

false

the most prevalent rationale behind residential burglary is...

fast cash

elements for robbery

force (by threat of force or intimidation)

victimless crime

illegal activities that involve willing participants. although direct and immediate victimization may not occur in victimless crimes, social and personal costs are frequently associated with such activities

elements for the crime of theft

illegal taking/removing another's personal property intent/purpose to permanently deprive

victimization

in national crime victimization survey terminology, the harming of any single victim in a criminal incident

prostitution arrangements are changing

increasing more online instead of the traditional street walking

what does the UCR collect?

info on murder and non negligent manslaughter, rape, robbery, aggravated assault, burglary, larceny-theft, motor vehicle theft, arson, human trafficking, cargo theft, and hate crimes

what is the status on weed in the US

it is still illegal, it is decriminalized but not legalized

what are the two types of ways that people can be trafficked pursuant to the trafficking victims protection act (TVPA) of 2000?

labor and sex

the MTO program final post-project evaluation stated

learned patterns of social interaction that people acquired from troubled neighborhood tend to stay with them even after they have moved away from those neighborhoods

arguments against defining crimes as victimless

many of those engaging in the crime have not truly consented many were victimized as children other crimes exist and persist around the vice these crimes harm consenters and society at large

routine activities theory 2 things

motivated offender, suitable target, absence or capable guardian

crimes against persons offenses

murder and nonegligent homicide, rape, robbery, aggravated assault

take-aways on crimes against persons, property and victimization topics

some interventions are viewed as more effective than others. target hardening works, but results in displacement. while all risk cannot be eliminated, people can take action or behave in ways to reduce risk of victimization

so-called victimless crimes often are characterized by

some of those engaging in these crimes have not truly consented other crimes exist and persist around the vice these crimes harm consenters and society at large

robbery

taking or attempting to take anything of value from the care, custody, or control of a person or persons by force or threat of force, or violence and/or by putting the victim in fear

work place violence

nonfatal violence (rape/sexual assault, robbery, and aggravated and simple assault) against employed persons age 16 or older

routine activities theory suggests that crime conditions are ideal when:

offenders are motivated and guardians are either weak, absent, corrupt

amateur receivers

otherwise honest citizens who buy stolen property on a relatively small scale, primarily, but not exclusively for personal consumption

crimes typically argued to be victimless or minimized

prostitution, illegal gambling, drug use and dealing, pyramid schemes, copyright, trademark or patent infringement (bootleg videos, music piracy, knock offs)

organized crime

refers to unlawful activity of members of a highly organized association engaged in supplying illegal goods and services, including gambling, prostitution, loan-sharking, narcotics, and racketeering

the difference between smuggling and trafficking is?

smuggling involves the crossing of international borders

drug use and trafficking of drugs are often connected to other types of crimes. true or false?

true

legalization

the elimination of laws and criminal penalties associated with certain behaviors - usually the production, sale, distribution, and possession of a controlled substance

what households are at the most risk for victimization of burglary?

the highest and lowest income households

mass murder

the illegal killing of three or more victims at one location within one event

homicide

the killing of one human being by another

drug trafficking

the manufacturing, distributing, dispensing, importing, and/or exporting of a controlled substance or a counterfeit substance

rape

the penetration, no matter how slight, of the vagina or anus with any body part or object, or oral penetration by a sex organ of another person, without the consent of the victim. attempts to commit rape by force or threat of force are also included; however, statutory rape (without force) and other sex offense are excluded

first-degree murder

the premeditate unlawful killing of a human being

pharmaceutical diversion

the process by which legitimately manufactured controlled substances are diverted for illicit use by illegal prescribing (physicians) and/or illegal dispensing (pharmacists)

decriminalization

the redefinition of certain previously criminal behaviors as regulated activities that become "ticketable" instead of "arrestable" locally different or not enforced

motor vehicle theft

the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle including automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, motor scooters, and snowmobiles

motor vehicle theft

the theft or attempted theft of a motor vehicle. this offense includes the stealing of automobiles, trucks, buses, motorcycles, motor scooters, snowmobiles, and so forth. the taking of a motor vehicle for temporary use by persons having lawful access is excluded from this definition

organized crime

the unlawful activity of members of a highly organized association engaged in supply illegal goods and services

burglary

the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft

burglary

the unlawful entry of a structure to commit a felony or theft. the use of force to gain entry is not required to classify an offense as a burglary. burglary is categorized into three subclassifications: forcible entry, unlawful entry where no force is used, and attempted forcible entry

second-degree murder

the unlawful intentional killing of a human being without premeditation

negligent homicide

the unlawful killing of a human being that occurs as a result of an unlawful or negligent action

larceny-theft

the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession of constructive possession of another. it includes crimes such as shoplifting, pocket picking, purse snatching, thats from motor vehicles, thefts of motor vehicle parts and accessories, and bicycle thefts in which no use of force, violence, or fraud occurs. motor vehicle theft is also excluded from this category

larceny-theft

the unlawful taking, carrying, leading, or riding away of property from the possession or constructive possession of another

murder and non negligent homicide

the willful (non negligent) killing of one human being by another. the UCR does not include deaths caused by negligence, suicide, or accident; justifiable homicides; or attempts to murder or assaults to murder, which are classified as aggravated assaults

professional receivers

those who purchase stolen goods on a regular basis for resale

3 key factors in decision-making from burglar's perspective

time (burglars want to get in and out as quickly as possible) sound (the more noise that has to be made increases detection) visibility (burglars do not want to be seen (poorly lit entries and obstructions like bushes are the burglar's friend))

a victim is a person or entity who suffers direct or threatened physical, psychological, or financial harm as a result of the commission or attempted commission of a crime or delinquent act. true or false?

true

breaking and entering

using some force to enter a building (opening a door, raising a window, taking screen off, etc.) damage need not result

VOCA

victims of crime act... federal law enacted in 1984 that established the federal crime victims fund. the fund uses monies from fines and forfeitures collected from federal offenders to supplement state support of local victims' assistance programs and state support of local victims' assistance programs and state victims' compensation programs

work place violence falls into four categories

violent acts by criminals who have no other connection with the work place but who enter to commit robbery, acts of terrorism, or another crime violence directed at employees by customers, clients, patients, students, inmates, or any others for whom an organization provides services violence against coworkers, supervisors, or managers by a present or former employee violence committed in the workplace by someone who doesn't work there but who has a personal relationship with an employee, such as an abusive spouse or domestic partner

where is human sex trafficking likely to occur?

virtually anywhere including truck stops, massage parlors, sporting events, restaurants, migrant work, restaurants, homes, hotels

what do human traffickers seek in victim selection?

vulnerabilities such as runaways

financial crimes are what type of crimes?

white collar

socio-emotional impact of victimization

worry, anxious, angry, unsafe, violated, vulnerable, distrustful, sad, depressed physical symptoms too! : trouble sleeping, fatigue, upset stomach, muscle tension, high BP, headaches, problems with eating or dirking for a month or more = ptsd

who is most likely to shoplift

young adolescents women