A+P 2 ch. 22-23 test

Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants.

2

The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole

4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6

In passive immunity, the

body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.

Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except

complement

When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.

cytotoxic T

CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.

cytoxic; helper

The primary function of the lymphatic system is

defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.

External respiration involves the

diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment.

The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the

epiglottis

Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.

eupnea; costal breathing

T cells and B cells can be activated only by

exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.

In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?

from the tissue cells into the blood

The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their

heavy-chain constant segments.

Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.

helper T

The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.

helper T

B cells are primarily activated by the activities of

helper T cells.

Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or

hyperpnea

Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called

hypoxia

The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.

pharynx

The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.

plasma

Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus?

pneumocytes Type II

All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except

present at birth.

The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina.

primary bronchi

T cells mature in the

thymus

________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent.

Cystic fibrosis

The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s).

DRG and VRG

Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are

IgG.

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.

Inspiratory reserve volume

If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?

It decreases.

The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.

NK cells

Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions:What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?

P outside < P inside

Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions: What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?

P outside > P inside

________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.

Tidal volume

The end result of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation is

activated C3B attached to the cell wall.

Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by

adaptive immunity.

Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node Identify the structure labeled "1."

afferent lymphatic vessel

The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the

alveoli.

Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when

an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.

The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the

antigenic determinant sites.

Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by

antihistamines

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as

bicarbonate ions.

The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the

blood air barrier of the alveoli.

Microphages include

both neutrophils and eosinophils.

Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions:Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1"?

both rectus abdominis and external intercostals

Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is

bound to hemoglobin

The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway.

conducting

The conchae

create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.

Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.

cytotoxic T

Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is

inversely proportional to the volume of its container.

Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because

it allows better humidification of the inhaled air.

The thyroid cartilage is also called the

laryngeal prominence and Adam's apple.

Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system?

larynx

Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?

left lung

An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called

lymphedema.

An inflammatory response is triggered when

mast cells release histamine and heparin.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons

modifies the rate and depth of breathing

Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in

more intense inhalation.

Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired active

Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.

naturally acquired passive

Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are

necessary for the transport of dietary lipids.

The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung.

oblique

The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.

oropharynx

In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of

passive immunization.

NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells.

perforin

The apneustic centers of the pons

provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.

The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.

The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed

pulmonary ventilation.

During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?

rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles

Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the

red bone marrow.

During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.

right primary

Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?

secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis

When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells.

sensitization

A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably

tears

The primary lymphoid tissues include

the bone marrow and thymus.

T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except

the brain

The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except

the venae cavae.

Henry's law states that

the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.

The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.

three lobes; two lobes

The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.

thyroid

________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.

tolerance

The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the

trachea.

Hormones that slow tumor growth are called

tumor necrosis factors

The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to

two antibodies attached to an antigen.

The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the

visceral pleura

If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's

vital capacity.

Air that remains in conducting passages and doesn't participate in gas exchange is termed

anatomic dead space.

Newborns gain their immunity initially from

antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.

The body's innate defenses include all of the following except

antibodies.

The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.

2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6

The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.

B

The medulla of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and macrophages.

B

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called

haptens

A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John

has a sore throat.

Dalton's law states that

in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.

Suppressor T cells act to

inhibit T and B cell activities.

Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.

innate

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is

internal respiration.