A+P 2 ch. 22-23 test
Each IgG has ________ binding sites for attachment to antigenic determinants.
2
The following is a list of some airways. What is the order in which air passes through them? 1. lobar bronchus 2. bronchioles 3. alveolar ducts 4. primary bronchus 5. respiratory bronchiole 6. alveoli 7. terminal bronchiole
4, 1, 2, 7, 5, 3, 6
In passive immunity, the
body receives antibodies produced by other humans or by an animal.
Each of the following is a physical barrier to infection except
complement
When an antigen is bound to a Class I MHC molecule, it can stimulate a ________ cell.
cytotoxic T
CD8 markers are to ________ T cells as CD4 markers are to ________ T cells.
cytoxic; helper
The primary function of the lymphatic system is
defending the body against both environmental hazards and internal threats.
External respiration involves the
diffusion of gases between the interstitial fluid and the external environment.
The elastic cartilage that covers the opening to the larynx during swallowing is the
epiglottis
Quiet breathing is to ________ as shallow breathing is to ________.
eupnea; costal breathing
T cells and B cells can be activated only by
exposure to a specific antigen at a specific site in a plasma membrane.
In which direction does carbon dioxide move during internal respiration?
from the tissue cells into the blood
The various classes of immunoglobulins are differentiated on the basis of their
heavy-chain constant segments.
Cells that help regulate the immune response are ________ cells.
helper T
The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) that causes the disease known as AIDS selectively infects ________ cells.
helper T
B cells are primarily activated by the activities of
helper T cells.
Use of the accessory respiratory muscles is characteristic of forced breathing, or
hyperpnea
Low partial pressure of oxygen in tissues is a condition called
hypoxia
The ________ is shared by the respiratory and digestive systems.
pharynx
The cells responsible for the production of circulating immunoglobulins are ________ cells.
plasma
Surfactant is produced by what cell type in the alveolus?
pneumocytes Type II
All of the following are characteristics of adaptive defenses except
present at birth.
The ________ branch from the trachea at the carina.
primary bronchi
T cells mature in the
thymus
________ is the most common lethal inherited disease affecting individuals of Northern European descent.
Cystic fibrosis
The normal rate and depth of breathing is established by the ________ center(s).
DRG and VRG
Immunoglobulins that are most abundant and are responsible for resistance against many viruses, bacteria, and bacterial toxins are
IgG.
________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume.
Inspiratory reserve volume
If the volume of the lungs increases, what happens to the air pressure inside the lungs?
It decreases.
The cells that perform immunological surveillance are the ________ cells.
NK cells
Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions:What is the relationship between the pressures at label "8"?
P outside < P inside
Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions: What is the relationship between the pressures at label "3"?
P outside > P inside
________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle.
Tidal volume
The end result of the classical and alternative pathways of complement activation is
activated C3B attached to the cell wall.
Defense of the body against a particular pathogen is provided by
adaptive immunity.
Figure 22-1 The Structure of a Lymph Node Identify the structure labeled "1."
afferent lymphatic vessel
The respiratory portion of the respiratory tract includes the
alveoli.
Class II MHC proteins are present in the plasma membrane only when
an antigen-presenting cell has engulfed and is processing an antigen.
The portions of an antigen to which antibodies bind are the
antigenic determinant sites.
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions like hay fever may be treated by
antihistamines
Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as
bicarbonate ions.
The actual sites of gas exchange within the lungs are the
blood air barrier of the alveoli.
Microphages include
both neutrophils and eosinophils.
Use Figure 23-2 to answer the following questions:Which muscle(s) produce(s) the movement labeled "1"?
both rectus abdominis and external intercostals
Most of the oxygen transported by the blood is
bound to hemoglobin
The nasal cavity, pharynx, and larynx constitute the ________ portion of the airway.
conducting
The conchae
create turbulence in the air to trap particulate matter in mucus.
Lymphocytes that destroy foreign cells or virus-infected cells are ________ cells.
cytotoxic T
Boyle's law states that the pressure of a gas is
inversely proportional to the volume of its container.
Inhaling through the nostrils is preferred over the mouth because
it allows better humidification of the inhaled air.
The thyroid cartilage is also called the
laryngeal prominence and Adam's apple.
Which of these is not part of the upper respiratory system?
larynx
Which respiratory organ has a cardiac notch?
left lung
An accumulation of lymph in a region where lymphatic drainage has been blocked is called
lymphedema.
An inflammatory response is triggered when
mast cells release histamine and heparin.
The pneumotaxic center of the pons
modifies the rate and depth of breathing
Stimulation of the apneustic center would result in
more intense inhalation.
Immunity that results from exposure to an antigen in the environment is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired active
Immunity that results from antibodies that pass through the placenta from mother to fetus is called ________ immunity.
naturally acquired passive
Specialized lymphatic capillaries called lacteals are
necessary for the transport of dietary lipids.
The ________ fissure separates the lobes of the left lung.
oblique
The ________ is lined by stratified squamous epithelium.
oropharynx
In an experimental situation, a rabbit is exposed to a viral antigen to which it makes antibodies. These antibodies are then purified and injected into a human with the same viral disease. This is an example of
passive immunization.
NK cells use ________ to lyse abnormal cells.
perforin
The apneustic centers of the pons
provide stimulation to the inspiratory center.
The respiratory epithelium of the conducting airways consists of
pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium.
The physical movement of air into and out of lungs is termed
pulmonary ventilation.
During exercise, which of the following contract for active exhalation?
rectus abdominis and internal intercostal muscles
Stem cells that will form B cells or NK cells are found only in the
red bone marrow.
During a choking episode, most foreign objects are lodged in the ________ bronchus due to its larger diameter and steeper angle.
right primary
Cytotoxic T cells can attack target cells with which of the following chemical weapons?
secrete a cytokine that triggers apoptosis
When antigens bind to inactive B cells and are brought into the cell by endocytosis to be displayed on the Class II MHC proteins this results in ________ of the B cells.
sensitization
A crime scene investigator found that a biological fluid sample contains a large amount of IgA-type antibody. This fluid is probably
tears
The primary lymphoid tissues include
the bone marrow and thymus.
T Lymphocytes are produced and stored in all of the following except
the brain
The lymphatic system is composed of all of the following except
the venae cavae.
Henry's law states that
the volume of gas that will dissolve in a solvent is proportional to the solubility of the gas and the gas pressure.
The right lung is to ________ as the left lung is to ________.
three lobes; two lobes
The largest cartilage of the larynx is the ________ cartilage.
thyroid
________ exists when the immune system does not respond to a particular antigen.
tolerance
The airway that connects the larynx to the bronchial tree is the
trachea.
Hormones that slow tumor growth are called
tumor necrosis factors
The classic pathway of complement activation begins when the protein C1 binds to
two antibodies attached to an antigen.
The serous membrane that covers the lungs is the
visceral pleura
If a patient inhales as deeply as possible and then exhales as much as possible, the volume of air expelled would be the patient's
vital capacity.
Air that remains in conducting passages and doesn't participate in gas exchange is termed
anatomic dead space.
Newborns gain their immunity initially from
antibodies passed across the placenta from the mother.
The body's innate defenses include all of the following except
antibodies.
The following are steps in the cell-mediated immune response. What is the correct sequence for these steps? 1. Several cycles of mitosis occur. 2. Antigen is engulfed and presented by a macrophage. 3. Cytotoxic T cells migrate to focus of infection. 4. T cells with specific receptors recognize the antigen. 5. T cells differentiate into cytotoxic T cells or T memory cells. 6. Cytotoxic T cells release perforin and/or lymphotoxin.
2, 4, 1, 5, 3, 6
The cells responsible for humoral immunity are the ________ cells.
B
The medulla of a lymph node contains ________ lymphocytes and macrophages.
B
Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is
greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.
Partial antigens that do not cause B cell activation alone are called
haptens
A sample of John's blood shows a high level of pyrogens. This would indicate that John
has a sore throat.
Dalton's law states that
in a mixture of gases such as air, the total pressure is the sum of the individual partial pressures of the gases in the mixture.
Suppressor T cells act to
inhibit T and B cell activities.
Immunity that is genetically determined and present at birth is called ________ immunity.
innate
The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the cells and interstitial fluids is
internal respiration.